Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

1955 Article

Introduction

Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & Transylvania.
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great Anabaptist movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of community of goods, as first established in Moravia in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by Jakob Hutter in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

Early Development

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the Hapsburg territories, Tyrol, Austria, Carinthia, etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that Georg Blaurock of Switzerland worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the Inn Valley. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that Moravia (and in particular the manorial estate Nikolsburg of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here Hubmaier could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, one of the Liechtensteins himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from Tyrol as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "Schwertler" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was Jacob Wiedemann, the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were Siegmund Schützinger, Jörg Zaunring, and Gabriel Ascherham (for details see Moravia, Nikolsburg, also Auspitz and Austerlitz). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. Jakob Hutter, an Anabaptist from Tyrol who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of Moravia broke up into three groups: (a) Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on Hutterische Brüder. Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, (b) The Philippites, named after Philipp Plener or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see Ausbund), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s Peter Riedemann visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it Gelassenheit (see also Hans Haffner). (c) The Gabrielites, named after Gabriel Ascherham. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the Geschicht-Buch, Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "Swiss Brethren," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of Pilgram Marpeck were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.
Scan courtesy Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen X-31.1, Box 17/30

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of Tyrol, Hans Amon of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, Peter Walpot of Tyrol, Klaus Braidl of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon mandates by Ferdinand (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

Jakob Hutter was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to Tyrol where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the Vorsteher or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners (Sendboten) were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 Falkenstein Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft) 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with Leonhard Lanzenstiel or Seiler.

Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861

The Golden Period

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except Tyrol; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in Moravia on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the Jesuits had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the Dietrichsteins bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern Moravia and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in Peter Walpot, a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great Article Book, the Handbüchlein, the book called Anschlag und Fürwenden, etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a Schreibstube or scriptorium); the great Geschicht-Buch was then begun by Kaspar Braitmichel on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred Bruderhofs or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the Netherlands and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see Antitrinitarianism), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the Vorsteher Klaus Braidl sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around Elbing and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in Elbing though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. (a) The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave Moravia. Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and Christoph Andreas Fischer, in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see Eysvogel and Jedelshauser). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, (b) Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see Böger). Eventually (c) the event, later called the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The Geschicht-Buch (570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863

Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864

Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, Transylvania (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see Grimmelshausen). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., Andreas Ehrenpreis, 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in Mannheim in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see Gemeindeordnungen). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called Lehr und Vorred). The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such Lehren (some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many Vorreden (shorter sermons). The Klein-Geschichtsbueh (204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of Jakob Hutter). Ehrenpreis' Gemeinde Ordnung of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

Persecution of the 18th Century

After Ehrenpreis' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The Great Chronicle ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded (Inv. Arch. Amst. II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for Hungary. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname Habaner became the general name for these people.

Immigration to Russia

In Transylvania the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from Carinthia to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter Walachia (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against Russia) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general Count Rumyantsev, who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the Ukraine (then a rather sparsely populated area). At Vyshenka the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at Radichev, 10 miles north. It was Johannes Waldner (born in Carinthia) who was then the most outstanding Vorsteher of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the Klein-Geschichtsbuch, a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of Jakob Hutter, who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia (Molotschna district, under the sponsorship of the Mennonite Johann Cornies), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.

Immigration to America

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the United States, where they chose the prairie land of the Dakota Territory that later became the state of South Dakota for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879. About one third, approximately 400 people, chose settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the Darius-Leut (named after Darius Walter, their leader), Schmiede-Leut (after Michael Waldner, a blacksmith, their leader), and Lehrer-Leut (named after Jacob Wipf, a teacher called the Lehrer). The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. The other two thirds of the Brethren chose to settle close together on individual farms and in time became known as Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren. They also settled in the Dakota Territory. The Prairieleut formed their own congregations and in time most of these congregations joined the Krimmer Mennonite Brethren or the General Conference Mennonites.

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to Canada where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern Alberta, and south central Manitoba. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central Montana from Alberta. The American federal government treated Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren in a similar manner with discrimination, harassment, and imprisonment for a few. A number of Prairieleut families also fled to Canada.

In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. Bruderhof Communities has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies (Bruderhofs) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar Amish attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two Chronicles and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's Rechenschaft of 1540 and Ehrenpreis' great Sendbrief of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: Bruderhof, Community of goods, Ceramics, Folk Arts, Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren, Education — Hutterite, Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as Hutter, Amon, Riedemann, Walpot, Braidl, Ehrenpreis, and on their books, Article Book, Chronicles, Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: Gemeindeordnungen, regarding their regulations and discipline, Marriage, Medicine among the Hutterites, dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article Habaner which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s

Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622

(According to E. Crous, Mennonitisches Lexikon III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

1. Alexowitz (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)

2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)

3. Auspitz

4. Austerlitz

5. Bergen (Pergen)

6. Bilowitz (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)

7. Birnbaum

8. Bisenz (Bisentz) (Zierotin, 1545)

9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)

10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/Bochtitz-Pochtitz) (1546)

11. Boretitz/Borzetitz (Paraditz) (1545)

12. Budespitz/Butschowitz (Bucovic, Pudespitz) (1536)

13. Budkau (Budkaw)

14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)

15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz (Dämberschitz) (Kaunitz, 1550)

16. Eibenschitz (Lipa)

17. Eihis

18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)

19. Frischau (1581)

20. Gobschitz/Gubschitz (1545)

21. Göding (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)

22. Gurda/Gurdau

23. Herspitz (Gerspitz)

24. Hosterlitz

25. Hrubschitz (Rupschitz) (1546)

26. Jamnitz

27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)

28. Kanitz

29. Kobily/Kobyli (Kobelitz)

30. Kostl/Kostel (Gostal) (Zierotin)

31. Kreuz (Creutz) (Lipa, 1565)

32. Kromau (Lipa, 1540)

33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)

33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz (Lettonitz)

34. Lundenburg (Breclav)

35. Milotitz/Millotitz

36. Mistrin/Mistrin

37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)

38. Muschau

39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)

40. Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz (east of Auspitz)

41. Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz (near Prahlitz) (1562)

42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)

43. Neudorf near Lundenburg (Zierotin, 1570)

43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)

44. Neumühl (Liechtenstein, 1558)

45. Nikolsburg (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)

46. Nikolschitz/Nikoltschitz (Zierotin, 1570)

47. Nusslau (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)

48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)

49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)

50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)

51. Polau/Pollau

52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)

53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)

54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)

55. Pruschank/Pruschanek

56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)

57. Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz) (1546)

58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)

59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)

60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)

61. Rohatetz

62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)

63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)

64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)

65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)

66. Schäkowitz (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)

67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz

68. Skalitz (Gallitz) (1563)

69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz

69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz

70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz

71. Swetlau

72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)

73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz

74. Tracht (1558)

75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)

76. Turnitz-Durdenitz

77. Urschitz/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)

78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)

79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)

79a. Weisstätten

80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)

81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)

82. Wessely (1546)

83. Wischenau

84. Wisternitz

85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)

Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762

(According to E. Crous, Mennonitisches Lexikon III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

I. Broczko (Protzka; Neutra) (1547)

II. Dejte (Dechtitz; Oberneutra)

III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)

IV. Egbell (Neutra)

V. Farkashida (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)

VI. Holics (Holitsch; Neutra)

VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)

VIII. Kúty (Gätte; Neutra) (1550)

IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)

X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) (Bakisch de Lák)

XI. Rovenszko (Rabenska; Neutra) (1622)

XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)

XIII. Sobotište (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)

XIV. Unter Nussdorf (Deutsch-Nussdorf; Pressburg) (1548)

Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622

(According to Fr. Hruby, Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, Leipzig, 1935)

1. Lundenburg-Billowitz: Lundenburg, Altenmarkt, Gostal Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf

2. Seelowitz: Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz

3. Austerlitz: Austerlitz and Gerspitz

4. Nikolsburg: Nikolsburg and Tracht

5. Steinitz: Dämberschitz

6. Kanitz: Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)

7. Landshut: Landshut

8. Lettonitz: Lettnitz

9. Skalitz: Gallitz

10. Wischenau: Wischnau and Stignitz

11. Tscheikowitz:Schäkowitz (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan

12. Bochtitz: Pochtitz

13. Frischau: Frischau

14. Göding: Göding and Koblitz

15. Mähr. Kromau: Maskowitz and Oleckowitz

16. Milotitz: Wäzenobis

17. Uhritz: Urschitz

18. Wesseli: Wessela

19. Ziadowitz: Schädewitz

20. Ungarisch-Ostra: Neudorf

21. Eisgrub: Neumühl

22. Ober-Tannowitz: Tannewitz

23. Tulleschitz: Schermankowitz

24. Wostitz: (Wostite), Weisstätten

25. Polehraditz: Pellertitz

26. Tawikowitz: Teikowitz

Table 4: Transylvania

1. Alvinc, 1621-1767

2. Kreuz, 1761-1767

3. Stein, 1761-1767

Table 5: Ukraine

1. Vyshenka (1770-1802)

2. Raditcheva (1802-1842)

3. Hutterthal (1842-1857)

4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)

5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)

6. Sheromet (1868-1874)

7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)

Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," Mennonite Quarterly Review 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

Name & Address of Colony	Yr. Settled	Population in 1950
DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA
1. Camrose, Camrose	1949	83
2. Cayley, Cayley	1937	80
3. East Cardston, Cardston	1918	81
4. Ewelme, Macleod	1928	69
5. Fairview, Ponoka	1949	75
6. Granum, Granum	1930	75
7. Holt, Irma	1949	57
8. Tschetter, Irricana	1948	76
9. New Rosebud, Crossfield	1944	78
10. Lakeside, Cranford	1935	91
11. Beiseker, Beiseker	1926	65
12. New York, Stirling	1924	110
13. Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek	1926	85
14. Pine Hill, Penhold	1948	86
15. Riverside, Fort Macleod	1933	86
16. Rosebud, Redland	1918	187
17. Sandhill, Beiseker	1936	114
18. Springvale, Rockyford	1918	77
19. Stahlville, Rockyford	1919	98
20. Stand Off, Macleod	1918	76
21. Thompson, Glenwood	1918	76
22. West Raley, Cardston	1918	117
23. Willow Creek, Stettler	1949	89
24. Wilson Siding, Lethbridge	1918	140
25. Wolf Creek, Stirling	1924	76
DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA
26. Ayers Ranch, Grass Range	1945	54
27. Deerfield, Danvers	1947	65
28. King Ranch, Lewistown	1935	61
29. Spring Creek, Lewistown	1945	26
LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA
30. Big Bend, Woolford	1920	129
31. Crystal Spring, Magrath	1937	117
32. Elmspring, Warner	1929	177
33. Hutterville, Magrath	1932	155
34. McMillan, Cayley	1937	127
35. Miami, New Dayton	1924	103
36. Milford, Raymond	1918	134
37. New Elmspring, Magrath	1918	115
38. New Rockport, New Dayton	1932	113
39. O.K., Raymond	--	96
40. Old Elm, Magrath	1918	151
41. New Dale, Queenstown	1950	60
42. Rock Lake, Wrentham	1935	89
43. Rockport, Magrath	1918	100
44. Sunnyside, Warner	1935	186
LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA
45. Birch Creek, Valier	1947	95
46. Miami, Pendroy	1948	112
47. (New) Milford, Augusta	1945	105
48. Miller Ranch, Choteau	1949	100
49. New Rockport, Choteau	1948	101
50. Rockport, Pendroy	1947	100
51. Hillside, Sweet Grass	1950	?
UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA
52. Felger, Lethbridge	1924	25
53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket	1920	15
54. Monarch, Monarch	1942	31
55. Stirling Mennonite, Stirling	1944	30
SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA
56. Barrickman, Headingly	1920	151
57. Blumengard, Plum Coulee	1922	132
58. Bon Homme, Benard	1918	108
59. Elm River, Newton Siding	1934	153
60. Huron, Benara	1918	193
61. Iberville, Headingly	1919	101
62. James Valley, Starbuck	1918	128
63. Lakeside, Headingly	1946	94
64. Maxwell, Headingly	1918	86
65. Milltown, Benard	1918	54
66. New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie	1944	155
67. Poplar Point, Poplar Point	1938	93
68. Riverdale, Gladstone	1946	98
69. Riverside, Arden	1934	98
70. Rock Lake, Gross Isle	1947	85
71. Rosedale, Elie	1918	128
72. Sturgeon Creek, Headingly	1938	118
73. Sunnyside, Newton Siding	1925	93
74. Waldheim, Elie	1935	121
75. Springfield, Vivian	1950	83
SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA
76. Forest River, Fordville	1950	?
SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA
77. Bon Homme, Tabor	1874	58
78. Glendale, Frankfort	1949	97
79. Gracevale, Winfred	1948	71
80. Huron, Huron	1944	74
81. Jamesville, Utica	1937	107
82. Maxwell, Scotland	1949	72
83. Millerdale, Miller	1949	54
84. New Elm Spring, Ethan	1936	102
85. Pearl Creek, Iroquois	1949	94
86. Platte, Academy	1949	68
87. Riverside, Huron	1949	48
88. Rockport, Alexandria	1934	84
89. Rosedale, Mitchell	1945	92
90. Spink, Frankfort	1945	94
91. Tschetter, Olivet	1942	94
CONVERT COLONIES
ONTARIO
92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright	1941	46
Bruderhof Communities
NEW YORK (State)
Woodcrest, Rifton	1954	135

Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s

		Total
Dariusleut
Alberta	2,247
Montana	206	2,453
Lehrerleut
Alberta	1,852
Montana	613	2,465
Schmiedeleut
Manitoba	2,272
South Dakota	1,209	3,481
Unaffiliated colonies
Alberta	101	101
Total, Kinship Colonies		8,500
Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)		1,100
Total No. of Hutterites		9,600
SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION
Montana		819
South Dakota		1,209
Alberta		4,200
Manitoba		2,272
Ontario		46
Total		9,211

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley):

Dariusleut, Alberta

98. Pibroch, Pibroch

99. Scotford, Fort Saskatchewan

Lehrerleut, Alberta

100. Acadia Valley, Oyen

101. New Milford, Winnifred

102. Rosedale, Etzikom

103. Springside, Duchess

Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan

104. Bench, Shaunavon

105. Cypress, Maple Creek

106. Slade Colony, Tompkins

Lehrerleut, Montana

107. Glacier, Cut Banks

Schmiedeleut, Manitoba

108. Bloomfield, Westbourne

109. Crystal Spring, St. Agathe

110. Oak Bluff, Morris

Schmiedeleut, South Dakota

111. Blumengard, Wecota

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

Note for the Maps: Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite Bruderhofs in Europe with locations (concerning Moravia and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article Rabenska in the Mennonitisches Lexikon (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the Mennonitisches Lexikon maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his Communismus (1894) p. 246. This list he published in Mennonitisches Lexikon (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia in 1619-1622, in his Wiedertäufer in Mähren (Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs (Klein-Geschichtsbuch, 677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the Schmiedeleut and Dariusleut in existence in 1947. -- Robert Friedmann

1990 Update

The Hutterian Brethren practice community of goods, as first established in Moravia in 1529 and re-established by Jakob Hutter in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Washington, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the United States from Russia in the 1870s and moved to Canada after World War I because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in Saskatchewan in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The Schmiedeleut (Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the Mennonite Central Committee. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian children attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The Dariusleut and Schmiedeleut have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and South Dakota. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at James Valley Bruderhof in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

John Hofer

2014 Update

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:

Colony	Location	Leut
Abbey	Abbey, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Acadia	Oyen, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Acadia	Carberry, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Acres	Eden, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Airport	Portage La Prairie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Albion Ridge	Picture Butte, Alberta	Dariusleut
Alix	Alix, Alberta	Dariusleut
Altona	Henderson, Minnesota	Undefined
Arm River	Lumsden, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Armada	Lomond, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Arrowwood	Blackie, Alberta	Dariusleut
Aspenheim	Bagot, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Athabasca	Athabasca, Alberta	Dariusleut
Ayers Ranch	Grass Range, Montana	Dariusleut
Baildon	Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Baker	Mac Gregor, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Barrickman	Cartier, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Beechy	Beechy, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Beiseker	Beiseker, Alberta	Dariusleut
Belle Plaine	Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Bench	Shaunavon, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Bentley	Blackfalds, Alberta	Dariusleut
Berry Creek	Hanna, Alberta	Dariusleut
Big Bend	Cardston, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Big Rose	Biggar, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Big Sky	Cut Bank, Montana	Lehrerleut
Big Stone	Graceville, Minnesota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Big Stone	Sand Coulee, Montana	Lehrerleut
Birch Creek	Valier, Montana	Lehrerleut
Birch Hills	Wanham, Alberta	Dariusleut
Birch Meadows	Eaglesham, Alberta	Dariusleut
Bloomfield	Westbourne, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Blooming Prairie	Homewood, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Blue Clay	Arnaud, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Blue Ridge	Mountain View, Alberta	Dariusleut
Blue Sky	Drumheller, Alberta	Dariusleut
Bluegrass	Warner, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Blumengard	Faulkton, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Blumengart	Plum Coulee, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Bon Homme	Elie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Bon Homme	Tabor, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Bone Creek	Gull Lake, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Boundary Lane	Elkhorn, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Bow City	Brooks, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Box Elder	Maple Creek, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Brant	Brant, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Brantwood	Oakville, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Brentwood	Faulkton, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Brightstone	Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Britestone	Carbon, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Broad Valley	Arborg, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Brocket	Pincher Creek, Alberta	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Butte	Bracken, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Byemoor	Byemoor, Alberta	Dariusleut
Cameron	Turin, Alberta	Dariusleut
Cameron	Viborg, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Camrose	Camrose, Alberta	Dariusleut
Camrose	Ledger, Montana	Lehrerleut
Camrose	Frankfort, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
CanAm	Margaret, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Carmangay	Carmangay, Alberta	Dariusleut
Carmichael	Gull Lake, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Cascade	MacGregor, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Cascade	Sun River, Montana	Lehrerleut
Castor	Castor, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Cayley	Cayley, Alberta	Dariusleut
Cedar Grove	Platte, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Claremont	Castlewood, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Clark	Raymond, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Clear Lake	Claresholm, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Clear Spring	Kenaston, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Cleardale	Cleardale, Alberta	Dariusleut
Clearfield	Delmont, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Clearview	Bassano, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Clearview	Elm Creek, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Clearwater	Balmoral, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Cloverleaf	Delia, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Cluny	Cluny, Alberta	Dariusleut
Codessa	Eaglesham, Alberta	Dariusleut
Collins	Iroquois, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Concord	Winnipeg, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Cool Spring	Minnedosa, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Cool Springs	Rudyard, Montana	Lehrerleut
Copperfield	Vauxhall, Alberta	Dariusleut
Craigmyle	Craigmyle, Alberta	Dariusleut
Crystal Spring	Magrath, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Crystal Spring	Ste. Agathe, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Cypress	Cypress River, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Cypress	Maple Creek, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Decker	Decker, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Deerboine	Alexander, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Deerfield	Magrath, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Deerfield	Lewistown, Montana	Dariusleut
Deerfield	Ipswich, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Delco	New Dayton, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Delta	Austin, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Dinsmore	Dinsmore, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Donalda	Donalda, Alberta	Dariusleut
Downie Lake	Maple Creek, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Duncan Ranch	Harlowton, Montana	Lehrerleut
Eagle Creek	Galata, Montana	Lehrerleut
Eagle Creek	Asquith, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Ear View	Gull Lake, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
East Cardston	Cardston, Alberta	Dariusleut
East End	Havre, Montana	Lehrerleut
East Malta	Malta, Montana	Dariusleut
East Raymond	Raymond, Alberta	Dariusleut
Eatonia	Eatonia, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Elk Creek	Augusta, Montana	Lehrerleut
Elkwater	Irvine, Alberta	Dariusleut
Elm River	Newton Siding, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Elm Spring	Warner, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Elmendorf	Mountain Lake, Minnesota	Undefined
Emerald	Gladstone, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Enchant	Enchant, Alberta	Dariusleut
Erskine	Erskine, Alberta	Dariusleut
Estuary	Leader, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Evergreen	Taber, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Evergreen	Somerset, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Evergreen	Faulkton, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Ewelme	Ft. Macleod, Alberta	Dariusleut
Fair Haven	Ulm, Montana	Lehrerleut
Fairholme	Portage La Prairie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Fairlane	Skiff, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Fairview	Crossfield, Alberta	Dariusleut
Fairview	La Moure, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Fairville	Bassano, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Fairway	Douglas, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Ferrybank	Ponoka, Alberta	Dariusleut
Flat Willow Ranch	Roundup, Montana	Dariusleut
Fordham	Carpenter, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Fords Creek	Grass Range, Montana	Dariusleut
Forest River	Fordville, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Fort Pitt	Lloydminister, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Forty Mile	Lodge Grass, Montana	Dariusleut
Gadsby	Stettler, Alberta	Dariusleut
Garden Plane	Frontier, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Gildford	Gildford, Montana	Dariusleut
Glacier	Cut Bank, Montana	Lehrerleut
Glendale	Cut Bank, Montana	Lehrerleut
Glendale	Frankfort, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Glenway	Dominion City, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Glidden	Glidden, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Golden Valley	Ryegate, Montana	Lehrerleut
Golden View	Salem, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Golden View	Biggar, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Good Hope	Portage La Prairie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Gracevale	Winfred, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Grand	Oakville, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Grandview	Grand Prairie, Alberta	Dariusleut
Grant	Enderlin, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Granum	Granum, Alberta	Dariusleut
Grass Ranch	Kimball, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Grass River	Glenella, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Grassland	Westport, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Grassy Hill	Gull Lake, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Green Acres	Bassano, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Green Acres	Wawanesa, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Green Leaf	Marcelin, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Greenwald	Beausejour, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Greenwood	Fort Macleod, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Greenwood	Delmont, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Hairy Hill	Hairy Hill, Alberta	Dariusleut
Hand Hills	Hanna, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Hartland	Bashaw, Alberta	Dariusleut
Hartland	Havre, Montana	Lehrerleut
Haven	Dexter, Minnesota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Haven	Fox Valley, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Heartland	Hazelridge, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Heartland	Lake Benton, Minnesota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Hidden Lake	Cut Bank, Montana	Lehrerleut
Hidden Valley	Austin, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
High River	High River, Alberta	Dariusleut
Hillcrest	Garden City, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Hillcrest	Dundurn, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Hilldale	Havre, Montana	Lehrerleut
Hillridge	Barnwell, Alberta	Dariusleut
Hillside	Justice, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Hillside	Sweetgrass, Montana	Lehrerleut
Hillside	Doland, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Hillsvale	Cut Knife, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Hillview	Rosebud, Alberta	Dariusleut
Hodgeville	Hodgeville, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Holden	Holden, Alberta	Dariusleut
Holmfield	Killarney, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Holt	Irma, Alberta	Dariusleut
Homewood	Starbuck, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Horizon	Cut Bank, Montana	Lehrerleut
Horizon	Lowe Farm, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Hughenden	Hughenden, Alberta	Dariusleut
Huron	Elie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Huron	Huron, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Huron	Brownlee, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Hutterville	Magrath, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Hutterville	Stratford, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Huxley	Huxley, Alberta	Dariusleut
Iberville	Elie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Interlake	Teulon, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Iron Creek	Bruce, Alberta	Dariusleut
James Valley	Elie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Jamesville	Utica, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Jenner	Jenner, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Kamsley	Somerset, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Keho Lake	Barons, Alberta	Dariusleut
Keystone	Warren, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Kilby Butte	Roundup, Montana	Dariusleut
King Ranch	Lewiston, Montana	Dariusleut
Kings Lake	Foremost, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Kingsbury	Valier, Montana	Lehrerleut
Kingsland	New Dayton, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Kyle	Kyle, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Lajord	White City, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Lake View	Lake Andes, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Lakeside	Cranford, Alberta	Dariusleut
Lakeside	Cartier, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Lakeview	Unity, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Lathom	Bassano, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Leask	Leask, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Leedale	Rimbey, Alberta	Dariusleut
Lismore	Clinton, Minnesota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Little Bow	Champion, Alberta	Dariusleut
Little Creek	Marquette, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Livingstone	Lundbreck, Alberta	Dariusleut
Lomond	Lomond, Alberta	Dariusleut
Lone Pine	Botha, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Long Lake	Westport, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Loring	Loring, Montana	Dariusleut
Lost River	Allan, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Lougheed	Lougheed, Alberta	Dariusleut
MacMillan	Cayley, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Main Centre	Rush Lake, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Mannville	Mannville, Alberta	Dariusleut
Maple Grove	Lauder, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Maple River	Fullerton, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Marble Ridge	Hodgson, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Marlin	Marlin, Washington	Dariusleut
Martinsdale	Martinsdale, Montana	Lehrerleut
Maxwell	Cartier, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Maxwell	Scotland, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Mayfair	Killarney, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Mayfield	Etzikom, Alberta	Dariusleut
Mayfield	Willow Lake, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
McGee	Rosetown, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
McMahon	MacMahon, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Mialta	Vulcan, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Miami	New Dayton, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Miami	Morden, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Midland	Taber, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Midway	Conrad, Montana	Lehrerleut
Milden	Milden, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Milford	Raymond, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Milford	Wolf Creek, Montana	Lehrerleut
Millbrook	Mitchell, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Miller	Choteau, Montana	Lehrerleut
Millerdale	Miller, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
MillsHof	Glenboro, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Milltown	Elie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Miltow	Warner, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Mixburn	Minburn, Alberta	Dariusleut
Morinville	Morinville, Alberta	Dariusleut
Mountain View	Strathmore, Alberta	Dariusleut
Mountain View	Broadview, Montana	Lehrerleut
Netley	Petersfield, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Neu Muehl	Drumheller, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Neudorf	Crossfield, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Neuhof	Mountain Lake, Minnesota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
New Elm Spring	Magrath, Alberta	Lehrerleut
New Elm Spring	Ethan, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
New Miami	Conrad, Montana	Lehrerleut
New Rockport	New Dayton, Alberta	Lehrerleut
New Rockport	Choteau, Montana	Lehrerleut
New Rosedale	Portage La Prairie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
New York	Lethbridge, Alberta	Dariusleut
Newdale	Milo, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Newdale	Brandon, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Newdale	Elkton, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Newell	Bassano, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Newhaven	Argyle, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Newport	Claremont, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Norfeld	White, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Norquay	Oakville, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
North Harlem	Harlem, Montana	Dariusleut
Northern Breeze	Portage La Prairie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
O.B.	Marwayne, Alberta	Dariusleut
O. K.	Raymond, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Oak Bluff	Morris, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Oak Lane	Alexandria, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Oak River	Oak River, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Oaklane	Taber, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Oakridge	Holland, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Odanah	Minnedosa, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Old Elm Spring	Magrath, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Old Elm Spring	Parkston, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Orland	Montrose, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Parkland	Nanton, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Parkview	Riding Mountain, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Peace View	Farmington, BC	Dariusleut
Pearl Creek	Iroquois, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Pembina	Darlingford, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Pembrook	Ipswich, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Pennant	Pennant, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Pibroch	Westlock, Alberta	Dariusleut
Pincher Creek	Pincher Creek, Alberta	Dariusleut
Pine Creek	Austin, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Pine Haven	Wetaskiwin, Alberta	Dariusleut
Pine Hill	Red Deer, Alberta	Dariusleut
Pineland	Piney, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Plain Lake	Two Hills, Alberta	Dariusleut
Plainview	Warner, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Plainview	Elkhorn, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Plainview	Leola, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Platte	Platte, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Pleasant Valley	Clive, Alberta	Dariusleut
Pleasant Valley	Belt, Montana	Lehrerleut
Pleasant Valley	Flandreau, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Poinsett	Estelline, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Pondera	Valier, Montana	Lehrerleut
Ponderosa	Grassy Lake, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Ponteix	Ponteix, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Poplar Point	Portage La Prairie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Prairie Blossom	Stonewall, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Prairie Elk	Wolf Point, Montana	Dariusleut
Prairie Home	Wrentham, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Prairie View	Sibbald, Alberta	Dariusleut
Quill Lake	Quill Lake, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Rainbow	Innisfail, Alberta	Dariusleut
Raymore	Raymore, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Red Willow	Stettler, Alberta	Dariusleut
Red Willow	White, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Ribstone	Edgerton, Alberta	Dariusleut
Ridge Valley	Crooked Creek, Alberta	Dariusleut
Ridgeland	Hussar, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Ridgeland	Dugald, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Ridgeville	Ridgeville, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Rimrock	Sunburst, Montana	Lehrerleut
River Road	Milk River, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Riverbend	Mossleigh, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Riverbend	Carberry, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Riverbend	Waldheim, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Riverdale	Gladstone, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Riverside	Ft. Macleod, Alberta	Dariusleut
Riverside	Arden, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Riverside	Huron, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Riverview	Chester, Montana	Lehrerleut
Riverview	Saskatoon, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Rock Lake	Coaldale, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Rock Lake	Grosse Isle, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Rockport	Magrath, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Rockport	Pendroy, Montana	Lehrerleut
Rockport	Alexandria, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Roland	White, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Rolling Acres	Eden, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Rosalind	Camrose, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Rose Glen	Hilda, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Rose Valley	Graysville, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Rose Valley	Assiniboia, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Rosebank	Miami, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Rosebud	Rockyford, Alberta	Dariusleut
Rosedale	Etzikom, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Rosedale	Elie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Rosedale	Mitchell, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Rosetown	Rosetown, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Rustic Acres	Madison, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Sage Creek	Chester, Montana	Lehrerleut
Sand Lake	Val Marie, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Sandhills	Beiseker, Alberta	Dariusleut
Schoonover	Odessa, Washington	Dariusleut
Scotford	Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta	Dariusleut
Scott	Scott, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Seville	Cut Bank, Montana	Lehrerleut
Shadow Ranch	Champion, Alberta	Dariusleut
Shady Lane	Wanham, Alberta	Dariusleut
Shady Lane	Treherne, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Shamrock	Bow Island, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Shamrock	Carpenter, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Shannon	Winfred, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Silver Creek	Ferintoch, Alberta	Dariusleut
Silver Lake	Clark, South Dakota	Dariusleut
Silver Sage	Foremost, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Silverwinds	Sperling, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Simmie	Admiral, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Sky Light	Vulcan, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Sky View	Miami, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Smiley	Smiley, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Smoky Lake	Smoky Lake, Alberta	Dariusleut
Sommerfeld	High Bluff, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Souris River	Elgin, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
South Bend	Alliance, Alberta	Lehrerleut
South Peace	Farmington, BC	Dariusleut
Southland	Herbert, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Sovereign	Rosetown, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Spink	Frankfort, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Spokane	Reardan, Washington	Dariusleut
Spring Creek	Walsh, Alberta	Dariusleut
Spring Creek	Lewistown, Montana	Dariusleut
Spring Creek	Forbes, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Spring Hill	Neepawa, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Spring Lake	Arlington, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Spring Lake	Swift Current, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Spring Point	Pincher Creek, Alberta	Dariusleut
Spring Prairie	Hawley, Minnesota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Spring Ridge	Wainwright, Alberta	Dariusleut
Spring Side	Duchess, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Spring Valley	Spring Coulee, Alberta	Dariusleut
Spring Valley	Brandon, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Spring Valley	Wessington Springs, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Spring View	Gem, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Spring Water	Ruthilda, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Springdale	White Sulphur, Montana	Lehrerleut
Springfield	Anola, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Springfield	Kindersley, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Springvale	Rockyford, Alberta	Dariusleut
Springwater	Harlowton, Montana	Lehrerleut
Spruce Lane	Blanchard, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Sprucewood	Brookdale, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Stahl	Ritzville, Washington	Dariusleut
Stahlville	Rockyford, Alberta	Dariusleut
Standard	Standard, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Standoff	Ft. Macleod, Alberta	Dariusleut
Stanfield	Stanfield, Oregon	Dariusleut
Star City	Star City, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Starbrite	Foremost, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Starland	Drumheller, Alberta	Dariusleut
Starland	Gibbon, Minnesota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Starlite	Starbuck, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Sturgeon Creek	Headingley, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Suncrest	Castor, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Suncrest	Tourond, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Sundale	Milnor, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Sunny Bend	Westlock, Alberta	Dariusleut
Sunny Brook	Chester, Montana	Lehrerleut
Sunny Dale	Perdue, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Sunny Site	Warner, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Sunnyside	Newton Siding, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Sunrise	Etzikom, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Sunset	Britton, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Sunshine	Hussar, Alberta	Dariusleut
Surprise Creek	Stanford, Montana	Dariusleut
Swift Current	Swift Current, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Thompson	Ft. Macleod, Alberta	Dariusleut
Three Hills	Three Hills, Alberta	Dariusleut
Thunderbird	Faulkton, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Tofield, Alberta	Tofield, Alberta	Dariusleut
Tompkins	Tompkins, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Treesbank	Wawanesa, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Trileaf	Baldur, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Tschetter	Irricana, Alberta	Dariusleut
Tschetter	Olivet, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Turin	Turin, Alberta	Dariusleut
Turner	Turner, Montana	Dariusleut
Twilight	Falher, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Twilight	Neepawa, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Twin Creek	Standard, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Twin Hills	Carter, Montana	Lehrerleut
Twin Rivers	Manning, Alberta	Dariusleut
Upland	Artesian, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Valley Centre	Biggar, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Valley View	Torrington, Alberta	Dariusleut
Valley View	Swan Lake, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Valleyview Ranch	Valley View, Alberta	Dariusleut
Vanguard	Vanguard, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Vegreville	Vegreville, Alberta	Dariusleut
Verdant Valley	Drumheller, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Vermillion	Sanford, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Veteran	Veteran, Alberta	Dariusleut
Viking	Viking, Alberta	Dariusleut
Waldeck	Swift Current, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Waldheim	Elie, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Warburg	Warburg, Alberta	Dariusleut
Warden	Warden, Washington	Dariusleut
Waterton	Hillspring, Alberta	Dariusleut
Webb	Webb, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Wellwood	Ninette, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
West Bench	East End, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
West Raley	Cardston, Alberta	Dariusleut
Westroc	Westbourne, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Westwood	Britton, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Wheatland	Rockyford, Alberta	Dariusleut
Wheatland	Tower City, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Wheatland	Cabri, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
White Lake	Nobleford, Alberta	Dariusleut
White Rock	Rosholt, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Whiteshell	River Hills, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Wild Rose	Vulcan, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Willow Creek	Claresholm, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Willow Creek	Cartwright, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Willow Park	Tessier, Saskatchewan	Dariusleut
Willowbank	Edgeley, North Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Wilson Siding	Coaldale, Alberta	Dariusleut
Windy Bay	Pilot Mound, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Wingham	Elm Creek, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 1
Winnifred	Medicine Hat, Alberta	Lehrerleut
Wintering Hills	Hussar, Alberta	Dariusleut
Wolf Creek	Stirling, Alberta	Dariusleut
Wolf Creek	Olivet, South Dakota	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Wollman Ranch	Elgin, North Dakota	Dariusleut
Woodland	Poplar Point, Manitoba	Schmiedeleut Group 2
Wymark	Vanguard, Saskatchewan	Lehrerleut
Zenith	Cut Bank, Montana	Lehrerleut

See also Bruderhof, Society of Brothers

Bibliography

Arnold, Eberhard. Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible, 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.

Arnold, Eberhard. God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard. The Early Anabaptists. Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." Sojourners 13 (May 1984): 16-20.

Beck, Josef. Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.

Bennett, John W. Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People. Stanford U. Press, 1967.

The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch], trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.

Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." Journal of Political Economy (1924): 357-374, 468-486.

Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. Glencoe, Ill, 1954.

Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population (Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.

Eggers, Ulrich. Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA. Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. Community for Life. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.

Fischer, Hans. Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. Newton, KS, 1957.

Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." Mennonite Quarterly Review 24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte 26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte (1955).

Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." Mennonite Life (July 1946): 38-43.

Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." Mennonite Quarterly Review 30 (October 1956): 259-266.

Friedmann, Robert, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.

Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons." Mennonite Quarterly Review 27 (1953): 128-136.

Friedmann, Robert. Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.

Friedmann, Robert. Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667. Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." Mennonite Life 25 (October 1970): 159-64.

Gross, Leonard. The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Gross, Paul. The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites. Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.

Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." Mennonite Quarterly Review 26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.

Hofer, John. The History of the Hutterites. Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

Hofer, Joshua. Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde. Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.

Hofer, Peter. The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs. Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Life, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.

Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Hostetler, John A. Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.

Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.

Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder.... Scottdale, PA, 1914; reprints: Winnipeg, 1953; Cayley, AB, 1962.

Horsch, John. The Hutterian Brethren. Goshen, IN, 1931.

Hruby, Fr. Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren. Leipzig, 1935.

Hutter, Jakob. Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1979.

Kleinsasser, Jacob, Hardy Arnold, Jakob Hofer and Daniel Moody. For the Sake of Divine Truth. Rifton, NY: Plough 1974, a report on a journey to Europe in the summer of 1974.

Längin, Bernd. Die Hutterer: Gefangene der Vergangenheit, Pilger der Gegenwart, Propheten der Zukunft. Hamburg und Zürich: Rasch and Roehring, 1986.

Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).

Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." Mennonite Historical Bulletin 41 (July 1980): 1-6.

Mennonite World Handbook (MWH), ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference [MWC], 1978: 352-56.

Mennonite World Handbook, Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, I:: MWC, 1984: 141.

Mennonite World Handbook, ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, IL: MWC, 1990: 413.

Mow, Merrill. "Community Living in our Time. An Account of the Bruderhof Communities." Brethren Life and Thought 1, no. 5 (Autumn 1956): 43-52.

Müller, Lydia. Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. Leipzig, 1927.

Müller, Lydia, ed. Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 1, Quel­len und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 20. Leipzig, 1938.

Peters, Victor. All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.

Riedemann, Peter. Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith, trans. Kathleen E. Hasenberg. London: Hodder and Stoughton, and Plough Publishing House, 1938, 1950, 1970.

Sommer, J. "Hutterite Medicine and Physicians in Moravia in the 16th Century and After." Mennonite Quarterly Review 27 (1953): 111-127.

Thomson, Barbara R. "The Challenge of True Brotherhood." Christianity Today (25 March 1985): 22-28.

Waltner, Gary J. "The Educational System of the Hutterian Anabaptists and their Schulordnung of the 16th and 17th Centuries." MA thesis, History Dept., U. of South Dakota, 1975.

Wiswedel, Wilhelm. Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum, 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.

Wolkan, Rudolf. Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder. Philadelphia, PA: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947. With exhaustive bibliography to that date.

Author(s)	Robert Friedmann
	John Hofer
	Hans Meier
	John V. Hinde
Date Published	1989

Cite This Article

MLA style

Friedmann, Robert, John Hofer, Hans Meier and John V. Hinde. "Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1989. Web. 18 Dec 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hutterian_Brethren_(Hutterische_Br%C3%BCder)&oldid=170050.

APA style

Friedmann, Robert, John Hofer, Hans Meier and John V. Hinde. (1989). Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 18 December 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hutterian_Brethren_(Hutterische_Br%C3%BCder)&oldid=170050.

---

Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409. All rights reserved.

©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.