Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)
1955 Article
Introduction
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.
The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great Anabaptist movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of community of goods, as first established in Moravia in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by Jakob Hutter in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.
Early Development
The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the Hapsburg territories, Tyrol, Austria, Carinthia, etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that Georg Blaurock of Switzerland worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the Inn Valley. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that Moravia (and in particular the manorial estate Nikolsburg of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here Hubmaier could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, one of the Liechtensteins himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from Tyrol as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.
In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "Schwertler" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was Jacob Wiedemann, the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were Siegmund Schützinger, Jörg Zaunring, and Gabriel Ascherham (for details see Moravia, Nikolsburg, also Auspitz and Austerlitz). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. Jakob Hutter, an Anabaptist from Tyrol who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of Moravia broke up into three groups: (a) Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on Hutterische Brüder. Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, (b) The Philippites, named after Philipp Plener or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see Ausbund), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s Peter Riedemann visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it Gelassenheit (see also Hans Haffner). (c) The Gabrielites, named after Gabriel Ascherham. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the Geschicht-Buch, Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")
Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "Swiss Brethren," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of Pilgram Marpeck were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.
Scan courtesy Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen X-31.1, Box 17/30
This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of Tyrol, Hans Amon of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, Peter Walpot of Tyrol, Klaus Braidl of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon mandates by Ferdinand (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.
Jakob Hutter was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to Tyrol where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the Vorsteher or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners (Sendboten) were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 Falkenstein Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft) 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with Leonhard Lanzenstiel or Seiler.
The Golden Period
While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except Tyrol; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in Moravia on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the Jesuits had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the Dietrichsteins bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.
During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern Moravia and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in Peter Walpot, a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great Article Book, the Handbüchlein, the book called Anschlag und Fürwenden, etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a Schreibstube or scriptorium); the great Geschicht-Buch was then begun by Kaspar Braitmichel on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred Bruderhofs or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the Netherlands and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).
Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see Antitrinitarianism), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.
Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the Vorsteher Klaus Braidl sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around Elbing and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in Elbing though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. (a) The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave Moravia. Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and Christoph Andreas Fischer, in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see Eysvogel and Jedelshauser). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, (b) Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see Böger). Eventually (c) the event, later called the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The Geschicht-Buch (570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.
Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis
With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, Transylvania (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see Grimmelshausen). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., Andreas Ehrenpreis, 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in Mannheim in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see Gemeindeordnungen). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called Lehr und Vorred). The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such Lehren (some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many Vorreden (shorter sermons). The Klein-Geschichtsbueh (204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of Jakob Hutter). Ehrenpreis' Gemeinde Ordnung of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.
Persecution of the 18th Century
After Ehrenpreis' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The Great Chronicle ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded (Inv. Arch. Amst. II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.
After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for Hungary. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname Habaner became the general name for these people.
Immigration to Russia
In Transylvania the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from Carinthia to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter Walachia (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against Russia) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general Count Rumyantsev, who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the Ukraine (then a rather sparsely populated area). At Vyshenka the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at Radichev, 10 miles north. It was Johannes Waldner (born in Carinthia) who was then the most outstanding Vorsteher of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the Klein-Geschichtsbuch, a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of Jakob Hutter, who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia (Molotschna district, under the sponsorship of the Mennonite Johann Cornies), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.
Immigration to America
The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the United States, where they chose the prairie land of South Dakota for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879, settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the Darius-Leut (named after Darius Walter, their leader), Schmiede-Leut (after Michael Waldner, a blacksmith, their leader), and Lehrer-Leut (named after Jacob Wipf, called the Lehrer). The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. Those of their members who were disinclined, however, to accept this new-old form of living and wanted to stay in private ownership, later joined the group now called Krimmer Mennonite Brethren or also the General Conference Mennonites.
The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to Canada where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern Alberta, and south central Manitoba. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central Montana from Alberta.
In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. Bruderhof Communities has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.
In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies (Bruderhofs) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar Amish attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two Chronicles and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's Rechenschaft of 1540 and Ehrenpreis' great Sendbrief of 1652.
This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: Bruderhof, Community of goods, Ceramics, Folk Arts, Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren, Education — Hutterite, Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as Hutter, Amon, Riedemann, Walpot, Braidl, Ehrenpreis, and on their books, Article Book, Chronicles, Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.
Finally also the following articles should be consulted: Gemeindeordnungen, regarding their regulations and discipline, Marriage, Medicine among the Hutterites, dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article Habaner which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.
List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s
Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622(According to E. Crous, Mennonitisches Lexikon III, 420-422.
For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)
| 1. Alexowitz (Alecowitz, Olkowitz) |
| 2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545) |
| 3. Auspitz |
| 4. Austerlitz |
| 5. Bergen (Pergen) |
| 6. Bilowitz (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545) |
| 7. Birnbaum |
| 8. Bisenz (Bisentz) (Zierotin, 1545) |
| 9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz) |
| 10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/Bochtitz-Pochtitz) (1546) |
| 11. Boretitz/Borzetitz (Paraditz) (1545) |
| 12. Budespitz/Butschowitz (Bucovic, Pudespitz) (1536) |
| 13. Budkau (Budkaw) |
| 14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz) |
| 15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz (Dämberschitz) (Kaunitz, 1550) |
| 16. Eibenschitz (Lipa) |
| 17. Eihis |
| 18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547) |
| 19. Frischau (1581) |
| 20. Gobschitz/Gubschitz (1545) |
| 21. Göding (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545) |
| 22. Gurda/Gurdau |
| 23. Herspitz (Gerspitz) |
| 24. Hosterlitz |
| 25. Hrubschitz (Rupschitz) (1546) |
| 26. Jamnitz |
| 27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz) |
| 28. Kanitz |
| 29. Kobily/Kobyli (Kobelitz) |
| 30. Kostl/Kostel (Gostal) (Zierotin) |
| 31. Kreuz (Creutz) (Lipa, 1565) |
| 32. Kromau (Lipa, 1540) |
| 33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565) |
| 33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz (Lettonitz) |
| 34. Lundenburg (Breclav) |
| 35. Milotitz/Millotitz |
| 36. Mistrin/Mistrin |
| 37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz) |
| 38. Muschau |
| 39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545) |
| 40. Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz (east of Auspitz) |
| 41. Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz (near Prahlitz) (1562) |
| 42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560) |
| 43. Neudorf near Lundenburg (Zierotin, 1570) |
| 43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570) |
| 44. Neumühl (Liechtenstein, 1558) |
| 45. Nikolsburg (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556) |
| 46. Nikolschitz/Nikoltschitz (Zierotin, 1570) |
| 47. Nusslau (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583) |
| 48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545) |
| 49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538) |
| 50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581) |
| 51. Polau/Pollau |
| 52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559) |
| 53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537) |
| 54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565) |
| 55. Pruschank/Pruschanek |
| 56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538) |
| 57. Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz) (1546) |
| 58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545) |
| 59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540) |
| 60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin) |
| 61. Rohatetz |
| 62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin) |
| 63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540) |
| 64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553) |
| 65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545) |
| 66. Schäkowitz (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533) |
| 67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz |
| 68. Skalitz (Gallitz) (1563) |
| 69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz |
| 69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz |
| 70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz |
| 71. Swetlau |
| 72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn) |
| 73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz |
| 74. Tracht (1558) |
| 75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof) |
| 76. Turnitz-Durdenitz |
| 77. Urschitz/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz) |
| 78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557) |
| 79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin) |
| 79a. Weisstätten |
| 80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560) |
| 81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz) |
| 82. Wessely (1546) |
| 83. Wischenau |
| 84. Wisternitz |
| 85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567) |
Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762
(According to E. Crous, Mennonitisches Lexikon III, 423.
For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)
| I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547) |
| II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra) |
| III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra) |
| IV. Egbell (Neutra) |
| V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622) |
| VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra) |
| VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg) |
| VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550) |
| IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588) |
| X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]]) |
| XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622) |
| XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622) |
| XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546) |
| XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548) |
Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622
(According to Fr. Hruby, Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, Leipzig, 1935)
| 1. Lundenburg-Billowitz: [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf |
| 2. Seelowitz: Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz |
| 3. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: Austerlitz and Gerspitz |
| 4. Nikolsburg: [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht |
| 5. Steinitz: [[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]] |
| 6. Kanitz: Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus) |
| 7. Landshut: Landshut |
| 8. [[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: Lettnitz |
| 9. Skalitz: [[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]] |
| 10. Wischenau: Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]] |
| 11. Tscheikowitz:[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan |
| 12. Bochtitz: [[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]] |
| 13. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: Frischau |
| 14. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: Göding and Koblitz |
| 15. Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: Maskowitz and Oleckowitz |
| 16. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: Wäzenobis |
| 17. Uhritz: [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]] |
| 18. Wesseli: Wessela |
| 19. [[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: Schädewitz |
| 20. Ungarisch-Ostra: Neudorf |
| 21. Eisgrub: [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] |
| 22. Ober-Tannowitz: Tannewitz |
| 23. Tulleschitz: Schermankowitz |
| 24. [[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: (Wostite), Weisstätten |
| 25. Polehraditz: [[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]] |
| 26. Tawikowitz: Teikowitz |
Table 4: Transylvania
| 1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767 |
| 2. Kreuz, 1761-1767 |
| 3. Stein, 1761-1767 |
Table 5: Ukraine
| 1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802) |
| 2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842) |
| 3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1857) |
| 4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874) |
| 5. Johannisruh (1864-1877) |
| 6. Sheromet (1868-1874) |
| 7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875) |
Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," Mennonite Quarterly Review 25 (1951): 17-19.
For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)
| Name & Address of Colony | Yr. Settled |
Population in 1950 |
DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA |
||
| 1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]] | 1949 | 83
|
| 2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley | 1937 | 80
|
| 3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston | 1918 | 81
|
| 4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod | 1928 | 69
|
| 5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka | 1949 | 75
|
| 6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum | 1930 | 75
|
| 7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma | 1949 | 57
|
| 8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]] | 1948 | 76
|
| 9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]] | 1944 | 78
|
| 10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford | 1935 | 91
|
| 11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]] | 1926 | 65
|
| 12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Maybutt, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Maybutt]] | 1924 | 110
|
| 13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]] | 1926 | 85
|
| 14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]] | 1948 | 86
|
| 15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod | 1933 | 86
|
| 16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland | 1918 | 187
|
| 17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker | 1936 | 114
|
| 18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford | 1918 | 77
|
| 19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford | 1919 | 98
|
| 20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod | 1918 | 76
|
| 21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]] | 1918 | 76
|
| 22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston | 1918 | 117
|
| 23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]] | 1949 | 89
|
| 24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]] | 1918 | 140
|
| 25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling | 1924 | 76
|
DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA |
||
| 26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range | 1945 | 54
|
| 27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers | 1947 | 65
|
| 28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]] | 1935 | 61
|
| 29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown | 1945 | 26
|
LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA |
||
| 30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford | 1920 | 129
|
| 31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath | 1937 | 117
|
| 32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner | 1929 | 177
|
| 33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath | 1932 | 155
|
| 34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley | 1937 | 127
|
| 35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]] | 1924 | 103
|
| 36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond | 1918 | 134
|
| 37. [[New Elm Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath | 1918 | 115
|
| 38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton | 1932 | 113
|
| 39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond | -- | 96
|
| 40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath | 1918 | 151
|
| 41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown | 1950 | 60
|
| 42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham | 1935 | 89
|
| 43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath | 1918 | 100
|
| 44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner | 1935 | 186
|
LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA |
||
| 45. [[Birch Creek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier | 1947 | 95
|
| 46. Miami, Pendroy | 1948 | 112
|
| 47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta | 1945 | 105
|
| 48. Miller Ranch, Choteau | 1949 | 100
|
| 49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau | 1948 | 101
|
| 50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy | 1947 | 100
|
| 51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass | 1950 | ?
|
UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA |
||
| 52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge | 1924 | 25
|
| 53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket | 1920 | 15
|
| 54. Monarch, Monarch | 1942 | 31
|
| 55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling | 1944 | 30
|
SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA |
||
| 56. [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]], Headingly | 1920 | 151
|
| 57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]] | 1922 | 132
|
| 58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard | 1918 | 108
|
| 59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding | 1934 | 153
|
| 60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara | 1918 | 193
|
| 61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly | 1919 | 101
|
| 62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck | 1918 | 128
|
| 63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly | 1946 | 94
|
| 64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]] | 1918 | 86
|
| 65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard | 1918 | 54
|
| 66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]] | 1944 | 155
|
| 67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point | 1938 | 93
|
| 68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone | 1946 | 98
|
| 69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden | 1934 | 98
|
| 70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle | 1947 | 85
|
| 71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie | 1918 | 128
|
| 72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly | 1938 | 118
|
| 73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding | 1925 | 93
|
| 74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie | 1935 | 121
|
| 75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian | 1950 | 83
|
SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA |
||
| 76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville | 1950 | ?
|
SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA |
||
| 77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor | 1874 | 58
|
| 78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort | 1949 | 97
|
| 79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred | 1948 | 71
|
| 80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron | 1944 | 74
|
| 81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica | 1937 | 107
|
| 82. [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]] | 1949 | 72
|
| 83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller | 1949 | 54
|
| 84. [[New Elm Springs Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]] | 1936 | 102
|
| 85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois | 1949 | 94
|
| 86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy | 1949 | 68
|
| 87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron | 1949 | 48
|
| 88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria | 1934 | 84
|
| 89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell | 1945 | 92
|
| 90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort | 1945 | 94
|
| 91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet | 1942 | 94
|
CONVERT COLONIES |
||
ONTARIO |
||
| 92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright | 1941 | 46
|
Bruderhof Communities |
||
NEW YORK (State) |
||
| [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton | 1954 | 135
|
Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s
| Total | ||
| Dariusleut | ||
| Alberta | 2,247 |
|
| Montana | 206 |
2,453
|
| Lehrerleut | ||
| Alberta | 1,852 |
|
| Montana | 613 |
2,465
|
| [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] | ||
| Manitoba | 2,272 |
|
| South Dakota | 1,209 |
3,481
|
| Unaffiliated colonies | ||
| Alberta | 101 |
101
|
| Total, Kinship Colonies | 8,500
| |
| Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.) | 1,100
| |
Total No. of Hutterites |
9,600
| |
| SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION | ||
| Montana | 819
| |
| South Dakota | 1,209
| |
| Alberta | 4,200
| |
| Manitoba | 2,272
| |
| Ontario | 46
| |
Total |
9,211
|
Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley):
Dariusleut, Alberta
| |
| 98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch | |
| 99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan | |
Lehrerleut, Alberta
| |
| 100. Acadia Valley, Oyen | |
| 101. New Milford, Winnifred | |
| 102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom | |
| 103. Springside, Duchess | |
Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan
| |
| 104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon | |
| 105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek | |
| 106. Slade Colony, Tompkins | |
Lehrerleut, Montana
| |
| 107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks | |
Schmiedeleut, Manitoba
| |
| 108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne | |
| 109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe | |
| 110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]] | |
Schmiedeleut, South Dakota
| |
| 111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota |
The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.
Note for the Maps: Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.
The first exhaustive list of Hutterite Bruderhofs in Europe with locations (concerning Moravia and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article Rabenska in the Mennonitisches Lexikon (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the Mennonitisches Lexikon maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.
J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his Communismus (1894) p. 246. This list he published in Mennonitisches Lexikon (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia in 1619-1622, in his Wiedertäufer in Mähren (Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.
Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs (Klein-Geschichtsbuch, 677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the Schmiedeleut and Dariusleut in existence in 1947. -- Robert Friedmann
1990 Update
The Hutterian Brethren practice community of goods, as first established in Moravia in 1529 and re-established by Jakob Hutter in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.
In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Washington, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, England, and Japan.
The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.
The Hutterians who fled to the United States from Russia in the 1870s and moved to Canada after World War I because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.
In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in Saskatchewan in 1952.
In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.
The Schmiedeleut (Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the Mennonite Central Committee. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.
Hutterian children attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.
The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The Dariusleut and Schmiedeleut have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and South Dakota. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.
The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at James Valley Bruderhof in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.
John Hofer
2014 Update
The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:
| Colony | Location | Leut |
|---|---|---|
| Abbey | Abbey, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Acadia | Oyen, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Acadia | Carberry, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Acres | Eden, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Airport | Portage La Prairie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Albion Ridge | Picture Butte, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Alix | Alix, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Altona | Henderson, Minnesota | Undefined |
| Arm River | Lumsden, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Armada | Lomond, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Arrowwood | Blackie, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Aspenheim | Bagot, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Athabasca | Athabasca, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Ayers Ranch | Grass Range, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Baildon | Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Baker | Mac Gregor, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Barrickman | Cartier, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Beechy | Beechy, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Beiseker | Beiseker, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Belle Plaine | Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Bench | Shaunavon, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Bentley | Blackfalds, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Berry Creek | Hanna, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Big Bend | Cardston, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Big Rose | Biggar, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Big Sky | Cut Bank, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Big Stone | Graceville, Minnesota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Big Stone | Sand Coulee, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Birch Creek | Valier, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Birch Hills | Wanham, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Birch Meadows | Eaglesham, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Bloomfield | Westbourne, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Blooming Prairie | Homewood, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Blue Clay | Arnaud, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Blue Ridge | Mountain View, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Blue Sky | Drumheller, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Bluegrass | Warner, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Blumengard | Faulkton, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Blumengart | Plum Coulee, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Bon Homme | Elie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Bon Homme | Tabor, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Bone Creek | Gull Lake, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Boundary Lane | Elkhorn, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Bow City | Brooks, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Box Elder | Maple Creek, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Brant | Brant, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Brantwood | Oakville, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Brentwood | Faulkton, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Brightstone | Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Britestone | Carbon, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Broad Valley | Arborg, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Brocket | Pincher Creek, Alberta | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Butte | Bracken, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Byemoor | Byemoor, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Cameron | Turin, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Cameron | Viborg, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Camrose | Camrose, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Camrose | Ledger, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Camrose | Frankfort, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| CanAm | Margaret, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Carmangay | Carmangay, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Carmichael | Gull Lake, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Cascade | MacGregor, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Cascade | Sun River, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Castor | Castor, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Cayley | Cayley, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Cedar Grove | Platte, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Claremont | Castlewood, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Clark | Raymond, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Clear Lake | Claresholm, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Clear Spring | Kenaston, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Cleardale | Cleardale, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Clearfield | Delmont, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Clearview | Bassano, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Clearview | Elm Creek, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Clearwater | Balmoral, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Cloverleaf | Delia, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Cluny | Cluny, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Codessa | Eaglesham, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Collins | Iroquois, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Concord | Winnipeg, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Cool Spring | Minnedosa, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Cool Springs | Rudyard, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Copperfield | Vauxhall, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Craigmyle | Craigmyle, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Crystal Spring | Magrath, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Crystal Spring | Ste. Agathe, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Cypress | Cypress River, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Cypress | Maple Creek, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Decker | Decker, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Deerboine | Alexander, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Deerfield | Magrath, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Deerfield | Lewistown, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Deerfield | Ipswich, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Delco | New Dayton, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Delta | Austin, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Dinsmore | Dinsmore, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Donalda | Donalda, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Downie Lake | Maple Creek, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Duncan Ranch | Harlowton, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Eagle Creek | Galata, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Eagle Creek | Asquith, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Ear View | Gull Lake, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| East Cardston | Cardston, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| East End | Havre, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| East Malta | Malta, Montana | Dariusleut |
| East Raymond | Raymond, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Eatonia | Eatonia, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Elk Creek | Augusta, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Elkwater | Irvine, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Elm River | Newton Siding, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Elm Spring | Warner, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Elmendorf | Mountain Lake, Minnesota | Undefined |
| Emerald | Gladstone, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Enchant | Enchant, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Erskine | Erskine, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Estuary | Leader, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Evergreen | Taber, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Evergreen | Somerset, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Evergreen | Faulkton, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Ewelme | Ft. Macleod, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Fair Haven | Ulm, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Fairholme | Portage La Prairie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Fairlane | Skiff, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Fairview | Crossfield, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Fairview | La Moure, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Fairville | Bassano, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Fairway | Douglas, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Ferrybank | Ponoka, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Flat Willow Ranch | Roundup, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Fordham | Carpenter, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Fords Creek | Grass Range, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Forest River | Fordville, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Fort Pitt | Lloydminister, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Forty Mile | Lodge Grass, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Gadsby | Stettler, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Garden Plane | Frontier, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Gildford | Gildford, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Glacier | Cut Bank, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Glendale | Cut Bank, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Glendale | Frankfort, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Glenway | Dominion City, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Glidden | Glidden, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Golden Valley | Ryegate, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Golden View | Salem, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Golden View | Biggar, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Good Hope | Portage La Prairie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Gracevale | Winfred, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Grand | Oakville, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Grandview | Grand Prairie, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Grant | Enderlin, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Granum | Granum, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Grass Ranch | Kimball, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Grass River | Glenella, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Grassland | Westport, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Grassy Hill | Gull Lake, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Green Acres | Bassano, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Green Acres | Wawanesa, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Green Leaf | Marcelin, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Greenwald | Beausejour, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Greenwood | Fort Macleod, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Greenwood | Delmont, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Hairy Hill | Hairy Hill, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Hand Hills | Hanna, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Hartland | Bashaw, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Hartland | Havre, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Haven | Dexter, Minnesota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Haven | Fox Valley, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Heartland | Hazelridge, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Heartland | Lake Benton, Minnesota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Hidden Lake | Cut Bank, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Hidden Valley | Austin, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| High River | High River, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Hillcrest | Garden City, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Hillcrest | Dundurn, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Hilldale | Havre, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Hillridge | Barnwell, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Hillside | Justice, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Hillside | Sweetgrass, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Hillside | Doland, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Hillsvale | Cut Knife, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Hillview | Rosebud, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Hodgeville | Hodgeville, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Holden | Holden, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Holmfield | Killarney, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Holt | Irma, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Homewood | Starbuck, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Horizon | Cut Bank, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Horizon | Lowe Farm, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Hughenden | Hughenden, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Huron | Elie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Huron | Huron, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Huron | Brownlee, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Hutterville | Magrath, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Hutterville | Stratford, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Huxley | Huxley, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Iberville | Elie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Interlake | Teulon, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Iron Creek | Bruce, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| James Valley | Elie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Jamesville | Utica, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Jenner | Jenner, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Kamsley | Somerset, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Keho Lake | Barons, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Keystone | Warren, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Kilby Butte | Roundup, Montana | Dariusleut |
| King Ranch | Lewiston, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Kings Lake | Foremost, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Kingsbury | Valier, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Kingsland | New Dayton, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Kyle | Kyle, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Lajord | White City, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Lake View | Lake Andes, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Lakeside | Cranford, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Lakeside | Cartier, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Lakeview | Unity, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Lathom | Bassano, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Leask | Leask, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Leedale | Rimbey, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Lismore | Clinton, Minnesota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Little Bow | Champion, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Little Creek | Marquette, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Livingstone | Lundbreck, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Lomond | Lomond, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Lone Pine | Botha, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Long Lake | Westport, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Loring | Loring, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Lost River | Allan, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Lougheed | Lougheed, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| MacMillan | Cayley, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Main Centre | Rush Lake, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Mannville | Mannville, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Maple Grove | Lauder, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Maple River | Fullerton, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Marble Ridge | Hodgson, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Marlin | Marlin, Washington | Dariusleut |
| Martinsdale | Martinsdale, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Maxwell | Cartier, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Maxwell | Scotland, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Mayfair | Killarney, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Mayfield | Etzikom, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Mayfield | Willow Lake, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| McGee | Rosetown, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| McMahon | MacMahon, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Mialta | Vulcan, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Miami | New Dayton, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Miami | Morden, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Midland | Taber, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Midway | Conrad, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Milden | Milden, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Milford | Raymond, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Milford | Wolf Creek, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Millbrook | Mitchell, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Miller | Choteau, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Millerdale | Miller, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| MillsHof | Glenboro, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Milltown | Elie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Miltow | Warner, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Mixburn | Minburn, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Morinville | Morinville, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Mountain View | Strathmore, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Mountain View | Broadview, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Netley | Petersfield, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Neu Muehl | Drumheller, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Neudorf | Crossfield, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Neuhof | Mountain Lake, Minnesota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| New Elm Spring | Magrath, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| New Elm Spring | Ethan, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| New Miami | Conrad, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| New Rockport | New Dayton, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| New Rockport | Choteau, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| New Rosedale | Portage La Prairie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| New York | Lethbridge, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Newdale | Milo, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Newdale | Brandon, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Newdale | Elkton, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Newell | Bassano, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Newhaven | Argyle, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Newport | Claremont, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Norfeld | White, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Norquay | Oakville, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| North Harlem | Harlem, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Northern Breeze | Portage La Prairie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| O.B. | Marwayne, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| O. K. | Raymond, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Oak Bluff | Morris, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Oak Lane | Alexandria, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Oak River | Oak River, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Oaklane | Taber, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Oakridge | Holland, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Odanah | Minnedosa, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Old Elm Spring | Magrath, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Old Elm Spring | Parkston, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Orland | Montrose, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Parkland | Nanton, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Parkview | Riding Mountain, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Peace View | Farmington, BC | Dariusleut |
| Pearl Creek | Iroquois, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Pembina | Darlingford, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Pembrook | Ipswich, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Pennant | Pennant, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Pibroch | Westlock, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Pincher Creek | Pincher Creek, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Pine Creek | Austin, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Pine Haven | Wetaskiwin, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Pine Hill | Red Deer, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Pineland | Piney, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Plain Lake | Two Hills, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Plainview | Warner, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Plainview | Elkhorn, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Plainview | Leola, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Platte | Platte, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Pleasant Valley | Clive, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Pleasant Valley | Belt, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Pleasant Valley | Flandreau, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Poinsett | Estelline, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Pondera | Valier, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Ponderosa | Grassy Lake, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Ponteix | Ponteix, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Poplar Point | Portage La Prairie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Prairie Blossom | Stonewall, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Prairie Elk | Wolf Point, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Prairie Home | Wrentham, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Prairie View | Sibbald, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Quill Lake | Quill Lake, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Rainbow | Innisfail, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Raymore | Raymore, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Red Willow | Stettler, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Red Willow | White, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Ribstone | Edgerton, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Ridge Valley | Crooked Creek, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Ridgeland | Hussar, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Ridgeland | Dugald, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Ridgeville | Ridgeville, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Rimrock | Sunburst, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| River Road | Milk River, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Riverbend | Mossleigh, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Riverbend | Carberry, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Riverbend | Waldheim, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Riverdale | Gladstone, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Riverside | Ft. Macleod, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Riverside | Arden, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Riverside | Huron, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Riverview | Chester, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Riverview | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Rock Lake | Coaldale, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Rock Lake | Grosse Isle, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Rockport | Magrath, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Rockport | Pendroy, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Rockport | Alexandria, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Roland | White, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Rolling Acres | Eden, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Rosalind | Camrose, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Rose Glen | Hilda, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Rose Valley | Graysville, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Rose Valley | Assiniboia, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Rosebank | Miami, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Rosebud | Rockyford, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Rosedale | Etzikom, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Rosedale | Elie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Rosedale | Mitchell, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Rosetown | Rosetown, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Rustic Acres | Madison, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Sage Creek | Chester, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Sand Lake | Val Marie, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Sandhills | Beiseker, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Schoonover | Odessa, Washington | Dariusleut |
| Scotford | Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Scott | Scott, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Seville | Cut Bank, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Shadow Ranch | Champion, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Shady Lane | Wanham, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Shady Lane | Treherne, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Shamrock | Bow Island, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Shamrock | Carpenter, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Shannon | Winfred, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Silver Creek | Ferintoch, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Silver Lake | Clark, South Dakota | Dariusleut |
| Silver Sage | Foremost, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Silverwinds | Sperling, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Simmie | Admiral, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Sky Light | Vulcan, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Sky View | Miami, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Smiley | Smiley, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Smoky Lake | Smoky Lake, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Sommerfeld | High Bluff, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Souris River | Elgin, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| South Bend | Alliance, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| South Peace | Farmington, BC | Dariusleut |
| Southland | Herbert, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Sovereign | Rosetown, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Spink | Frankfort, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Spokane | Reardan, Washington | Dariusleut |
| Spring Creek | Walsh, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Spring Creek | Lewistown, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Spring Creek | Forbes, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Spring Hill | Neepawa, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Spring Lake | Arlington, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Spring Lake | Swift Current, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Spring Point | Pincher Creek, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Spring Prairie | Hawley, Minnesota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Spring Ridge | Wainwright, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Spring Side | Duchess, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Spring Valley | Spring Coulee, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Spring Valley | Brandon, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Spring Valley | Wessington Springs, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Spring View | Gem, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Spring Water | Ruthilda, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Springdale | White Sulphur, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Springfield | Anola, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Springfield | Kindersley, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Springvale | Rockyford, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Springwater | Harlowton, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Spruce Lane | Blanchard, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Sprucewood | Brookdale, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Stahl | Ritzville, Washington | Dariusleut |
| Stahlville | Rockyford, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Standard | Standard, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Standoff | Ft. Macleod, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Stanfield | Stanfield, Oregon | Dariusleut |
| Star City | Star City, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Starbrite | Foremost, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Starland | Drumheller, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Starland | Gibbon, Minnesota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Starlite | Starbuck, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Sturgeon Creek | Headingley, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Suncrest | Castor, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Suncrest | Tourond, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Sundale | Milnor, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Sunny Bend | Westlock, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Sunny Brook | Chester, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Sunny Dale | Perdue, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Sunny Site | Warner, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Sunnyside | Newton Siding, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Sunrise | Etzikom, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Sunset | Britton, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Sunshine | Hussar, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Surprise Creek | Stanford, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Swift Current | Swift Current, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Thompson | Ft. Macleod, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Three Hills | Three Hills, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Thunderbird | Faulkton, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Tofield, Alberta | Tofield, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Tompkins | Tompkins, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Treesbank | Wawanesa, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Trileaf | Baldur, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Tschetter | Irricana, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Tschetter | Olivet, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Turin | Turin, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Turner | Turner, Montana | Dariusleut |
| Twilight | Falher, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Twilight | Neepawa, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Twin Creek | Standard, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Twin Hills | Carter, Montana | Lehrerleut |
| Twin Rivers | Manning, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Upland | Artesian, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Valley Centre | Biggar, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Valley View | Torrington, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Valley View | Swan Lake, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Valleyview Ranch | Valley View, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Vanguard | Vanguard, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Vegreville | Vegreville, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Verdant Valley | Drumheller, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Vermillion | Sanford, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Veteran | Veteran, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Viking | Viking, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Waldeck | Swift Current, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Waldheim | Elie, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Warburg | Warburg, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Warden | Warden, Washington | Dariusleut |
| Waterton | Hillspring, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Webb | Webb, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Wellwood | Ninette, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| West Bench | East End, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| West Raley | Cardston, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Westroc | Westbourne, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Westwood | Britton, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Wheatland | Rockyford, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Wheatland | Tower City, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Wheatland | Cabri, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| White Lake | Nobleford, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| White Rock | Rosholt, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Whiteshell | River Hills, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Wild Rose | Vulcan, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Willow Creek | Claresholm, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Willow Creek | Cartwright, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Willow Park | Tessier, Saskatchewan | Dariusleut |
| Willowbank | Edgeley, North Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Wilson Siding | Coaldale, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Windy Bay | Pilot Mound, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Wingham | Elm Creek, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 1 |
| Winnifred | Medicine Hat, Alberta | Lehrerleut |
| Wintering Hills | Hussar, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Wolf Creek | Stirling, Alberta | Dariusleut |
| Wolf Creek | Olivet, South Dakota | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Wollman Ranch | Elgin, North Dakota | Dariusleut |
| Woodland | Poplar Point, Manitoba | Schmiedeleut Group 2 |
| Wymark | Vanguard, Saskatchewan | Lehrerleut |
| Zenith | Cut Bank, Montana | Lehrerleut |
See also Bruderhof, Society of Brothers
Bibliography
Arnold, Eberhard. Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible, 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.
Arnold, Eberhard. God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.
Arnold, Eberhard. Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.
Arnold, Eberhard. The Early Anabaptists. Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.
Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.
Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.
Arnold, Emmy. Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.
Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." Sojourners 13 (May 1984): 16-20.
Beck, Josef. Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.
Bennett, John W. Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People. Stanford U. Press, 1967.
The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch], trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.
Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." Journal of Political Economy (1924): 357-374, 468-486.
Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. Glencoe, Ill, 1954.
Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population (Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.
Eggers, Ulrich. Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA. Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. Community for Life. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.
Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.
Fischer, Hans. Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. Newton, KS, 1957.
Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." Mennonite Quarterly Review 24 (1950): 353-363.
Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte 26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.
Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte (1955).
Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." Mennonite Life (July 1946): 38-43.
Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." Mennonite Quarterly Review 30 (October 1956): 259-266.
Friedmann, Robert, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.
Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons." Mennonite Quarterly Review 27 (1953): 128-136.
Friedmann, Robert. Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.
Friedmann, Robert. Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667. Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.
Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." Mennonite Life 25 (October 1970): 159-64.
Gross, Leonard. The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.
Gross, Paul. The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites. Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.
Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." Mennonite Quarterly Review 26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.
Hofer, John. The History of the Hutterites. Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.
Hofer, Joshua. Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde. Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.
Hofer, Peter. The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs. Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.
Holzach, Michael. Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.
Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Life, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.
Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
Hostetler, John A. Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.
Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.
Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder.... Scottdale, PA, 1914; reprints: Winnipeg, 1953; Cayley, AB, 1962.
Horsch, John. The Hutterian Brethren. Goshen, IN, 1931.
Hruby, Fr. Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren. Leipzig, 1935.
Hutter, Jakob. Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1979.
Kleinsasser, Jacob, Hardy Arnold, Jakob Hofer and Daniel Moody. For the Sake of Divine Truth. Rifton, NY: Plough 1974, a report on a journey to Europe in the summer of 1974.
Längin, Bernd. Die Hutterer: Gefangene der Vergangenheit, Pilger der Gegenwart, Propheten der Zukunft. Hamburg und Zürich: Rasch and Roehring, 1986.
Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).
Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." Mennonite Historical Bulletin 41 (July 1980): 1-6.
Mennonite World Handbook (MWH), ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference [MWC], 1978: 352-56.
Mennonite World Handbook, Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, I:: MWC, 1984: 141.
Mennonite World Handbook, ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, IL: MWC, 1990: 413.
Mow, Merrill. "Community Living in our Time. An Account of the Bruderhof Communities." Brethren Life and Thought 1, no. 5 (Autumn 1956): 43-52.
Müller, Lydia. Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. Leipzig, 1927.
Müller, Lydia, ed. Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 1, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 20. Leipzig, 1938.
Peters, Victor. All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.
Riedemann, Peter. Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith, trans. Kathleen E. Hasenberg. London: Hodder and Stoughton, and Plough Publishing House, 1938, 1950, 1970.
Sommer, J. "Hutterite Medicine and Physicians in Moravia in the 16th Century and After." Mennonite Quarterly Review 27 (1953): 111-127.
Thomson, Barbara R. "The Challenge of True Brotherhood." Christianity Today (25 March 1985): 22-28.
Waltner, Gary J. "The Educational System of the Hutterian Anabaptists and their Schulordnung of the 16th and 17th Centuries." MA thesis, History Dept., U. of South Dakota, 1975.
Wiswedel, Wilhelm. Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum, 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.
Wolkan, Rudolf. Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.
Zieglschmid, A. J. F. Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943.
Zieglschmid, A. J. F. Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder. Philadelphia, PA: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947. With exhaustive bibliography to that date.
| Author(s) | Robert Friedmann |
|---|---|
| John Hofer | |
| Hans Meier | |
| John V. Hinde | |
| Date Published | 1989 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Friedmann, Robert, John Hofer, Hans Meier and John V. Hinde. "Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1989. Web. 28 Nov 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hutterian_Brethren_(Hutterische_Br%C3%BCder)&oldid=162199.
APA style
Friedmann, Robert, John Hofer, Hans Meier and John V. Hinde. (1989). Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 28 November 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hutterian_Brethren_(Hutterische_Br%C3%BCder)&oldid=162199.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409. All rights reserved.
©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.