Villages (Holländerdörfer)

Nowhere else have Mennonites developed a distinctive village pattern as did the Prusso-Russian group. To be sure, the Swiss Mennonites surviving as religious refugees in remote areas as pioneers on uncultivated land de­veloped a pattern of settlement known as the Hof. In the Jura Mountains of Switzerland as well as in Alsace-Lorraine and the southern parts of Germany they became owners or renters of large farms and estates (Höfe), on which they established themselves in increasing numbers, developing some of them into small villages and hamlets. Some of the vil­lages still indicate such an origin in the name end­ing in hof or heim. Among them are Spitalhof, Friedelsheim, Gerolsheim, Kriegsheim, Weierhof, Ibersheimerhof, and Kohlhof, all located in the Palatinate and Hesse. These places established and occupied originally by Swiss Mennonite refugees have in many instances grown to sizable villages or towns. Some are still primarily occupied by Men­nonites, while in others the Mennonite population has become a minority. Today they reveal no peculiar Mennonite characteristics in the total pattern of the surrounding communities.

The Swiss Mennonites settling in Poland, Volhynia, and Galicia established some villages. In Poland they lived in Urszulin and Michelsdorf and in Volhynia in Eduardsdorf, Horodyszcze, Waldheim, Kotozufka, etc. These were the Swiss Volhynian Mennonites who later settled near Moundridge, Kansas, and Freeman, South Dakota. The Swiss Galician Men­nonites established the villages of Falkenstein, Einsiedel, Rosenberg, Rosenhof, Kiernica, Horozanna, Ehrenfeld, Dobrovlany, Podusilna, etc. Some of these were not villages in the sense of a closely-knit unit. Even the closed villages were not always built according to a specific pattern. The early Galician villages of Falkenstein, Einsiedel, and Neuhof fol­lowed a specified plan. The others were mostly cluster villages (Haufendörfer). Most of these vil­lages were occupied by the Mennonites for a limited time only. The Hutterite villages are described in the article "Bruderhof." The Swiss and German Men­nonites settling in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and other states as a rule lived on individual farms, fol­lowing the practice of their environment. One ex­ception was Germantown, Pennsylvania, founded in 1683, which was mixed Quaker and Mennonite and soon became a town.

The Mennonites of Prussia and Russia developed a unique pattern of villages during their coloniza­tion and settlement efforts, which was also trans­planted to Manitoba, Mexico, and Paraguay. This pattern, although of Germanic background, includes some features based on the religio-cultural back­ground and development of the Prusso-Russian Mennonites.

During the first half of the 16th century Dutch religious refugees settled at the mouth of the Vistula River in Prussia, mostly under Polish authorities. Their villages became known as "Hollanderdörfer" or "Hollandereien." These settlements established by a certain type of settlers under certain contracts with the lords and administered in a certain way became the nucleus or background of the Mennonite villages of Prussia, Poland, and Russia, which were later transplanted to Manitoba. They differed from the type prevailing along the Vistula River. The medieval colony village of the Vistula area was as a rule organized by a "locator" who functioned as Schulze (mayor), through whom a lease was obtained from the royal owners of the land, and who invited settlers from everywhere to till the land on long-term leases. The locator did not pay rent and his office was hereditary. Such a village was estab­lished in accordance with the "German right."

The villages established according to the "Dutch right" ("Holländisch Weis' und Gebrauch") func­tioned on a different basis. A group of settlers en­tered an agreement with the landowner. The lease agreements differed. The lease was usually for 40 years. The office of the Schulze was not hereditary. He was elected from the village community and had no special privileges; the government was demo­cratic. Originally the occupants of these "Dutch" villages were actually primarily Dutch by back­ground and to a large extent Mennonites. Later on the term "Holländerei" came to mean nothing more than a village and land rented and established on the basis of the "Dutch right." The occupants of such a "Dutch" village could come from any part of Europe and belong to any creed.

By 1772 there were some 400 Holländerdörfer established in the Vistula region, but not nearly all were occupied by Mennonites or by Dutch settlers. Felicia Szper (p. 110) lists for 1676 the following villages as "Holländische Hufen" in the two Werders of Marienburg occupied by Dutch Mennonites: Platenhof, Tiegenhagen, Tiegerweide, Reimerswalde, Orlofferfeld, Pletzendorf, Orloff, Pietzgendorf, and Petershagenerfeld.

Horst Penner lists for the 18th century the following villages with a predominantly Mennonite population: Altebabke, Altendorf, Beyershorst, Blumen-Ort, Einlage, Freienhuben, Glabitsch, Gross-Plehnendorf, Gross-Walddorf, Halbstadt, Herrenhagen, Heubuden, Klein Mausdorf, Kozelicke, Ladekopp, Marienau, Neuendorf, Neunhuben, Or­loff, Orlofferfelde, Petershagen, Pietzkendorf, Poppau, Pordenau, Reimerswalde, Rosenort, Rückenau, Scharfenberg, Schönhorst, Schönsee, Schmerblock, Schönau, Tiege, Tiegenhagen, Tiegerweide, and Wotzlaff.

The villages located on the Vistula were also char­acterized by being established in swampy areas that had to be drained. Ditches and canals led to the river at the elevated end of the land. Homes were located along the street, which at times fol­lowed the windings of the river. Villages established according to the old "German right" did not have the residence, barn, and shed under one roof, as did the Dutch villages, in which the barn was directly connected with the residence and the shed was at­tached to the barn, the whole in some cases forming a triangle. At some places the dwelling had an ad­dition for the retired parents called Endenkammer. The porch added to this structure in many cases was of Prussian and not Dutch background.

In some instances the land of each farmer ad­joined his yard. This would indicate that the pattern was related to the "Hufendörfer" practice. E. K. Francis classifies the Russian Mennonite pat­tern as a "Gewanndorf," which is characterized by the rotation of crops according to an established pat­tern. This was at times the case in Russia and also Manitoba. However, the Gewanndorf is a cluster of homes and farms, which the Mennonite village never was. The latter always followed a very sym­metrical design, the houses being located in a straight line at regular intervals on one side or on both sides of the street. This village therefore more nearly resembled a Hufendorf. However, it devel­oped peculiarities of its own. For this reason it is best to identify this type of village simply as Holländerdorf.

The Holländerdörfer established in the swampy regions of the Vistula Delta by Dutch Mennonites became the pattern not only for other settlers in that area, but were transplanted to entirely new and non-swampy locations in Poland and Russia. Natur­ally the environment somewhat modified the village pattern and practices. The low countries of the Netherlands and the Vistula areas were exchanged for the steppes of the Ukraine, where there was at times too little rainfall. Although the location of the villages was often chosen along rivers, such as the Dnieper or the Molotschna, the geographic and climatic conditions differed considerably. Hardly any dams had to be built to prevent flooding. The crops differed somewhat. The need for summer fal­low made it necessary at times to adhere to an agreed-upon communal pattern of crop rotation.

The great genius and promoter of the uniform establishment of villages was Johann Cornies, who as chairman of the Agricultural Association introduced some rigid rules for the layout of villages, exact location of each building in the vil­lage, the construction of the buildings, the planting of the shade trees and orchards in the yards, the maintenance of the village street, the location of the school, etc. During the first half of the 19th century a significant feature of the Russian Mennonite vil­lage pattern was the communal pasture for all cat­tle, sheep, and horses. As a rule, the village consist­ed of a wide unimproved main street with 20 to 40 homes and farmyards on each side. The land of the individual farmer at times adjoined his yard. This was not always the case; if the land surrounding the village was not all of the same quality, it was par­celed out to give all the farmers equal shares of both the better and the poorer land. The farm usually consisted of approximately 160 acres. The commu­nity had a cowherd who in the early morning drove the cattle and other animals through the village to the community pasture. The village generally had a corral at one end where the horses not needed for farm labor were kept overnight. In the morning they joined the herd. During the hot noon hours the cattle rested at the village pond, creek, or river. The cowherd was usually a native Russian and lived near the corral.

The older villages as a rule consisted of farmers with full-sized farms (Vollwirte) who had originally purchased the land, some owners of half-size farms, and some "Anwohner". The Anwohner lived in a suburb of the village, which had yards and homes for people without land (see Landless). They were as a rule the landless younger generation working for the farmers or in small in­dustry. They were also the candidates for the estab­lishment of a new settlement whenever money and land for this purpose became available. The estab­lishment of new settlements and villages gradually became the responsibility of the Mennonite authori­ties of the mother settlement. Some of these settle­ments consisted of only a few villages, while others had nearly as many as the Molotschna settlement, viz., 58 villages. With slight modifications these vil­lages were patterned after those of the mother settle­ments in the Ukraine. In the early days of the settle­ment the buildings consisted of a frame of lumber and walls of adobe brick, with a roof of straw and later of shingles. As the settlers became more pros­perous they replaced the early buildings with brick structures having a tile or tin roof. The architec­tural pattern of the house, residence, barn, and shed as a rule remained the same (see Architecture).

The administration of the villages and settlements was similar to that in Prussia, i.e., according to the "Dutch right." The Schulze and other members of the village assembly (Schulteboat) were elected by the voters of the village. Usually the village was administratively a part of the total Mennonite set­tlement which had an Oberschulze as the mayor. During the early 19th century the Mennon­ite settlers were not responsible to the local Russian authorities but to the Fürsorgekomitee estab­lished by the Russian government to supervise and administer all foreign settlements in Russia. Toward the end of the past century, the Mennonite administrations became responsible to their local Russian ad­ministrations (see Government Among Mennonites of Russia).

With few modifications this pattern of village settlement and administration was transplanted to Manitoba by the Old Colony (Chortitza), Fürsten­land, and Bergthal Mennonites. The more progres­sive Bergthal and Kleine Gemeinde groups on the East Reserve provided a disintegrating element when they realized that living on one's own farm had some advantages over the traditional village pattern. Hence many villages were abandoned. The transfer of some of the Bergthal Mennonites to the West Reserve introduced this influence also among the Old Colony and Fürstenland Mennonites. This and the matter of self-administration versus the accept­ance of the municipality system and the parochial versus public school system became the vital issues that caused numerous schisms and the ultimate emigra­tion of the more conservative element among the Old Colony, Sommerfeld, and Bergthal Mennonites to Mexico and Paraguay after World Wars I and II. At the turn of the century the Manitoba Mennonites established daughter settlements in the areas of Hague and Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Here too, as in Mexico, Menno in the Chaco, and Villarrica in Para­guay, they established villages on the old pattern of Prussia and Russia. Lack of some building mate­rials and adjustment to the Latin-American environ­ment have caused some slight deviations, but basi­cally the layout, architecture, and administration of the village have been maintained.

A very interesting element in the Mennonite prac­tice of establishing villages in various parts of the world is the naming of these villages. As is evident from the village names of the Marienburg Werder, the names were German. The reason for the choice of German names by Dutch settlers may have been that they dealt with authorities and lords who spoke either German or Polish. Some of these German names such as Orloff (although originally very like­ly Slavic) and Tiege were transplanted to the Ukraine. However, because of the multiplicity of villages established in Russia, most of the names originated there. In the early decades the names were primarily German. Toward the end of the past century they received at times an official Rus­sian name while the settlers themselves gave them German names with a very strong poetic flavor. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian village names (or even numbers) were used. During the anti-German feeling of World War I many German names were replaced by Russian names. As a result of World War II practically all the names were made Russian.

It was in Russia that the practice of using the same names for villages or daughter settlements flourished, like the repetition of names of grand­parents, uncles, and aunts in a newly established family. Certain of these names in the daughter settlements of Russia, Canada, and South America were particularly popular. New combinations ap­peared. The popularity of names containing "Blume," "Frieden," "Rose," "Schön," or "Wald" reveals that the hard-working Mennonite farmers liked to give their villages poetic names. A new element was added in Russia when they began to name their vil­lages after the czars. Many appendices were added to names such as Alexander and Nicholas (Nikolai). High officials were memorialized in names like Köppental, Konteniusfeld, and Hahnsau. In some in­stances the villages were named for the Russian noble from whom the land was purchased for the establishment of a daughter settlement.

The Manitoba Mennonites, who were primarily of the Chortitza or Old Colony background in Rus­sia, used a considerable number of names of the vil­lages from which they came, including some found in the Molotschna settlement. It is here that old forms are used to create new names through new combinations. Hardly an English name appears in the 110 villages established in the West and. East Reserves. Sometimes the same names are used in both Reserves. The Manitoba names were trans­planted to the Swift Current and Hague settlements in Saskatchewan and to the settlements in Mexico and Paraguay. Some of the same names are used in the three (Manitoba, Swift Current, and Durango) settlements of Mexico. It is likely that the village assembly decided on the name. If the majority of the settlers came from one village, they simply agreed to use the same old name. At times the pre­fix Neu (new) was used, e.g., Neu-Schönwiese or Neu-Bergthal.

Some of the Mennonites of the Molotschna settle­ment who came to the prairie states in and after 1874 made an attempt to perpetuate the village pat­tern of Russia and Prussia. The Krimmer Mennonite Brethren established the village Gnadenau at Marion, Kansas, and the Alexanderwohl con­gregation settled originally in seven villages north of Newton. Also the conservative Kleine Gemeinde members of Jansen, Nebraska, settled in villages. But aside from these hardly any attempts were made to establish villages. The reason for this may be that the Molotschna Mennonites, being more progressive, were inclined to recognize and adopt the good practices of the new country. Although they had asked to have compact areas set aside in order to be able to establish their traditional settlements, they were not granted this privilege. The East and West Reserves were the Canadian answer to this request for the Old Colony Mennonites. As a rule the Men­nonites in the prairie states had to be satisfied with the opportunity to purchase alternate sections of land along the railroads such as the Santa Fe and the Burlington. This made it difficult for them to establish compact settlements, and even more so to realize the old traditional village pattern with self-government. The few villages actually established soon disintegrated. However, driving along High­way 15 from Newton to Lehigh or Hillsboro, one can still see remnants of the villages of the Alexan­derwohl community near Goessel. To be sure, there are Mennonite towns such as Goessel, Lehigh, Hills­boro, Moundridge, and Elbing in Kansas; Meno in Oklahoma; Henderson and Jansen in Nebraska; Mountain Lake in Minnesota; and Freeman in South Dakota; but they were not established accord­ing to the traditional pattern and cannot really be classified as Holländerdörfer. They are typical American towns of the prairie states.

Below is a list of Mennonite vil­lages established in Prussia, Russia, Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Paraguay. This constitutes the first attempt to list in alphabetical order all Mennonite villages of Prusso-Russian back­ground that could be classified as Holländerdör­fer. Only the major Prussian villages of the Marien­burg Werder are listed. Various sources were used, some of which conflicted. The list makes, therefore, no claim to completeness or to full accuracy. No attempt has been made to state which villages are still in existence and which have disappeared. The major point is to show how large a number of vil­lages was established and how frequently the names were repeated by pioneers who generation after gen­eration continued their journeys as "pilgrims and strangers."

Not all of the later villages in Russia that were given Russian names are listed. Numerous villages in Russia have doubtless been destroyed and very few are at the present occupied by Mennonites. Of the more than 100 Mennonite villages established on the East and West Reserves of Manitoba, only a small number have survived. This is the case particularly on the East Reserve. The traditional vil­lage life continues with a minimum of disturbance from the outside among the Old Colony Mennonites of Mexico and in some of the settlements in Para­guay.

The following list indicates how often the names were repeated in the various settlements. Only those that appear more than five times are listed.

Frequency of Names	Village Name(s)
13	Chortitza
11	Blumenort, Grünfeld, Orloff, Reinfeld, Schönau
9	Gnadenfeld, Gnadenthal, Hochfeld, Schönthal, Rosenort, Rosenfeld
8	Kleefeld, Neuanlage, Nikolaifeld, Reinland, Rosen­thal, Schönfeld
7	Blumenhof, Blumenthal, Grünweide, Grünthal, Halbstadt, Neuhoffnung, Neuhorst, Rosenhof, Schonwiese, Silberfeld, Waldheim
6	Alexandrovka, Blumenfeld, Friedensfeld, Hamburg (Hamberg), Hochstadt, Lichtfelde, Neuendorf, Nikolayevka, Osterwick
5	Altona (Altenau), Bergthal, Blumstein, Kronsthal, Landskrone, Lindenau, Reinthal, Rosengart, Rudnerweide, Sommerfeld, Tiege

Mennonite Village Names (Holländerdörfer) In Prussia, Russia, Canada, United States, Mexico, Paraguay (this is a nearly complete list)
Village Name	Settlement
Adelsheim (Dolinovka)	Chortitza
Ak Metchet	Central Asia
Aktatch	Terek
Alexanderfeld (Grishevka)	Kuban
Alexanderkron(e)	Molotschna, Slavgorod
Alexandertal	Molotschna, Fürstenland, Alt-Samara
Alexanderwohl	Molotschna
Alexandrovka	Memrik, Terek, Slavgorod, Omsk, Kuzmitsky, Davlekanovo
Alexeyevka	Ignatyevo, Omsk
Alexeyfeld	Slavgorod
Alfneu	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Aliesova	Orenburg
Altenau (Altona)	Prussia, Molotschna, Zagradovka, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba)
Ananyevka	Slavgorod
Andreasfeld	Ukraine 1870, single village
Andreyevka	see Gnadenthal
Anna	Sadovaya
Anneskoye	Naumenko
Arrival	Suvorovka
Auhagen	Neuland (Paraguay)
Baragan	Crimea
Belo Berezevo	Amur
Berezovka-Udrak	Davlekanovo
Berezovka	Slavgorod
Bergfeld	East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Bergthal	Bergthal, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico) (twice)
Blumenfeld	Borozenko, Brazol, Kansas, Nepluyevka, Davlekanovo, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Blumengart	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Blumenheirn	Brazol, Hague (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Blumenhof	Borozenko, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Blumenort	Molotschna, Kansas, Slavgorod, Amur, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Nebraska, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Blumenstein (Blumstein)	Prussia, Molotschna, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Blumenthal	West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico) (twice), Memrik, Menno (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Bodanovka	Amur
Bogomazov	Neu-Samara
Borissopol	Arkadak
Borissovka	Pavlodar
Brunnenthal	Menno (Paraguay)
Burwalde (Baburka)	Prussia, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Central (Zentral)	Friesland (Paraguay)
Choroshoye	Slavgorod
Chortitz(a)	Chortitza (twice), Baratov, Orenburg, Slavgorod, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Hague (Saskatchewan), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Neuland (Paraguay), Bergthal (Paraguay)
Deyevka	Orenburg
Dmitrovka	Arkadak
Dobrovka	Orenburg
Dolinovka	Orenburg, Slavgorod
Domninskoye	Pavlodar
Donskoye	Neu-Samara
Ebenfeld (Rovnopol)	Borozenko, Slavgorod, Pavlodar, East Reserve (Manitoba)
Edenberg	West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin
Edenthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Eichenbach	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Eichenfeld (Dubovka)	Millerovo, Amur
Eichengrund	West Reserve (Manitoba)
Eichenthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Eigengrund	East Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Eigenhof	East Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Einlage (Kitchkas)	Chortitza, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Neuland (Paraguay)
Ekaterinovka	Miloradovka, Slavgorod
Elenovka	Naumenko, Millerovo
Elisabettal	Molotschna
Emmathal	Kansas
Eugenfeld	single village near Alexandrovsk, Ukraine
Felsenbach	Borozenko
Felsenthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Feodorovka	Orenburg
Fernheim	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Filadelfia	Fernheim (Paraguay)
Fischau	Prussia, Molotschna
Franzfeld (Varvarovka)	Millerovo
Franzthal	Molotschna
Fresenheim	Am Trakt
Friedensdorf	Molotschna
Friedensfeld	Slavgorod, Omsk, Miropol, Amur, Menno (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Friedensheim	Neuland (Paraguay), Volendam (Paraguay)
Friedensruh	Molotschna, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Friedrichstal	Bergthal, East Reserve (Manitoba)
Fürstenau	Prussia, Molotschna
Fürstenwerder	Prussia, Molotschna, Volendam (Paraguay)
Gelbbrunn	Menno (Paraguay)
Georgstal	Fürstenland
Gerhardsthal	Tchornoglas
Gnadenfeld	Molotschna, Auli-Ata, Slavgorod, Amur, Kansas, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Gnadenheim	Molotschna, Slavgorod, Volendam (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Gnadenthal	Molotschna, Baratov, Auli-Ata, Alt-Samara, Kansas, West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Neuland (Paraguay)
Gortchakovo	Davlekanovo
Greenfarm	West Reserve (Manitoba)
Grigoryevka	Naumenko, Slavgorod
Gronau	Neuland (Paraguay)
Grossweide	Prussia, Molotschna, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Neuland (Paraguay), Friesland (Paraguay)
Grossfürstental	Suvorovka
Grotsfeld (Krotovka)	Alt-Samara
Grünewald	Volendam (Paraguay)
Grünfeld	Shlachtin, Baratov, Amur, Kansas, East Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), (twice), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Grünland	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Grünthal	East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico) (twice), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Grünweide	West Reserve (Manitoba)
Hahnsau	Am Trakt
Halbstadt	Prussia, Molotschna, Slavgorod, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Neuland (Paraguay)
Hamburg (Hamberg)	Molotschna, Borozenko, Omsk, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Heimstätte	Neuland (Paraguay)
Heuboden	Prussia, Bergthal, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Nebraska, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Hierschau	Molotschna
Hildesheim	Volendam (Paraguay)
Hochfeld	Millerovo, Kansas, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Bergthal (Paraguay)
Hochstadt	Slavgorod, East Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Hochtal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Hoffnungsau	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Hoffnungsfeld	West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Hoffnungsort	Borozenko
Hoffrrungsthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Hohenau	Menno (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Hohendorf	Am Trakt, Auli-Ata
Ignatyevo	Ignatyevo
Insel Chortitza	Chortitza
Ivangorod	Millerovo
Ivanovka	Slavgorod, Omsk
Kalinovo	Memrik
Kamenka	Orenburg
Kameshevoye	Orenburg
Kameshlak	Terek
Kamenets	Neu-Samara
Kantserovka	Orenburg
Karaguy	Orenburg
Karambash	Davlekanovo
Karasan	Crimea
Karathal	Slavgorod
Karlsruhe	Fernheim (Paraguay)
Karpovka	Memrik
Kirchheim	Volendam (Paraguay)
Kitchkas	Orenburg
Kleefeld	Molotschna, Slavgorod, Amur, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Kleinstädt	West Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Klippenfeld	Molotschna
Klubnikovo	Orenburg
Koltan	Neu-Samara
Kondratyevka	Borrissovo
Konteniusfeld	Molotschna
Konstantinovka	Pavlodar
Köppental	Am Trakt, Au
Korneyevka	Memrik
Kornishheim	Pavlodar
Kotlyarevka	Memrik
Krasnovka	Alt-Samara
Krassikovo	Neu-Samara
Kronsfeld	Shlachtin, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Neuland (Paraguay)
Kronsgarten (Kronsgart)	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba)
Kronsthal (Kolinsk)	Chortitza, Neu-Samara, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin
Kubanka	Orenburg
Kulikovo	Davlekanovo
Kuterla	Neu-Samara
Ladekopp	Prussia, Molotschna
Landskron(e)	Molotschna, Slavgorod, East Reserve (Manitoba), Fernheim (Paraguay), Friesland (Paraguay)
Laubenheim	Menno (Paraguay)
Lavarov	Suvorovka
Leonidovka	Ignatyevo, Arkadak
Lichtenau	Molotschna, East Reserve (Manitoba), Neuland (Paraguay)
Lichtfelde (Lichterfelde)	Prussia, Molotschna, Slavgorod, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Fernheim (Paraguay), Volendam (Paraguay)
Lidyevka	Arkadak
Liebenau	Prussia, Molotschna
Liebental (Lyubimovka)	Alt-Samara
Lindenau	Prussia, Molotschna, Am Trakt, West Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Lyessovka	Memrik
Lyubomirovka	Borrissovo
Loshkarevo	Olgino
Lugovsk	Neu-Samara
Lustigstal	Crimea
Lystanderhoh	Am Trakt
Margenau	Molotschna, Omsk
Marianovka (Maryanovka)	Memrik, Terek, Arkadak
Mariawohl	Molotschna
Marienthal (Maryevka)	Molotschna, Alt-Samara, Volendam (Paraguay)
Markovka	Slavgorod
Maslyanovka	Omsk
Medenthal	Am Trakt
Memrik	Memrik, Amur
Michailovka	Memrik
Michailsburg	Fürstenland
Miloradovka	Miloradovka, Pavlodar
Miropol	Olgino
Montanay	Crimea
Morgenthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Müdelburg	Terek
Münsterberg	Molotschna
Muntau	Prussia, Molotschna
Muravyovka	Alt-Samara
Nadarovka	Pavlodar
Natashino	Pavlodar
Neuanlage	Nebraska, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico) (twice), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Neu-Chortitza	Baratov (see Chortitza)
Neuenburg (Malashovka)	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Neuendorf (Neudorf)	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Neuland (Paraguay)
Neuheim	Baratov, Neuland (Paraguay)
Neuhof	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Neuland (Paraguay)
Neuhoffnung (Nadezhdino)	Alt-Samara, West Reserve (Manitoba), East Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Sommerfeld (Paraguay)
Neuhorst	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Neuland (Paraguay)
Neukirch	Molotschna
Neumöln	Menno (Paraguay)
Neurecht	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Neustädt	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico)
New York	Ignatyevo, Amur
Nikolaidorf	Molotschna, Slavgorod
Nikolaifeld	Zagradovka, Au, Borrissovo, Suvorovka, Slavgorod, Omsk, Millerovo, Neuland (Paraguay)
Nikolaithal	Borozenko
Nikolayevka	Memrik, Ignatyevo, Orenburg, Terek, Trubetskoye, Slavgorod
Nordthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Novo-Scepnoye	Samoylovka
Olgafeld	Fürstenland, Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Olgino	Olgino, Pavlodar
Orbelyanovka	Tempelhof
Orechov	Amur
Orloff (Ohrloff, Orlovka, Qrlovo)	Prussia, Molotschna, Am Trakt, Alt-Samara, Zagradovka, Au, Memrik, Slavgorod, Omsk, Fernheim (Paraguay)
Ostenfelde	Am Trakt
Osterwick	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Ostheim	Terek
Pastwa	Prussia, Molotschna, East Reserve (Manitoba)
Paulsheim	Molotschna
Pessotchnoye	Bezenchuk
Petersdorf (Nadezhdovka)	Millerovo
Petershagen	Prussia, Molotschna
Petrovka	Naumenko, Orenburg
Pleshanovo	Neu-Samara
Podolsk	Neu-Samara
Pordenau	Prussia, Molotschna
Prangenau	Prussia, Molotschna
Pretoria	Orenburg, Terek
Pribrezhnoye	Amur
Protessovo	Slavgorod
Putchkovo	Omsk
Rayevka	Pavlodar
Rebrovka	Pavlodar
Reichenbach	East Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Reinfeld (Rheinfeld)	Pavlodar, Millerovo, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Amur
Reinland	Prussia, West Reserve (Manitoba), Shlachtin, Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico) (twice), Menno (Paraguay), Sommerfeld (Paraguay)
Reinthal	Chortitza, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Sommerfeld (Paraguay)
Rio Verde	Menno (Paraguay)
Rodnitchnoye	Orenburg
Rohrbach	Terek
Romanovka	Au, Ignatyevo, Orenburg, Olgino
Rosenbach	Fürstenland, Swift Current (Saskatchewan)
Rosenberg	Volendam (Paraguay)
Rosenfeld (Tchistopol)	Slavgorod, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Nebraska, Shlachtin, Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Bergthal (Paraguay)
Rosengart (Novoslobodka)	Chortitza, Neu-Rosengart, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Rosenheim	Davlekanovo, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Rosenhof	Brazol, Slavgorod, Nebraska, West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Rosenort	Prussia, Molotschna, Nebraska, West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Fernheim (Paraguay), Volendam (Paraguay)
Rosenthal (Kantserovka)	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Nebraska, Amur, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Rosenwald	Slavgorod, Omsk, West Reserve (Manitoba)
Rovnopol	see Ebenfeld
Rozovka	Minusinsk
Rückenau	Prussia, Friesland (Paraguay)
Rudnerweide	Prussia, Molotschna, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Ryskovo	Samoylovka
Samoylovka	Samoylovka
Sandhorst	Neuland (Paraguay)
Saratova	Slavgorod
Sarona	Crimea
Schanzenberg	East Reserve (Manitoba)
Schanzenfeld	West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Schönau	Prussia, Molotschna, Alt-Samara, Slavgorod, Minusinsk, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Schönbrunn	Menno (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Schöndorf	Borozenko, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Schöneberg (Smolyanaya)	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba)
Schonfeld (Krasnopol)	Brazol, Bergthal, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Schönhorst (Vodyanaya)	Prussia, Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba)
Schönwiese	Chortitza, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Swift Current (Saskatchewan), Menno (Paraguay), Fernheim (Paraguay), Sommerfeld (Paraguay)
Schönsee	Prussia, Molotschna, Zagradovka, East Reserve (Manitoba), Slavgorod, Amur, Sommerfeld (Paraguay)
Schönthal	Bergthal, East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Slavgorod, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico) (twice), Durango (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Neuland (Paraguay)
Schonwalde	Volendam (Paraguay)
Sergeyevka	Fürstenland, Slavgorod
Shestakovo	Samoylovka
Shumanovka	Amur
Silberfeld	East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Durango (Mexico), Bergthal (Paraguay), Slavgorod, Amur
Silberthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Smolyanovka	Omsk
Soborovka	Pavlodar
Sofiyevka	Pavlodar
Somrnerfeld	East Reserve (Manitoba), West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Sommerfeld (Paraguay)
Sparrau	Prussia, Molotschna
Spat	Crimea
Springfeld (Springfield)	Kansas, Swift Current (Saskatchewan)
Springstein	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Springthal	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Steinau (Starozavodskoye)	Borozenko, Nepluyevka
Steinbach	Borozenko, East Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Steinfeld (Kamenopol)	Molotschna, Shlachtin, Neuland (Paraguay)
Steinreich	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Stepanovka	Orenburg
Strassberg	East Reserve (Manitoba), Neuland (Paraguay)
Sulak	Terek
Suvorovka	Orenburg, Slavgorod
Talheim	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Talma	Terek
Taranovka	Terek
Tatyanovka	Slavgorod
Tcherno-Ozernoye	Orenburg
Tchernov	Slavgorod
Tcheryevka	Slavgorod
Tchukreyevka	Omsk
Tchistopol	Pavlodar
Tempelhof	Tempelhof
Thalbach	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Tiefenbrunn	Volendam (Paraguay)
Tiege	Prussia, Molotschna, Zagradovka, Slavgorod, Neuland (Paraguay)
Tiegenhagen	Prussia, Molotschna
Tiegerweide	Prussia, Molotschna, Omsk
Tukulchak	Crimea
Valuyevka	Am Trakt
Vassilyevka	Naumenko
Vladimirovka	Arkadak
Vollwerk	East Reserve (Manitoba), Menno (Paraguay)
Volbyevka	Trubetskoye
Vyazemskoye	Arkadak
Waldeck	Memrik
Waldheim	Molotschna, West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Friesland (Paraguay), Volendam (Paraguay), Sommerfeld (Paraguay)
Waldhof	Neuland (Paraguay)
Waldhorst	Volendam (Paraguay)
Waldreich	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico)
Waldsruh	Fernheim (Paraguay), Volendam (Paraguay)
Wanderloh	Terek
Weidefeld (Weidenfeld)	West Reserve (Manitoba), Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay), Bergthal (Paraguay)
Wernersdorf	Prussia, Molotschna
Wiesenfeld	single village in Ukraine, Slavgorod, Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Fernheim (Paraguay)
Wiesenheim	Cuauhtemoc (Mexico), Menno (Paraguay)
Wohldemfürst	Kuban
Wüstenfelde	Fernheim (Paraguay)
Yurgino	Amur
Yurmankey	Davlekanovo
Zabangagul	Orenburg
Zelenoye	Orenburg
Zentral (see Central)

The total number of villages of Prusso-Russian Mennonite settlements following the pattern of the Holländerdörfer is 769. The largest number was located in Russia. The total number of the alphabetical list of "Mennonite Village Names" is 327. The total number of villages including those duplicated in this list is 773. On one hand, this is not a complete list of villages established (the total would probably approach 1,000). On the other hand, not all villages are in existence any more and by far not all villages in existence are occupied by Mennonites today. Nevertheless, this study illustrates a very significant phase of the spread of Mennonites and the socio-economic pattern of their life with a unique religious and cultural background.

Settlement	Number of Villages	Year of Founding
Amur, Siberia	20	1927
Alt-Samara (Alexandertal)	8	1861
Am Trakt, Samara	10	1853
Arkadak, Saratov	7	1910
Auli-Ata, Central Asia	6	1889
Baratov, Ukraine	2	1879
Barnaul, see Slavgorod
Bergthal, Ukraine	5	1836
Bezenchuk, Samara	1	1897
Borozenko, Ukraine	7	1865
Borrissovo, Ukraine	3	1892
Brazol (Schönfeld) Ukraine	4	1868
Chortitza, Ukraine	18	1789
Crimea, Ukraine	25	1862
Davlekanovo, Ufa	5	1894
Fürstenland, Ukraine	6	1864
Ignatyevo, Ukraine	7	1889
Kansas, Alexanderwohl	8	1874
Kuban, Caucasus	2	1863
Kuzmitsky, Ukraine	1	18??
Manitoba, East Reserve	54	1874
Manitoba, West Reserve	56	1875
Memrik, Ukraine	10	1885
Mexico, Cuauhtemoc	96	1926
Mexico, Durango	16	1927
Millerovo, Don area	5	19??
Miloradovka, Ukraine	2	1889
Minusinsk, Siberia	2	1913
Miropol, Ukraine	1	1867
Molotschna, Ukraine	56	1804
Naumenko, Ukraine	4	1890
Nebraska, Jansen, U.S.A.	7	1874
Nepluyevka, Ukraine	2	1870
Neu-Rosengart, Ukraine	2	1878
Neu-Samara, Samara	12	1890
Olgino, Caucasus	4	1895
Omsk, Siberia	11	1899
Orenburg (Deyevka)	23	1894
Paraguay, Fernheim	21	1930
Paraguay, Friesland	9	1937
Paraguay, Menno	26	1928
Paraguay, Neuland	24	1947
Paraguay, Volendam	16	1947
Paraguay, Villarrica, Bergthal	7	1948
Paraguay, Villarrica, Sommerfeld	9	1948
Pavlodar, Siberia	13	19??
Prussia, Marienburg Werder		16??
Rovnopol, Samara	1	1903
Sadovaya, Voronezh	1	1909
Samoylovka, Ukraine	4	1888
Saskatchewan, Hague	17	1894
Saskatchewan, Swift Current	15	1905
Shlachtin, Ukraine	2	1874
Slavgorod (Barnaul), Siberia	58	1909
Suvorovka, Caucasas	4	1894
Terek, Caucasus	13	1901
Tempelhof, Caucasus	2	1868
Tchornoglas, Ukraine	1	1860
Trubetskoye, Ukraine	2	1904
Yazekovo (Nikolaipol), Ukraine	8	1869
Zagradovka, Ukraine	5	1871
Zentral, Voronezh	1	1909
Total	769

Bibliography

"Alexanderwohl Villages in Kansas, 1874." Mennonite Life IV (October 1949).

Bachmann, Peter. Mennoniten in Kleinpolen. Lemberg, 1934.

Dawson, C. A. Group Set­tlement, Ethnic Communities in Western Canada. Toronto, 1936.

"Dorf." Der Grosse Brockhaus. Wiesbaden, 1953: 326.

Driediger, J. "Farm­ing Among the Mennonites in West and East Prussia." Mennonite Quarterly Review XXXI (1957): 16-21.

Francis, E. K. In Search of Utopia: The Mennonites in Manitoba. Altona, MB: D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd., 1955.

Fretz, J. W. Pilgrims in Paraguay. Scottdale, Herald Press, 1953.

Gedenkfeier der Mennonitischen Einwanderung in Manitoba Canada. Steinbach, 1949.

Hein, Gerhard. "The Development of the Mennonite Hof of the 17th Century, Palatinate into the Mennonite Church of Pfalz-Rheinland Today." Mennonite Quarterly Review XXIX (1955): 188-96.

Hein, Gerhard. "Wie aus den Mennonitenhofen der Kur-pfalz im 17. Jahrhundert die Mennonitengemeinden in Pfalz-Rheinland von heute wurden." Der Mennonit (September 1954): 132.

Keyser, E. De Nederlanden en het Weichselland. Naarden, 1942.

Lehmann, Hienz. Das Deutschtum in West-kanada. Berlin, 1939.

Ludkiewicz, Zdzislaw. Osady Holenderskie na nizinie Sartawicko-Nowshiej. Torun, 1934.

Die Mennoniten-Gemeinden in Russland. Heilbronn, 1921.

Penner, Horst. Ansiedlung mennonitischer Niederländer im Weichselmundungsgebiet . . . Weierhof, 1940.

Peters, Elisabeth. "Life in a Mennonite Village." Mennonite Life XI (July 1956).

Quiring, Jacob. Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Russland. Munich, 1928.

Schmiede­haus, Walter. Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott. Cuauhtemoc, 1948.

Schmiedehaus, Walter. "Mennonite Life in Mexico." Mennonite Life II (April 1947).

Szper, Felicia. Nederlandsche nederzettingen in West-Pruisen gedurende den Poolschen tijd. Enkhuizen, 1913.

Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich. Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen, Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Karlsruhe-Rüppurr: Im Selbstverlag, 1955.

Wiebe, Herbert. Das Siedlungswerk niederländischer Mennoniten im Weichseltal . . . Marburg, 1952.

Wolfram, H. E. Die Niederlande und der Deutsche Osten. Berlin, 1943.

Additional Information

For a more comprehensive listing of Mennonite villages in Russia, please consult the following list compiled by Tim Janzen: http://www.mennonitehistory.org/projects/geography/index.html.

A listing of Mennonite villages in West Prussia has been compiled by Glenn H. Penner: http://www.mennonitegenealogy.com/prussia/West_Prussian_Mennonite_Villages_Alph.htm

Author(s)	Cornelius Krahn
Date Published	1959

Cite This Article

MLA style

Krahn, Cornelius. "Villages (Holländerdörfer)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 25 Nov 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Villages_(Holl%C3%A4nderd%C3%B6rfer)&oldid=100134.

APA style

Krahn, Cornelius. (1959). Villages (Holländerdörfer). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 25 November 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Villages_(Holl%C3%A4nderd%C3%B6rfer)&oldid=100134.

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Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 821-827. All rights reserved.

©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.