Difference between revisions of "McRoberts, Samuel (1868-1947)"

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Samuel McRoberts was a leading American banker, who was the key figure in the coming of the Canadian Mennonites to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]] in 1926-27. Born in Malta Road, Missouri, USA on 20 December 1868, he completed his education with BA and MA degrees from Baker University (1891, 1894) and an LB (Bachelor of Letters) from the University of Michigan (1893). He entered into the banking business in 1909 as vice-president of the National City Bank of New York (1909-19), continuing soon after as president of the Metropolitan Trust Company of New York (1921-25) and chairman of the Board of the Chatham-Phenix National Bank of New York (1925-32). During World War I he was chief of the division of procurement of the Ordnance Department of the [[United States of America|United States]] Army. He was officially made Brigadier General on 26 August 1918, and, hence, was commonly called General McRoberts. He died 9 September 1947.
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[[File:Samuel McRoberts (American businessman).jpg|thumb|''Samuel McRoberts upon his election as President of the Metropolitan Trust Company of New York, 1 January 1922.'']]
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Samuel McRoberts was a pivotal figure in the [[Emigration from Canada to Mexico and Paraguay in the 1920s|immigration of Canadian Mennonites to Paraguay]] in 1926-1927. A well-connected [[New York (USA)|New York]] banker and financier with considerable business interests and government connections in [[South America]], he identified [[Paraguay]] as a desirable destination for [[Canada|Canadian]] Mennonites and then financed and organized major aspects of the migration.
  
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A committee of four people from the Old Colony settlement near Hague, Saskatchewan, who must have learned of McRoberts through a Canadian banker friend, visited him in 1919 and enlisted him to help the Mennonites. At first he refused aid but was won for the Mennonite cause by his wife (Harriet Skinner), a devout Christian Fundamentalist, daughter of a Presbyterian minister, who was convinced the Mennonites were outstanding Christians fighting God's battle in an unbelieving world, and therefore should be helped. With characteristic thoroughness McRoberts undertook the Mennonite case and became the chief promoter and financier (losing a considerable amount in the course of time) of the Canadian Mennonite colonization in the Paraguayan [[Chaco (South America)|Chaco]]. He operated through the Intercontinental Land Company (organized in 1925) and the [[Corporación Paraguaya|Corporación Paraguaya]] (organized in 1926). McRoberts engaged [[Engen, Fred (d. 1929)|Fred Engen]], an experienced land agent, who studied a wide range of locations throughout the world (Manchuria, [[Africa|Africa]], [[Mexico|Mexico]], [[South America|South America]]), keeping in mind the Mennonite terms, which were complete freedom of religion, language, and schools, military exemption, local autonomy, good soil, and isolation from the world. They decided on [[Argentina|Argentina]], but soon discovered that Argentina refused the Mennonite terms. An accidental meeting with president-elect Gondra of Paraguay en route to Argentina led ultimately to the choice of the Chaco for the Mennonite colonization project. McRoberts personally negotiated with Paraguayan government and civic leaders for the Mennonite privileges. He also persuaded the Catholic authorities, including the papal nuncio and the archbishop, to approve the project.
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=Discovery of the Paraguayan Option=
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McRoberts's involvement with the Mennonites began around 1919. At this time, [[Old Colony Mennonites]] from [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]] and [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] were looking for a new home where they could [[Old Colony Mennonites#The School Question|retain autonomy over the education of their children]]. They had heard of McRoberts through connections he had to the financing of the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterite]] migration from [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] to Manitoba after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]], and contacted him looking for aid in their own migration. McRoberts was initially disinclined to offer assistance. However, his wife, Harriet Skinner, prevailed upon him to offer them his help. She was a devout Christian [[Fundamentalism|Fundamentalist]] who believed the Mennonites were outstanding Christians and that helping them would be of service to the church.
  
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Without the personal intervention of McRoberts the Mennonite colonization (first the [[Menno Colony (Alto Paraguay Department, Paraguay)|Menno Colony]] in 1926, and later [[Fernheim Colony (Boquerón Department, Paraguay)|Fernheim]], and other Russian Mennonite colonies in 1930) would probably never have been established.
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McRoberts commissioned land agent [[Engen, Fred (1863-1929)|Fred Engen]] to conduct a worldwide search for a site where the Mennonites would be able to farm successfully and receive [[Privileges (Privilegia)|group privileges]] essential for their way of life. Engen and McRoberts initially focused on [[Argentina]]. While in transit to that country, McRoberts had a chance meeting with president-elect [[Gondra, Manuel (1871-1927)|Manuel Gondra]] of Paraguay and Paraguayan senator (and later president) [[Ayala Eusebio (1875-1942)|Eusebio Ayala]]. When McRoberts told them of his mission and of the Mennonites' history and farming abilities, both men enthusiastically suggested Paraguay as a settlement location. Shortly afterwards, McRoberts learned that Argentina would not grant Mennonites special privileges. Then, in July 1920, he received a telegram from Engen declaring that he had just returned from exploring the Paraguayan [[Chaco (South America)|Chaco]] and that it was the perfect location for a Mennonite homeland.
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= Bibliography =
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Bender, John. "Paraguay Calling," Part II, "The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay," 9-35, gives further details of McRoberts' activities. (A copy is in the Goshen College Mennonite Historical Library.)
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McRoberts thus immediately followed up on the invitation he had received from Gondra and Ayala. In Paraguay, he personally advocated for the Mennonites and negotiated with Paraguayan government and civic leaders for the Mennonite privileges. He also persuaded the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] authorities, including the papal nuncio and the archbishop, to approve the project, and smoothed over relations with Paraguay's business leaders.
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{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, p. 434|date=1957|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last= |a2_first= }}
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=Mennonite Migration to Paraguay=
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By this time, the Old Colony Mennonites were planning a move to [[Mexico]] and were no longer interested in Paraguay. However, a federation of [[Conservative Mennonites (Dutch-Prussian-Russian)|conservative]] [[Bergthal Mennonites]] was also looking to emigrate over the school issue. Having heard about McRoberts from the Old Colonists, they contacted him and he pointed them to Paraguay. A Bergthal [[Canadian Mennonite Land-Seeking Delegations, 1919-1922|land-seeking delegation]] left in February 1921. Their first stop was New York, where McRoberts entertained them in his home and made a favorable impression upon them. They then went to Paraguay, where Engen led them on a tour of the Chaco that left the delegates impressed. The delegation continued on to an investigation of Mexico, but it seems clear that by this point they were already convinced that Paraguay was the best option.
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Upon the delegation's return, the [[Christian Mennonite Conference|Chortitzer Church]], the [[Bergthal Mennonites#Saskatchewan Bergthaler|Saskatchewan Bergthaler]] in [[Rosthern (Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosthern]], and many individual [[Sommerfeld Mennonites]] opted for immigration to Paraguay. McRoberts offered his help in financing the project. Negotiations between the Mennonites and McRoberts had already been completed when the 1921 recession hit, prompting McRoberts to withdraw his offer. During the substantial delay this caused, many of those who likely would have moved to Paraguay opted instead to remain in Canada.
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McRoberts re-engaged in 1924, and negotiations were soon successfully concluded. McRoberts founded three companies to finance and conduct the land transfer. The [[Intercontinental Company, Limited|Intercontinental Company]] in [[Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada)|Winnipeg]] handled the Canadian transactions, purchasing land from the emigrating Mennonites and reselling it primarily to newcomer [[Rußländer|Russländer]] Mennonite immigrants from the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] on terms of long-term payment. This company remained involved for many years with the Russländer Mennonites in Canada, offering small loans when needed and renegotiating contracts on generous terms after the economic collapse of 1929, until its own foreclosure in 1931. The [[Corporación Paraguaya]] in [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]] bought land in the Chaco from the [[Carlos Casado Company]] and resold some of it to the Mennonite immigrants. The American Continental Company, based in [[Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, USA)|Philadelphia]], played a coordinating role.
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After disembarking in [[Puerto Casado (Departamento de Alto Paraguay, Paraguay)|Puerto Casado]], still 200 kilometers from their new land, the Mennonite settlers suffered a series of serious setbacks: their land was not surveyed and they could not settle it until it was; there was no railway access to their land, despite a 1921 promise by Gondra that one would be built; and the temporary accommodations were inadequate. In 1925 McRoberts had sent an associate to organize and conduct the vital land survey, but failed negotiations with the land survey office in Asunción made this effort unsuccessful. According to one author, McRoberts attempted to again delay the migration at this point, but as many Mennonites had already sold their land, it was too late.<ref>See Bergen, 102-104. Bergen does not make clear from where he derives this information.</ref>
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Unable to move onto their new land, conditions and morale among the Mennonites Puerto Casado rapidly deteriorated and many people fell sick and started to die. Alarmed at the situation, Canadian relatives of those in Paraguay appealed directly to McRoberts. He traveled to the Chaco in June 1927 and quickly took charge of the situation, working diligently and effectively to initiate and expedite the land survey. He appealed to and successfully negotiated with the Paraguayan government for assistance. The survey work began in August 1927 and was completed in April 1928, after which the settlers quickly founded their [[Menno Colony (Boquerón Department, Paraguay)|new colony]]. The Corporación Paraguay continued to support the colony for a number of years.
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=Legacy among Mennonites and Biographical Details=
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The Intercontinental Company played an important role in securing land in Manitoba for Russländer immigrants and in supporting these immigrants during trying economic times, but it was in the Paraguayan venture that McRoberts's impact was outstanding. Without his personal intervention, the Mennonite presence in Paraguay (including later colonies such as [[Fernheim Colony (Boquerón Department, Paraguay)|Fernheim]]) would probably never have been established.
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McRoberts lost nearly all of the capital he invested into the Mennonite immigration to Paraguay. This was in part because of the impact of the Great Depression and because he initially misperceived the scale of the immigration, expecting fully 20,000 Mennonites to come to Paraguay. However, it also appears to be because he was motivated by a sense of Christian charity rather than by strictly business interests. In a 1945 letter to [[Friesen, Martin C. (1889-1968)|Martin Friesen]], bishop of Menno Colony, McRoberts wrote that though he had lost much money in the Paraguayan venture, the news that the Mennonites were now living peacefully and contentedly in Paraguay made him consider the effort well worth it.<ref>Bergen, 104.</ref>
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McRoberts was born in Malta Road, [[Missouri (USA)|Missouri]] on 20 December 1868. He received his BA and MA from Baker University (1891, 1894) and a Bachelor of Letters from the University of Michigan (1893). He entered into the banking business in 1909 as vice-president of the National City Bank of New York (1909-19), continuing soon after as president of the Metropolitan Trust Company of New York (1921-25) and chairman of the Board of the Chatham-Phenix National Bank of New York (1925-32). During World War I he was chief of the division of procurement of the Ordnance Department of the [[United States of America|United States]] Army. He was officially made Brigadier General on 26 August 1918, and was commonly called General McRoberts. He died 9 September 1947.
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An [https://archives.mhsc.ca/index.php/samuel-mcroberts-photo-collection extensive collection of photographs] that belonged to McRoberts, likely taken by Fred Engen, is now in the [https://www.mharchives.ca/ Mennonite Heritage Archives] in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Taken in 1926-29, these photographs "provide a unique glimpse into the early years of Menno Colony."<ref>C. Stoesz, 6.</ref>
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=Notes=
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<references />
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=Bibliography=
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Bender, John. "Paraguay Calling," part 2, "The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay": 9-35. A copy is in the [https://www.goshen.edu/mhl/ Mennonite Historical Library] at [[Goshen College (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Goshen College]], Goshen, IN.
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Bergen, Peter, comp. ''History of the Sommerfeld Mennonite Church''. Sommerfeld Mennonite Church, 2001: 101-105.
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 +
Braun, Ernest N. "There and Back Again: A Tale of Two Decisions." ''Preservings'', no. 45 (Fall 2022): 29-34.
 +
 
 +
Ens, Adolf. ''Subjects or Citizens? The Mennonite Experience in Canada, 1870-1925''. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1994: 209-216.
 +
 
 +
Ens, Adolf and Ernest N. Braun. "Emigration to Paraguay 1926 to 1927." In ''Settlers of the East Reserve'', edited by Adolf Ens et al. Manitoba Mennonite Historical Society, 2009: 321-322.
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 +
Fretz, Joseph W. ''Pilgrims in Paraguay: The Story of Mennonite Colonization in South America''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1953: 12-16, 37.
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Friesen, M. W. ''Canadian Mennonites Conquer a Wilderness: The Beginning and Development of the Menno Colony, First Mennonite Settlement in South America''. Translated by Christel Wiebe. Loma Plata, Paraguay: Historical Committee of the Menno Colony, 2009: 13-15, 27-29.
 +
 
 +
Loewen, Royden. ''Village among Nations: "Canadian" Mennonites in a Transnational World, 1916-2006''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013: 25.
 +
 
 +
Quiring, Walter. "The Canadian Mennonite Immigration into the Paraguayan Chaco, 1926-27." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 8, no. 1 (January 1934): 32-42.
 +
 
 +
Stoesz, Conrad. "McRoberts and His Photos of Mennonites in Paraguay, 1928-1929." ''Mennonite Historian'' 40, no. 3 (September 2014): 6.
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 +
Stoesz, Edgar. ''Like a Mustard Seed: Mennonites in Paraguay''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2008: 26-41.
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 +
Stoesz, Edgar and Muriel T. Stackley. ''Garden in the Wilderness: Mennonite Communities in the Paraguayan Chaco, 1927-1997''. Winnipeg: CMBC Publications, 1999: 1-4, 17-22.
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{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=June 2025|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last=Ens|a2_first=Gerald}}
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[[Category:Persons]]

Latest revision as of 20:04, 23 June 2025

Samuel McRoberts upon his election as President of the Metropolitan Trust Company of New York, 1 January 1922.

Samuel McRoberts was a pivotal figure in the immigration of Canadian Mennonites to Paraguay in 1926-1927. A well-connected New York banker and financier with considerable business interests and government connections in South America, he identified Paraguay as a desirable destination for Canadian Mennonites and then financed and organized major aspects of the migration.

Discovery of the Paraguayan Option

McRoberts's involvement with the Mennonites began around 1919. At this time, Old Colony Mennonites from Manitoba and Saskatchewan were looking for a new home where they could retain autonomy over the education of their children. They had heard of McRoberts through connections he had to the financing of the Hutterite migration from South Dakota to Manitoba after World War I, and contacted him looking for aid in their own migration. McRoberts was initially disinclined to offer assistance. However, his wife, Harriet Skinner, prevailed upon him to offer them his help. She was a devout Christian Fundamentalist who believed the Mennonites were outstanding Christians and that helping them would be of service to the church.

McRoberts commissioned land agent Fred Engen to conduct a worldwide search for a site where the Mennonites would be able to farm successfully and receive group privileges essential for their way of life. Engen and McRoberts initially focused on Argentina. While in transit to that country, McRoberts had a chance meeting with president-elect Manuel Gondra of Paraguay and Paraguayan senator (and later president) Eusebio Ayala. When McRoberts told them of his mission and of the Mennonites' history and farming abilities, both men enthusiastically suggested Paraguay as a settlement location. Shortly afterwards, McRoberts learned that Argentina would not grant Mennonites special privileges. Then, in July 1920, he received a telegram from Engen declaring that he had just returned from exploring the Paraguayan Chaco and that it was the perfect location for a Mennonite homeland.

McRoberts thus immediately followed up on the invitation he had received from Gondra and Ayala. In Paraguay, he personally advocated for the Mennonites and negotiated with Paraguayan government and civic leaders for the Mennonite privileges. He also persuaded the Catholic authorities, including the papal nuncio and the archbishop, to approve the project, and smoothed over relations with Paraguay's business leaders.

Mennonite Migration to Paraguay

By this time, the Old Colony Mennonites were planning a move to Mexico and were no longer interested in Paraguay. However, a federation of conservative Bergthal Mennonites was also looking to emigrate over the school issue. Having heard about McRoberts from the Old Colonists, they contacted him and he pointed them to Paraguay. A Bergthal land-seeking delegation left in February 1921. Their first stop was New York, where McRoberts entertained them in his home and made a favorable impression upon them. They then went to Paraguay, where Engen led them on a tour of the Chaco that left the delegates impressed. The delegation continued on to an investigation of Mexico, but it seems clear that by this point they were already convinced that Paraguay was the best option.

Upon the delegation's return, the Chortitzer Church, the Saskatchewan Bergthaler in Rosthern, and many individual Sommerfeld Mennonites opted for immigration to Paraguay. McRoberts offered his help in financing the project. Negotiations between the Mennonites and McRoberts had already been completed when the 1921 recession hit, prompting McRoberts to withdraw his offer. During the substantial delay this caused, many of those who likely would have moved to Paraguay opted instead to remain in Canada.

McRoberts re-engaged in 1924, and negotiations were soon successfully concluded. McRoberts founded three companies to finance and conduct the land transfer. The Intercontinental Company in Winnipeg handled the Canadian transactions, purchasing land from the emigrating Mennonites and reselling it primarily to newcomer Russländer Mennonite immigrants from the Soviet Union on terms of long-term payment. This company remained involved for many years with the Russländer Mennonites in Canada, offering small loans when needed and renegotiating contracts on generous terms after the economic collapse of 1929, until its own foreclosure in 1931. The Corporación Paraguaya in Asunción bought land in the Chaco from the Carlos Casado Company and resold some of it to the Mennonite immigrants. The American Continental Company, based in Philadelphia, played a coordinating role.

After disembarking in Puerto Casado, still 200 kilometers from their new land, the Mennonite settlers suffered a series of serious setbacks: their land was not surveyed and they could not settle it until it was; there was no railway access to their land, despite a 1921 promise by Gondra that one would be built; and the temporary accommodations were inadequate. In 1925 McRoberts had sent an associate to organize and conduct the vital land survey, but failed negotiations with the land survey office in Asunción made this effort unsuccessful. According to one author, McRoberts attempted to again delay the migration at this point, but as many Mennonites had already sold their land, it was too late.[1]

Unable to move onto their new land, conditions and morale among the Mennonites Puerto Casado rapidly deteriorated and many people fell sick and started to die. Alarmed at the situation, Canadian relatives of those in Paraguay appealed directly to McRoberts. He traveled to the Chaco in June 1927 and quickly took charge of the situation, working diligently and effectively to initiate and expedite the land survey. He appealed to and successfully negotiated with the Paraguayan government for assistance. The survey work began in August 1927 and was completed in April 1928, after which the settlers quickly founded their new colony. The Corporación Paraguay continued to support the colony for a number of years.

Legacy among Mennonites and Biographical Details

The Intercontinental Company played an important role in securing land in Manitoba for Russländer immigrants and in supporting these immigrants during trying economic times, but it was in the Paraguayan venture that McRoberts's impact was outstanding. Without his personal intervention, the Mennonite presence in Paraguay (including later colonies such as Fernheim) would probably never have been established.

McRoberts lost nearly all of the capital he invested into the Mennonite immigration to Paraguay. This was in part because of the impact of the Great Depression and because he initially misperceived the scale of the immigration, expecting fully 20,000 Mennonites to come to Paraguay. However, it also appears to be because he was motivated by a sense of Christian charity rather than by strictly business interests. In a 1945 letter to Martin Friesen, bishop of Menno Colony, McRoberts wrote that though he had lost much money in the Paraguayan venture, the news that the Mennonites were now living peacefully and contentedly in Paraguay made him consider the effort well worth it.[2]

McRoberts was born in Malta Road, Missouri on 20 December 1868. He received his BA and MA from Baker University (1891, 1894) and a Bachelor of Letters from the University of Michigan (1893). He entered into the banking business in 1909 as vice-president of the National City Bank of New York (1909-19), continuing soon after as president of the Metropolitan Trust Company of New York (1921-25) and chairman of the Board of the Chatham-Phenix National Bank of New York (1925-32). During World War I he was chief of the division of procurement of the Ordnance Department of the United States Army. He was officially made Brigadier General on 26 August 1918, and was commonly called General McRoberts. He died 9 September 1947.

An extensive collection of photographs that belonged to McRoberts, likely taken by Fred Engen, is now in the Mennonite Heritage Archives in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Taken in 1926-29, these photographs "provide a unique glimpse into the early years of Menno Colony."[3]

Notes

  1. ↑ See Bergen, 102-104. Bergen does not make clear from where he derives this information.
  2. ↑ Bergen, 104.
  3. ↑ C. Stoesz, 6.

Bibliography

Bender, John. "Paraguay Calling," part 2, "The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay": 9-35. A copy is in the Mennonite Historical Library at Goshen College, Goshen, IN.

Bergen, Peter, comp. History of the Sommerfeld Mennonite Church. Sommerfeld Mennonite Church, 2001: 101-105.

Braun, Ernest N. "There and Back Again: A Tale of Two Decisions." Preservings, no. 45 (Fall 2022): 29-34.

Ens, Adolf. Subjects or Citizens? The Mennonite Experience in Canada, 1870-1925. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1994: 209-216.

Ens, Adolf and Ernest N. Braun. "Emigration to Paraguay 1926 to 1927." In Settlers of the East Reserve, edited by Adolf Ens et al. Manitoba Mennonite Historical Society, 2009: 321-322.

Fretz, Joseph W. Pilgrims in Paraguay: The Story of Mennonite Colonization in South America. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1953: 12-16, 37.

Friesen, M. W. Canadian Mennonites Conquer a Wilderness: The Beginning and Development of the Menno Colony, First Mennonite Settlement in South America. Translated by Christel Wiebe. Loma Plata, Paraguay: Historical Committee of the Menno Colony, 2009: 13-15, 27-29.

Loewen, Royden. Village among Nations: "Canadian" Mennonites in a Transnational World, 1916-2006. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013: 25.

Quiring, Walter. "The Canadian Mennonite Immigration into the Paraguayan Chaco, 1926-27." Mennonite Quarterly Review 8, no. 1 (January 1934): 32-42.

Stoesz, Conrad. "McRoberts and His Photos of Mennonites in Paraguay, 1928-1929." Mennonite Historian 40, no. 3 (September 2014): 6.

Stoesz, Edgar. Like a Mustard Seed: Mennonites in Paraguay. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2008: 26-41.

Stoesz, Edgar and Muriel T. Stackley. Garden in the Wilderness: Mennonite Communities in the Paraguayan Chaco, 1927-1997. Winnipeg: CMBC Publications, 1999: 1-4, 17-22.


Author(s) Harold S Bender
Gerald Ens
Date Published June 2025

Cite This Article

MLA style

Bender, Harold S and Gerald Ens. "McRoberts, Samuel (1868-1947)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. June 2025. Web. 19 Jan 2026. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=McRoberts,_Samuel_(1868-1947)&oldid=180918.

APA style

Bender, Harold S and Gerald Ens. (June 2025). McRoberts, Samuel (1868-1947). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 January 2026, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=McRoberts,_Samuel_(1868-1947)&oldid=180918.



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