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[[File:Chelmno%20map.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Chełmno (formerly Culm), Poland
+
[[File:Chelmno%20map.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Chełmno (formerly Culm), Poland.<br />
−
 
+
Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno Wikipedia Commons]'']]
−
Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno Wikipedia Commons]'']]     Culm (also known as Kulm, now Chełmno; coordinates: 53.34842° N, 18.42499° E [53° 20' 54.3" N, 18° 25' 30" E]; population in 1875, 9628, in 1910, 11,718, in 2006, 20,388), was located in former [[West Prussia|West Prussia]], in the [[Marienwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Marienwerder]] district, on the right bank of the Vistula, 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Thorn (<em>Torun</em>). Its population in 1910 included 276 Mennonites who belonged to the [[Schönsee (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Schönsee congregation]]. They were partly of Dutch and partly of High German origin. Dutch Mennonites settled here as early as the middle of the 16th century; the High Germans probably came from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] during the first persecutions. These latter retained the old peasant coat with hooks and eyes until the first decades of the 19th century. On 22 August 1553 [[Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland (1520-1572)|King Sigismund]] of [[Poland|Poland]] granted the Mennonites permission to settle here (F. Schultz, 12). About 1590 a union took place between the [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisians]], who were for the most part immigrants from [[Netherlands|Holland]], and the High Germans. In the lowlands of Culm and [[Schwetzer Niederung (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Schwetz]] there were two other  congregations of the strict Groninger Old Flemish. Under the jurisdiction of the Culm bishops and several noblemen who valued the Mennonites as colonists all the groups enjoyed considerable liberty. On 17 June 1689 [[Opalinski, Kasimir Johann (d. 1693)|Bishop Casimir Opalinski]] gave them a charter of religious freedom and toleration. In 1728 the Bishop of Culm defended them against oppression by the clergy and gave them a written guarantee on this point. Because they had received several Lutherans and Catholics into their membership they were to be expelled from the district of the city of Culm by the episcopal edicts of 16 June and 9 July 1732. But by 6 April 1733, this edict was revoked, after they had been forced to pay 10,000 florins. They were assisted in raising this sum by their brethren in Holland. [[Augustus III, King of Poland (1696-1763)|August III]] of Poland extended all the earlier privileges (granted by the kings [[John II Casimir, King of Poland (1609-1672)|John Casimir]] and [[John III Sobieski, King of Poland (1629-1696)|John Sobieski]]) by a government rescript of 9 September 1750 (W. Mannhardt, 93-95), to the Mennonites of the Culm lowlands. In 1768 the Mennonites were expelled from several villages they had been living in since 1588, whereupon they settled to the northwest in Brenkenhofswalde in the province of Brandenburg. At the time of the first emigration to [[Russia|Russia]] (1789) the following Mennonites were living in the Culm region (Reisswitz, 321).
+
[[File:Culm1906.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|''Detailed map of Culm, ca. 1906.<br />
−
 
+
Source: [http://amzpbig.com/maps/025_TK25/2676_Culm_1906.jpg Archiwum Map Zachodniej Polski]''.]]
−
<div align="center"> <table align="center" class="vertical listing">  <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Place</strong></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Men</strong></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Women
+
Culm (also known as Kulm, now Chełmno; coordinates: 53.34842° N, 18.42499° E [53° 20' 54.3" N, 18° 25' 30" E]; population in 1875, 9628, in 1910, 11,718, in 2006, 20,388), was located in former [[West Prussia|West Prussia]], in the [[Marienwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Marienwerder]] district, on the right bank of the Vistula, 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Thorn (<em>Torun</em>). Its population in 1910 included 276 Mennonites who belonged to the [[Schönsee (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Schönsee congregation]]. They were partly of Dutch and partly of High German origin. Dutch Mennonites settled here as early as the middle of the 16th century; the High Germans probably came from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] during the first persecutions. These latter retained the old peasant coat with hooks and eyes until the first decades of the 19th century. On 22 August 1553 [[Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland (1520-1572)|King Sigismund]] of [[Poland|Poland]] granted the Mennonites permission to settle here (F. Schultz, 12). About 1590 a union took place between the [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisians]], who were for the most part immigrants from [[Netherlands|Holland]], and the High Germans. In the lowlands of Culm and [[Schwetzer Niederung (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Schwetz]] there were two other  congregations of the strict Groninger Old Flemish. Under the jurisdiction of the Culm bishops and several noblemen who valued the Mennonites as colonists all the groups enjoyed considerable liberty. On 17 June 1689 [[Opalinski, Kasimir Johann (d. 1693)|Bishop Casimir Opalinski]] gave them a charter of religious freedom and toleration. In 1728 the Bishop of Culm defended them against oppression by the clergy and gave them a written guarantee on this point. Because they had received several Lutherans and Catholics into their membership they were to be expelled from the district of the city of Culm by the episcopal edicts of 16 June and 9 July 1732. But by 6 April 1733, this edict was revoked, after they had been forced to pay 10,000 florins. They were assisted in raising this sum by their brethren in Holland. [[Augustus III, King of Poland (1696-1763)|August III]] of Poland extended all the earlier privileges (granted by the kings [[John II Casimir, King of Poland (1609-1672)|John Casimir]] and [[John III Sobieski, King of Poland (1629-1696)|John Sobieski]]) by a government rescript of 9 September 1750 (W. Mannhardt, 93-95), to the Mennonites of the Culm lowlands. In 1768 the Mennonites were expelled from several villages they had been living in since 1588, whereupon they settled to the northwest in Brenkenhofswalde in the province of Brandenburg. At the time of the first emigration to [[Russia|Russia]] (1789) the following Mennonites were living in the Culm region (Reisswitz, 321).
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Sons
 
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Daughters
 
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> <td> <div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Male</strong></div> <strong> <div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Servants</strong></div> </strong></td> <td> <div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Female</strong></div> <strong> <div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Servants</strong></div> </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Schönsee (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Schönsee]]</td> <td align="right">13</td> <td align="right"> 11</td> <td align="right">22
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">18
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dorposch</td> <td align="right">3
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">10
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">20
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">12
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">-
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Crenz</td> <td align="right">4
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">3
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">6
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">5
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">-
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> -</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Schwetzer Kampen
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">10
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 9</td> <td align="right"> 15</td> <td align="right"> 17</td> <td align="right">-
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> -</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nieder-Ausmass</td> <td align="right"> 11</td> <td align="right">11
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">17
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">17
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ober-Ausmann</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">6
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">5
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">-
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> -</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Gross-Lunau, Klein-Lunau, Horst (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Klein-Lunau]]</td> <td align="right"> 20</td> <td align="right">21
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">20
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">21
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">1
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> -</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Gross-Lunau, Klein-Lunau, Horst (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Gross-Lunau]]</td> <td align="right"> 14</td> <td align="right">12
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">13
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">15
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">8
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Jamerau (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Jamerau]]</td> <td align="right"> 10</td> <td align="right">10
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">12
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">9
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">4
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> -</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Schöneck (Schöneich)
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 12</td> <td align="right">12
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">9
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">19
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">3
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rossgarten</td> <td align="right"> 1</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">4
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">-
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> -</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Steinwage</td> <td align="right"> 2</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">6
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">1
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">2
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> -</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gogolin</td> <td align="right"> 4</td> <td align="right">4
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">6
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">8
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">3
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Gross-Lunau, Klein-Lunau, Horst (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Horst]]</td> <td align="right"> 3</td> <td align="right">3
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">12
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">5
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right">-
 
−
 
 
−
</td> <td align="right"> 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Subtotals</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong> 109</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>112
 
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>168
 
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>154
 
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>25
 
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong> 16</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Total</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong> </strong></td> <td align="right"><strong> </strong></td> <td align="right"><strong> </strong></td> <td align="right"><strong> </strong></td> <td align="right"><strong> </strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>584
 
−
 
 
−
</strong></td> </tr>  </table> </div>
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
  
  
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
 +
|-
 +
|'''Place'''
 +
|'''Men'''
 +
|'''Women'''
 +
|'''Sons'''
 +
|'''Daughters'''
 +
| '''Male'''<br />
 +
'''Servants'''
 +
| '''Female'''<br />
 +
'''Servants'''
 +
|-
 +
|[[Schönsee (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Schönsee]]
 +
|13
 +
|11
 +
|22
 +
|18
 +
|2
 +
|6
 +
|-
 +
|[[Dorposch (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Dorposch]]
 +
|3
 +
|10
 +
|20
 +
|12
 +
| -
 +
|1
 +
|-
 +
|Grenz
 +
|4
 +
|3
 +
|6
 +
|5
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|Schwetzer Kampen
 +
|10
 +
|9
 +
|15
 +
|17
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|Nieder-Ausmass
 +
|11
 +
|11
 +
|17
 +
|17
 +
|2
 +
|1
 +
|-
 +
|Ober-Ausmass
 +
|2
 +
|2
 +
|6
 +
|5
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|[[Gross-Lunau, Klein-Lunau, Horst (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Klein-Lunau]]
 +
|20
 +
|21
 +
|20
 +
|21
 +
|1
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|[[Gross-Lunau, Klein-Lunau, Horst (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Gross-Lunau]]
 +
|14
 +
|12
 +
|13
 +
|15
 +
|8
 +
|2
 +
|-
 +
|[[Jamerau (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Jamerau]]
 +
|10
 +
|10
 +
|12
 +
|9
 +
|4
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|Schöneck (Schöneich)
 +
|12
 +
|12
 +
|9
 +
|19
 +
|3
 +
|2
 +
|-
 +
|Rossgarten
 +
|1
 +
|2
 +
|4
 +
|2
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|Steinwage
 +
|2
 +
|2
 +
|6
 +
|1
 +
|2
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|Gogolin
 +
|4
 +
|4
 +
|6
 +
|8
 +
|3
 +
|2
 +
|-
 +
|[[Gross-Lunau, Klein-Lunau, Horst (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Horst]]
 +
|3
 +
|3
 +
|12
 +
|5
 +
| -
 +
|2
 +
|-
 +
|'''Subtotals'''
 +
|'''109'''
 +
|'''112'''
 +
|'''168'''
 +
|'''154'''
 +
|'''25'''
 +
|'''16'''
 +
|-
 +
|'''Totals'''
 +
|''' '''
 +
|''' '''
 +
|''' '''
 +
|''' '''
 +
|''' '''
 +
|'''584'''
 +
|}
  
 
In the following years the number of Mennonites decreased steadily. Census statistics show: 1861, 580; 1871, 505; 1880, 407; 1890, 385; 1900, 342; and 1910, 276. In 1945-48 the German-speaking population of this area, including the Mennonite settlement, was completely wiped out either by flight or by deportation by the Polish government, as a result of the victory of Russia over the German armies.
 
In the following years the number of Mennonites decreased steadily. Census statistics show: 1861, 580; 1871, 505; 1880, 407; 1890, 385; 1900, 342; and 1910, 276. In 1945-48 the German-speaking population of this area, including the Mennonite settlement, was completely wiped out either by flight or by deportation by the Polish government, as a result of the victory of Russia over the German armies.
Line 149: Line 155:
 
"Chełmno." Wikipedia. Web. 30 September 2012. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chełmno].
 
"Chełmno." Wikipedia. Web. 30 September 2012. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chełmno].
  
−
"Familienforschung in Westpreußen." Hans-Jürgen Wolf. Web. 29 September 2012. [http://www.westpreussen.de/cms/ct/ortsverzeichnis/details.php http://www.westpreussen.de].
+
"Familienforschung in Westpreußen." Hans-Jürgen Wolf. Web. 29 September 2012. http://www.westpreussen.de/pages/forschungshilfen/ortsverzeichnis/details.php?ID=3726.
  
−
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>,  4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 382 f.
+
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'',  4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 382 f.
  
 
Hoop Scheffer, Jacob Gijsbert de. <em>Inventaris der Archiefstukken berustende bij de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente to Amsterdam</em>, 2 vols. Amsterdam: Uitgegeven en ten geschenke aangeboden door den Kerkeraad dier Gemeente, 1883-1884: v. I, Nos. 1091, 1367, 1574, 1647, 1648, 1702; v. II, 2, No. 779.
 
Hoop Scheffer, Jacob Gijsbert de. <em>Inventaris der Archiefstukken berustende bij de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente to Amsterdam</em>, 2 vols. Amsterdam: Uitgegeven en ten geschenke aangeboden door den Kerkeraad dier Gemeente, 1883-1884: v. I, Nos. 1091, 1367, 1574, 1647, 1648, 1702; v. II, 2, No. 779.
Line 168: Line 174:
 
[[Map:Chełmno (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Map:Chełmno (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)]]
 
[[Map:Chełmno (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Map:Chełmno (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)]]
 
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 745-746|date=1953|a1_last=Neff|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
 
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 745-746|date=1953|a1_last=Neff|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
 +
[[Category:Places]]
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[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages]]
 +
[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages in Poland]]

Latest revision as of 15:44, 30 July 2022

Chełmno (formerly Culm), Poland.
Source: Wikipedia Commons
Detailed map of Culm, ca. 1906.
Source: Archiwum Map Zachodniej Polski.

Culm (also known as Kulm, now Chełmno; coordinates: 53.34842° N, 18.42499° E [53° 20' 54.3" N, 18° 25' 30" E]; population in 1875, 9628, in 1910, 11,718, in 2006, 20,388), was located in former West Prussia, in the Marienwerder district, on the right bank of the Vistula, 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Thorn (Torun). Its population in 1910 included 276 Mennonites who belonged to the Schönsee congregation. They were partly of Dutch and partly of High German origin. Dutch Mennonites settled here as early as the middle of the 16th century; the High Germans probably came from Moravia during the first persecutions. These latter retained the old peasant coat with hooks and eyes until the first decades of the 19th century. On 22 August 1553 King Sigismund of Poland granted the Mennonites permission to settle here (F. Schultz, 12). About 1590 a union took place between the Frisians, who were for the most part immigrants from Holland, and the High Germans. In the lowlands of Culm and Schwetz there were two other  congregations of the strict Groninger Old Flemish. Under the jurisdiction of the Culm bishops and several noblemen who valued the Mennonites as colonists all the groups enjoyed considerable liberty. On 17 June 1689 Bishop Casimir Opalinski gave them a charter of religious freedom and toleration. In 1728 the Bishop of Culm defended them against oppression by the clergy and gave them a written guarantee on this point. Because they had received several Lutherans and Catholics into their membership they were to be expelled from the district of the city of Culm by the episcopal edicts of 16 June and 9 July 1732. But by 6 April 1733, this edict was revoked, after they had been forced to pay 10,000 florins. They were assisted in raising this sum by their brethren in Holland. August III of Poland extended all the earlier privileges (granted by the kings John Casimir and John Sobieski) by a government rescript of 9 September 1750 (W. Mannhardt, 93-95), to the Mennonites of the Culm lowlands. In 1768 the Mennonites were expelled from several villages they had been living in since 1588, whereupon they settled to the northwest in Brenkenhofswalde in the province of Brandenburg. At the time of the first emigration to Russia (1789) the following Mennonites were living in the Culm region (Reisswitz, 321).


Place Men Women Sons Daughters Male

Servants

Female

Servants

Schönsee 13 11 22 18 2 6
Dorposch 3 10 20 12 - 1
Grenz 4 3 6 5 - -
Schwetzer Kampen 10 9 15 17 - -
Nieder-Ausmass 11 11 17 17 2 1
Ober-Ausmass 2 2 6 5 - -
Klein-Lunau 20 21 20 21 1 -
Gross-Lunau 14 12 13 15 8 2
Jamerau 10 10 12 9 4 -
Schöneck (Schöneich) 12 12 9 19 3 2
Rossgarten 1 2 4 2 - -
Steinwage 2 2 6 1 2 -
Gogolin 4 4 6 8 3 2
Horst 3 3 12 5 - 2
Subtotals 109 112 168 154 25 16
Totals           584

In the following years the number of Mennonites decreased steadily. Census statistics show: 1861, 580; 1871, 505; 1880, 407; 1890, 385; 1900, 342; and 1910, 276. In 1945-48 the German-speaking population of this area, including the Mennonite settlement, was completely wiped out either by flight or by deportation by the Polish government, as a result of the victory of Russia over the German armies.

Bibliography

Brons, A. Ursprung, entwickelung und shicksale der altevangelischen taufgesinnten oder Mennoniten in kurzen Zugen übersichtlich dargestellt. Emden, 1912.

"Chełmno." Wikipedia. Web. 30 September 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chełmno.

"Familienforschung in Westpreußen." Hans-Jürgen Wolf. Web. 29 September 2012. http://www.westpreussen.de/pages/forschungshilfen/ortsverzeichnis/details.php?ID=3726.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon,  4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 382 f.

Hoop Scheffer, Jacob Gijsbert de. Inventaris der Archiefstukken berustende bij de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente to Amsterdam, 2 vols. Amsterdam: Uitgegeven en ten geschenke aangeboden door den Kerkeraad dier Gemeente, 1883-1884: v. I, Nos. 1091, 1367, 1574, 1647, 1648, 1702; v. II, 2, No. 779.

Mannhardt, W. Die Wehrfreiheit der Altpreussischen Mennoniten. Danzig, 1863.

Reisswitz, Georg Leopold and Friedrich Wadzeck, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mennoniten-Gemeinden in Europa und America, statistischen, historischen und religiösen Inhalts. Berlin, 1821.

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Maps

Map:Chełmno (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Author(s) Christian Neff
Date Published 1953

Cite This Article

MLA style

Neff, Christian. "Culm (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1953. Web. 22 Nov 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Culm_(Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship,_Poland)&oldid=174052.

APA style

Neff, Christian. (1953). Culm (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 22 November 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Culm_(Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship,_Poland)&oldid=174052.



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Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, pp. 745-746. All rights reserved.


©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.

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