Difference between revisions of "Corporación Paraguaya"

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When some Canadian Mennonites moved to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]] in the 1920s, several corporations were formed to help dispose of their land and equipment in [[Canada|Canada]] and to secure land for them in the [[Chaco (South America)|Paraguayan Chaco]]. The [[Intercontinental Company, Limited|Intercontinental Company, Limited]], was organized to handle the Canadian transactions, and the Corporación Paraguaya was organized to handle the Paraguayan transactions. Incorporated in [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]] in April 1926, with a capitalization of $750,000, Corporación Paraguaya specifically was to arrange for the purchase of Chaco land from the Carlos Casado Company, which owned three million acres between the Paraguay River and the Bolivian border west of Puerto Casado. The corporation was then to sell the lands to the Mennonites from Canada and to help manage the details of actual settlement of the Canadians on their lands. The leading spirit in this organization, as well as in the Intercontinental Company, Limited, was [[McRoberts, Samuel (1868-1947)|General (retired) Samuel McRoberts]], a prominent financier who was president of the Chatham-Phoenix National Bank of New York and vice-president of the National City Bank.
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[[File:Expedition in the Paraguayan Bush.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Seven men on an expedition into the Paraguayan bush, ca. 1927. [[Engen, Fred (1863-1929)|Fred Engen]] (second from the right) was the chief representative of the Corporación Paraguaya when the Mennonites first arrived in Paraguay. From the [https://archives.mhsc.ca/index.php/fred-engen-photograph-collection Fred Engen Photograph Collection] courtesy of the Mennonite Heritage Archives.]]
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The Corporación Paraguaya was one of three corporations formed to help dispose of the land and equipment of the Canadian Mennonites who [[Emigration from Canada to Mexico and Paraguay in the 1920s|moved to Paraguay in the 1920s]] and to secure land for them in the [[Chaco (South America)|Paraguayan Chaco]]. The [[Intercontinental Company, Limited]], was organized to handle the Canadian transactions, and the Corporación Paraguaya was organized to handle the Paraguayan transactions. Incorporated in [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]] in April 1926, with a capitalization of $750,000, Corporación Paraguaya was to arrange for the purchase of Chaco land from the Carlos Casado Company, which owned three million acres between the Paraguay River and the Bolivian border west of Puerto Casado. The corporation was then to sell the lands to the Mennonites from Canada and to help manage the details of actual settlement of the Canadians on their lands. The American Continental Company, incorporated in July 1926 in the [[Dominican Republic]], but based in Philadelphia, was organized to hold the stock of the Corporación Paraguaya. These corporations were established by [[McRoberts, Samuel (1868-1947)|General Samuel McRoberts]], a prominent financier who was chairman of the Chatham-Phoenix National Bank of [[New York (USA)|New York]]. Since these operations involved large investments and transfers of capital, McRoberts took on as a partner Edward B. Robinette, head of the investment banking firm of Stroud and Company in Philadelphia.
  
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Already in 1919 a delegation of [[Old Colony Mennonites|Old Colony Mennonites]] from Canada had made contact with McRoberts through [[Engen, Fred (d. 1929)|Fred Engen]] and asked him to help them find a new home. On board ship en route to [[Argentina|Argentina]] in 1920, McRoberts met Manuel Gondra, president-elect of Paraguay, and Eusebio Ayala, his foreign minister, later the president of Paraguay and also of the newly organized Corporación Paraguaya. These men persuaded McRoberts to investigate Paraguay as a possible future home for Mennonites. McRoberts hired Fred Engen, experienced and once wealthy land agent, to help explore the possibilities of the Paraguayan Chaco. Though the group of Canadian Mennonites that was originally interested in Paraguay decided to settle in [[Mexico|Mexico]], another Mennonite group from Canada took advantage of the aid extended by McRoberts and established [[Menno Colony (Alto Paraguay Department, Paraguay)|Menno Colony]] in the Chaco. Since the sums involved in buying the Canadian lands of the Mennonites and selling them to others, and in buying and selling the Chaco lands to the Mennonites, were quite large, McRoberts took on a partner in the operations, Edward B. Robinette, head of the investment banking firm of Stroud and Company in Philadelphia.
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The Corporación Paraguaya purchased from the Casado Company 100 square leagues (463,387 acres) of land, over 100 miles west of the Paraguay River, for $733,950 in American gold. The corporation also reportedly compensated the Enlhet people whose territory included the sites where the Mennonites built villages, trading items of food and clothing for the land. Of this land, the Canadian Mennonites purchased 30 square leagues (138,990 acres). Smaller additional amounts were purchased later. Buying the land at $1.50 per acre from Casado, Corporación Paraguaya sold it at $5.00 per acre to the Mennonites.
  
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Corporación Paraguaya purchased from the Casado Company 100 square leagues of land, over 100 miles west of the Paraguay River, for $733,950, in American gold. This was approximately 720 square miles, or 463,387 ½ acres. Of this amount the Canadian Mennonites purchased 30 square leagues, or 138,990 acres. Smaller additional amounts were purchased later. Buying the land at $1.50 per acre from Casado, Corporación Paraguaya sold it at $5.00 per acre to the Mennonites.
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The corporation was responsible for facilitating other aspects of of the Mennonites' settlement of Paraguay as well. When the first immigrants disembarked at [[Puerto Casado (Departamento de Alto Paraguay, Paraguay)|Puerto Casado]] in December 1926, they were still 200 kilometers away from their newly purchased land. Here they found that few of the promised preparations had been made for them. Their new land had not been surveyed or demarcated. There was no mode of transport to their land; a [[Railroads|railway]] had been promised by Paraguayan government officials, but only extended the first 72 kilometers towards their land, and no ox carts had yet arrived. The temporary accommodations in Puerto Casado were unsanitary and in general grossly inadequate. The result was a 16-month delay before the new arrivals could begin the work of establishing their new villages; this caused massive discontent and suffering among the Mennonites, including an epidemic that killed around ten percent of the population.
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 +
No one recorded or formalized the promises and agreements made in advance of the Mennonites' arrival in Paraguay, so it is not possible to determine with certainty who was responsible for specific failures of preparation. McRoberts wrote that his greatest concern was "the delay in the construction of the railway by the Casado Corporation," a task for which, he explicitly states, his corporation was "not responsible."<ref>E. Stoesz, 38-39.</ref> Most accounts, however, emphasize the fact that the land was not surveyed as the greatest obstacle to an expeditious settlement, and this was the responsibility of the Corporación Paraguaya. There is no full explanation for why the land had not been surveyed. In 1925, McRoberts had sent an associate to Paraguay to secure a land survey, but this associate's negotiations with Paraguay's survey office in Asunción over the costs of the survey had failed and he returned to [[New York (USA)|New York]] without accomplishing his mission. One author suggests that at this point the corporation, working together with the Intercontinental Company, may have tried to delay the immigration, but by this time most of those Mennonites who planned to move had already sold their land and felt that further delay was untenable.<ref>See Bergen, 102-104. Bergen does not indicate the source of this information.</ref> It appears that any failings of the corporation were mistakes of ignorance and inexperience, not of fraud or penury.
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While the Mennonites waited in Puerto Casado, the Corporación Paraguaya provided housing for the Mennonites in temporary barracks and tents, brought in a doctor when the epidemic broke out, and procured the equipment necessary to conduct initial explorations into the Chaco and set up some [[Pozo Azul|temporary agricultural settlements]]. [[Engen, Fred (1863-1929)|Fred Engen]], well-known to the Mennonites after several years of close work with them as McRoberts's associate, was the acting representative of the corporation for the first few months in Paraguay. When McRoberts himself arrived in the winter of 1927, he took charge of organizing the survey on behalf of the corporation. When the survey proceeded only very slowly, McRoberts canceled the contract with the survey company and insisted on a new contract that would pay per kilometer of land surveyed. After this, the survey went quickly.
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After the immigrants settled [[Menno Colony (Boquerón Department, Paraguay)|Menno Colony]] in 1928, the Corporación Paraguaya lent over $10,000 for an indefinite period without interest to the needy in the colony. The corporation also extended credit to the two stores it established in and near the colony and established a sawmill, a workshop, and an agricultural experiment station. Individual Mennonite settlers also received support from the corporation in the form of seed, draft animals, food staples, and the like. In January 1930, the corporation abandoned its buildings to the Paraguayan military.
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In April 1930, the Corporación Paraguaya sold a 39,650-acre tract of land adjacent to Menno Colony to Mennonite [[refugees]] from the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]], with the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee (MCC)]] facilitating the purchase; this became [[Fernheim Colony (Boquerón Department, Paraguay)|Fernheim Colony]]. The initial sale price of $8.00 per acre was reduced to $3.00 per acre after a re-evaluation of the land's income-producing value; the cost to the new colony was 40 cents an acre, with MCC absorbing the difference. The Corporación Paraguaya took on the responsibility of selecting the land that would become Fernheim and of making preparations for the immigrants. As was the case with the earlier settlers from Canada, these preparations were inadequate: they failed to dig wells that would provide clean drinking water and the temporary housing they supplied was poor. Because of assistance from their neighbors at Menno Colony, the consequences of these failures of preparation were not nearly as devastating as they had been for the first Mennonite immigrants to the Chaco.
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Mennonite colonization in Paraguay was a financial disappointment for its investors. In 1937, when the relative financial failure of the Corporación Paraguaya became clear, MCC purchased it for $57,500. The net value to the sellers was less than $25,000, representing a massive depreciation of their assets. MCC inherited the corporation's financial arrangements with Menno Colony and Fernheim Colony. In 1952 MCC liquidated the corporation's remaining assets.
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The complete records of the Corporación Paraguaya are in the [https://mcc.org/about/history/archives Mennonite Central Committee Archives] in Akron, Pennsylvania.
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=Notes=
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<references />
  
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The corporation also helped with the arrangements for housing the Canadians in [[Puerto Casado (Departamento de Alto Paraguay, Paraguay)|Puerto Casado]] in wooden barracks and tents, until they could settle on their lands. Repeated delays in the land surveys which the corporation had agreed to undertake caused a great deal of discontent among the Mennonites, 16 months elapsing after the arrival of the first colonists before they were able to make the first settlements. After Menno Colony was organized, the Corporation lent a helping hand to the needy in the colony by lending over $10,000 for an indefinite period without interest, and by extending credit in the two stores it established in and near the colony. At its Chaco headquarters at Hoffnungsfeld, near Menno Colony, the corporation operated, in addition to a store, a sawmill, a workshop, and an agricultural experiment station. After a few years, however, these were abandoned, and the corporation gradually withdrew from the enterprise, leaving the colony on its own. In 1937 the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] purchased Corporación Paraguaya for $57,500 and thus inherited its financial arrangements with Menno Colony, as well as with the more recently established [[Fernheim Colony (Boquerón Department, Paraguay)|Fernheim]], a colony of Mennonites from [[Russia|Russia]]. It liquidated the remaining assets of the corporation in 1952. Though the corporation was the subject of much complaint, and though those in the enterprise did not have the qualifications of skill which such an undertaking required, it appears that the mistakes made were those of inexperience and ignorance, and not necessarily fraud and sharp practice. The complete records of the C.P. are in the Archives of the Mennonite Church at [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]].
 
 
= Bibliography =
 
= Bibliography =
−
Bender, J. E. "Paraguay Calling." Part II, mimeographed manuscript in the Mennonite Central Committee files, Akron, Pennsylvania.
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Bergen, Peter, comp. ''History of the Sommerfeld Mennonite Church''. Sommerfeld Mennonite Church, 2001: 101-105.
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{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 718-719|date=1953|a1_last=Smith|a1_first=Willard H|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
+
 
 +
Bender, J. E. "Paraguay Calling," part 2. Mimeographed manuscript in the Mennonite Central Committee [https://mcc.org/about/history/archives Archives], Akron, PA.
 +
 
 +
Fretz, Joseph W. ''Pilgrims in Paraguay: The Story of Mennonite Colonization in South America''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1953: 12-16, 24-25, 37, 146-150.
 +
 
 +
Friesen, M. W. ''Canadian Mennonites Conquer a Wilderness: The Beginning and Development of the Menno Colony, First Mennonite Settlement in South America''. Translated by Christel Wiebe. Loma Plata, Paraguay: Historical Committee of the Menno Colony, 2009.
 +
 
 +
Loewen, Royden. ''Village among Nations: "Canadian" Mennonites in a Transnational World, 1916-2006''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013: 14-71.
 +
 
 +
Quiring, Walter. "The Canadian Mennonite Immigration into the Paraguayan Chaco, 1926-27." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 8, no. 1 (January 1934): 32-42.
 +
 
 +
Quiring, Walter. "The Colonization of the German Mennonites from Russia in the Paraguayan Chaco." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 8, no. 2 (April 1934): 62-72.
 +
 
 +
Redekop, Calvin. ''Strangers Become Neighbors: Mennonite and Indigenous Relations in the Paraguayan Chaco''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980: 95-100.
 +
 
 +
Stoesz, Conrad. "Letters from Paraguay: The Maria Neufeld Family." ''Preservings'', no. 45 (Fall 2022): 35-40.
 +
 
 +
Stoesz, Edgar. ''Like a Mustard Seed: Mennonites in Paraguay''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2008: 26-41.
 +
 
 +
Stoesz, Edgar and Muriel T. Stackley. ''Garden in the Wilderness: Mennonite Communities in the Paraguayan Chaco, 1927-1997''. Winnipeg: CMBC Publications, 1999: 1-4, 17-44.
 +
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 718-719|date=June 2025|a1_last=Smith|a1_first=Willard H|a2_last=Ens|a2_first=Gerald}}

Revision as of 21:30, 18 June 2025

Seven men on an expedition into the Paraguayan bush, ca. 1927. Fred Engen (second from the right) was the chief representative of the Corporación Paraguaya when the Mennonites first arrived in Paraguay. From the Fred Engen Photograph Collection courtesy of the Mennonite Heritage Archives.

The Corporación Paraguaya was one of three corporations formed to help dispose of the land and equipment of the Canadian Mennonites who moved to Paraguay in the 1920s and to secure land for them in the Paraguayan Chaco. The Intercontinental Company, Limited, was organized to handle the Canadian transactions, and the Corporación Paraguaya was organized to handle the Paraguayan transactions. Incorporated in Asunción in April 1926, with a capitalization of $750,000, Corporación Paraguaya was to arrange for the purchase of Chaco land from the Carlos Casado Company, which owned three million acres between the Paraguay River and the Bolivian border west of Puerto Casado. The corporation was then to sell the lands to the Mennonites from Canada and to help manage the details of actual settlement of the Canadians on their lands. The American Continental Company, incorporated in July 1926 in the Dominican Republic, but based in Philadelphia, was organized to hold the stock of the Corporación Paraguaya. These corporations were established by General Samuel McRoberts, a prominent financier who was chairman of the Chatham-Phoenix National Bank of New York. Since these operations involved large investments and transfers of capital, McRoberts took on as a partner Edward B. Robinette, head of the investment banking firm of Stroud and Company in Philadelphia.

The Corporación Paraguaya purchased from the Casado Company 100 square leagues (463,387 acres) of land, over 100 miles west of the Paraguay River, for $733,950 in American gold. The corporation also reportedly compensated the Enlhet people whose territory included the sites where the Mennonites built villages, trading items of food and clothing for the land. Of this land, the Canadian Mennonites purchased 30 square leagues (138,990 acres). Smaller additional amounts were purchased later. Buying the land at $1.50 per acre from Casado, Corporación Paraguaya sold it at $5.00 per acre to the Mennonites.

The corporation was responsible for facilitating other aspects of of the Mennonites' settlement of Paraguay as well. When the first immigrants disembarked at Puerto Casado in December 1926, they were still 200 kilometers away from their newly purchased land. Here they found that few of the promised preparations had been made for them. Their new land had not been surveyed or demarcated. There was no mode of transport to their land; a railway had been promised by Paraguayan government officials, but only extended the first 72 kilometers towards their land, and no ox carts had yet arrived. The temporary accommodations in Puerto Casado were unsanitary and in general grossly inadequate. The result was a 16-month delay before the new arrivals could begin the work of establishing their new villages; this caused massive discontent and suffering among the Mennonites, including an epidemic that killed around ten percent of the population.

No one recorded or formalized the promises and agreements made in advance of the Mennonites' arrival in Paraguay, so it is not possible to determine with certainty who was responsible for specific failures of preparation. McRoberts wrote that his greatest concern was "the delay in the construction of the railway by the Casado Corporation," a task for which, he explicitly states, his corporation was "not responsible."[1] Most accounts, however, emphasize the fact that the land was not surveyed as the greatest obstacle to an expeditious settlement, and this was the responsibility of the Corporación Paraguaya. There is no full explanation for why the land had not been surveyed. In 1925, McRoberts had sent an associate to Paraguay to secure a land survey, but this associate's negotiations with Paraguay's survey office in Asunción over the costs of the survey had failed and he returned to New York without accomplishing his mission. One author suggests that at this point the corporation, working together with the Intercontinental Company, may have tried to delay the immigration, but by this time most of those Mennonites who planned to move had already sold their land and felt that further delay was untenable.[2] It appears that any failings of the corporation were mistakes of ignorance and inexperience, not of fraud or penury.

While the Mennonites waited in Puerto Casado, the Corporación Paraguaya provided housing for the Mennonites in temporary barracks and tents, brought in a doctor when the epidemic broke out, and procured the equipment necessary to conduct initial explorations into the Chaco and set up some temporary agricultural settlements. Fred Engen, well-known to the Mennonites after several years of close work with them as McRoberts's associate, was the acting representative of the corporation for the first few months in Paraguay. When McRoberts himself arrived in the winter of 1927, he took charge of organizing the survey on behalf of the corporation. When the survey proceeded only very slowly, McRoberts canceled the contract with the survey company and insisted on a new contract that would pay per kilometer of land surveyed. After this, the survey went quickly.

After the immigrants settled Menno Colony in 1928, the Corporación Paraguaya lent over $10,000 for an indefinite period without interest to the needy in the colony. The corporation also extended credit to the two stores it established in and near the colony and established a sawmill, a workshop, and an agricultural experiment station. Individual Mennonite settlers also received support from the corporation in the form of seed, draft animals, food staples, and the like. In January 1930, the corporation abandoned its buildings to the Paraguayan military.

In April 1930, the Corporación Paraguaya sold a 39,650-acre tract of land adjacent to Menno Colony to Mennonite refugees from the Soviet Union, with the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) facilitating the purchase; this became Fernheim Colony. The initial sale price of $8.00 per acre was reduced to $3.00 per acre after a re-evaluation of the land's income-producing value; the cost to the new colony was 40 cents an acre, with MCC absorbing the difference. The Corporación Paraguaya took on the responsibility of selecting the land that would become Fernheim and of making preparations for the immigrants. As was the case with the earlier settlers from Canada, these preparations were inadequate: they failed to dig wells that would provide clean drinking water and the temporary housing they supplied was poor. Because of assistance from their neighbors at Menno Colony, the consequences of these failures of preparation were not nearly as devastating as they had been for the first Mennonite immigrants to the Chaco.

Mennonite colonization in Paraguay was a financial disappointment for its investors. In 1937, when the relative financial failure of the Corporación Paraguaya became clear, MCC purchased it for $57,500. The net value to the sellers was less than $25,000, representing a massive depreciation of their assets. MCC inherited the corporation's financial arrangements with Menno Colony and Fernheim Colony. In 1952 MCC liquidated the corporation's remaining assets.

The complete records of the Corporación Paraguaya are in the Mennonite Central Committee Archives in Akron, Pennsylvania.

Notes

  1. ↑ E. Stoesz, 38-39.
  2. ↑ See Bergen, 102-104. Bergen does not indicate the source of this information.

Bibliography

Bergen, Peter, comp. History of the Sommerfeld Mennonite Church. Sommerfeld Mennonite Church, 2001: 101-105.

Bender, J. E. "Paraguay Calling," part 2. Mimeographed manuscript in the Mennonite Central Committee Archives, Akron, PA.

Fretz, Joseph W. Pilgrims in Paraguay: The Story of Mennonite Colonization in South America. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1953: 12-16, 24-25, 37, 146-150.

Friesen, M. W. Canadian Mennonites Conquer a Wilderness: The Beginning and Development of the Menno Colony, First Mennonite Settlement in South America. Translated by Christel Wiebe. Loma Plata, Paraguay: Historical Committee of the Menno Colony, 2009.

Loewen, Royden. Village among Nations: "Canadian" Mennonites in a Transnational World, 1916-2006. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013: 14-71.

Quiring, Walter. "The Canadian Mennonite Immigration into the Paraguayan Chaco, 1926-27." Mennonite Quarterly Review 8, no. 1 (January 1934): 32-42.

Quiring, Walter. "The Colonization of the German Mennonites from Russia in the Paraguayan Chaco." Mennonite Quarterly Review 8, no. 2 (April 1934): 62-72.

Redekop, Calvin. Strangers Become Neighbors: Mennonite and Indigenous Relations in the Paraguayan Chaco. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980: 95-100.

Stoesz, Conrad. "Letters from Paraguay: The Maria Neufeld Family." Preservings, no. 45 (Fall 2022): 35-40.

Stoesz, Edgar. Like a Mustard Seed: Mennonites in Paraguay. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2008: 26-41.

Stoesz, Edgar and Muriel T. Stackley. Garden in the Wilderness: Mennonite Communities in the Paraguayan Chaco, 1927-1997. Winnipeg: CMBC Publications, 1999: 1-4, 17-44.


Author(s) Willard H Smith
Gerald Ens
Date Published June 2025

Cite This Article

MLA style

Smith, Willard H and Gerald Ens. "Corporación Paraguaya." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. June 2025. Web. 19 Jan 2026. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Corporaci%C3%B3n_Paraguaya&oldid=180899.

APA style

Smith, Willard H and Gerald Ens. (June 2025). Corporación Paraguaya. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 January 2026, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Corporaci%C3%B3n_Paraguaya&oldid=180899.



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Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, pp. 718-719. All rights reserved.


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