Difference between revisions of "Yugoslavia"
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| − | Yugoslavia (literally in English: "South Slavia" or "Land of South Slavs") is a term that describes a nation that existed on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe during most of the 20th century. The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, established on 1 December 1918. The second country with this name was proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement in World War II, led by Josip Broz Tito, and became known as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), | + | Yugoslavia (literally in English: "South Slavia" or "Land of South Slavs") is a term that describes a nation that existed on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe during most of the 20th century. The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, established on 1 December 1918. The second country with this name was proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement in World War II, led by Josip Broz Tito, and became known as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), composed of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia (including the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo) and Slovenia. |
[[File:Former-Yugoslavia-Map.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Former Yugoslavia<br /> | [[File:Former-Yugoslavia-Map.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Former Yugoslavia<br /> | ||
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Starting in 1991, Yugoslavia disintegrated in the Yugoslav Wars which followed the secession of most of the republic's constituent entities. Croatia and Slovenia declared independence in 1991 and were internationally recognized in 1992. Macedonia also declared independence in 1991. Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence was recognized internationally in April 1992 and later that month, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was established. It was a federation of the two remaining (non-secessionist) republics of Serbia (including Vojvodina and Kosovo) and Montenegro. On 4 February 2003, it was renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and officially abolished the name "Yugoslavia". In June 2006 Montenegro and Serbia both declared independence, thereby ending the Yugoslav state. Kosovo declared independence in 2008. | Starting in 1991, Yugoslavia disintegrated in the Yugoslav Wars which followed the secession of most of the republic's constituent entities. Croatia and Slovenia declared independence in 1991 and were internationally recognized in 1992. Macedonia also declared independence in 1991. Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence was recognized internationally in April 1992 and later that month, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was established. It was a federation of the two remaining (non-secessionist) republics of Serbia (including Vojvodina and Kosovo) and Montenegro. On 4 February 2003, it was renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and officially abolished the name "Yugoslavia". In June 2006 Montenegro and Serbia both declared independence, thereby ending the Yugoslav state. Kosovo declared independence in 2008. | ||
| − | In 1981 Yugoslavia was | + | In 1981 Yugoslavia was composed of the following ethnic groups: Serbs (36.3%), Croats (19.7%), Muslims (8.9%), Slovenes (7.8%), Albanians (7.7%), Macedonians (6.0%), Yugoslavs (mostly Serbs, 5.4%), Montenegrins (2.6%), Hungarians (1.9%), and various other groups (3.8%). Traditional religion reinforced ethnic separatism; only the Protestant minority (less than one percent) bridged among numerous ethnic groups. Mennonite involvement began with earthquake relief in Skopje, Macedonia (1963), and contacts with the indigenous [[Nazarenes|Nazarene]] movement. In the 1970s [[Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)|Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]] (MC) and later [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee ]] began supporting volunteers for university studies and fraternal relations with other Protestants in the free-church tradition, notably in cooperation with the Biblical Theological Institute of Zagreb (1987- ). |
After the wars of the 1990s, MCC aided some of the millions of people who were displaced and later resettled. MCC worked with Bread of Life during these years to help feed and clothe refugees. After the war, MCC continued to support Bread of Life as they worked with people with mental and physical disabilities, the sick and the elderly in Serbia, and provided interest-free loans to displaced families in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Center for Interreligious Dialogue and the Center for Nonviolent Action, both based in Belgrade, received grants from MCC in 2004, and MCC workers served at Novi Sad Theological College. In Croatia, MCC supports the work of Duhovna Stvarnost, an organization that has partnered with an Orthodox organization to assist families which fled during the war years. | After the wars of the 1990s, MCC aided some of the millions of people who were displaced and later resettled. MCC worked with Bread of Life during these years to help feed and clothe refugees. After the war, MCC continued to support Bread of Life as they worked with people with mental and physical disabilities, the sick and the elderly in Serbia, and provided interest-free loans to displaced families in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Center for Interreligious Dialogue and the Center for Nonviolent Action, both based in Belgrade, received grants from MCC in 2004, and MCC workers served at Novi Sad Theological College. In Croatia, MCC supports the work of Duhovna Stvarnost, an organization that has partnered with an Orthodox organization to assist families which fled during the war years. | ||
= Bibliography = | = Bibliography = | ||
| − | Alexander, Stella. <em class="gameo_bibliography">Church and State in Yugoslavia since | + | Alexander, Stella. <em class="gameo_bibliography">Church and State in Yugoslavia since 1945. </em>Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 1979. |
| − | Beeson, Trevor. <em class="gameo_bibliography">Discretion and Valour: Religious Conditions | + | Beeson, Trevor. <em class="gameo_bibliography">Discretion and Valour: Religious Conditions in Russia and Eastern Europe, </em>2nd ed. London and Philadelphia: Fount Paperbacks, and Fortress Press, 1982: 288-321. |
"Church and Religion in the Self- Managing Society." <em class="gameo_bibliography">Socialist Thought and Practice </em>23 (1983): 60-127. | "Church and Religion in the Self- Managing Society." <em class="gameo_bibliography">Socialist Thought and Practice </em>23 (1983): 60-127. | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
Mojzes, Paul. <em class="gameo_bibliography">Christian-Marxist Dialogue in Eastern Europe. </em>Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1981: 128-58. | Mojzes, Paul. <em class="gameo_bibliography">Christian-Marxist Dialogue in Eastern Europe. </em>Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1981: 128-58. | ||
| − | Shenk, N. Gerald. ''How Should Christians Respond to Communism?" <em class="gameo_bibliography">What about the Russians? A</em> <em class="gameo_bibliography">Christian Approach to US- | + | Shenk, N. Gerald. ''How Should Christians Respond to Communism?" <em class="gameo_bibliography">What about the Russians? A</em> <em class="gameo_bibliography">Christian Approach to US-Soviet Conflict</em>. Editor: Dale W. Brown. Elgin, IL: The Brethren Press, 1984. |
Shenk, N. Gerald. "Social Expectations of Christians in a Marxist State." <em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>55 (1981): 231-239. | Shenk, N. Gerald. "Social Expectations of Christians in a Marxist State." <em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>55 (1981): 231-239. | ||
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 952|date=October 2008|a1_last=Shenk|a1_first=N. Gerald|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}} | {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 952|date=October 2008|a1_last=Shenk|a1_first=N. Gerald|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}} | ||
[[Category:Countries]] | [[Category:Countries]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:54, 7 April 2020
Yugoslavia (literally in English: "South Slavia" or "Land of South Slavs") is a term that describes a nation that existed on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe during most of the 20th century. The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, established on 1 December 1918. The second country with this name was proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement in World War II, led by Josip Broz Tito, and became known as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), composed of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia (including the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo) and Slovenia.
Starting in 1991, Yugoslavia disintegrated in the Yugoslav Wars which followed the secession of most of the republic's constituent entities. Croatia and Slovenia declared independence in 1991 and were internationally recognized in 1992. Macedonia also declared independence in 1991. Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence was recognized internationally in April 1992 and later that month, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was established. It was a federation of the two remaining (non-secessionist) republics of Serbia (including Vojvodina and Kosovo) and Montenegro. On 4 February 2003, it was renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and officially abolished the name "Yugoslavia". In June 2006 Montenegro and Serbia both declared independence, thereby ending the Yugoslav state. Kosovo declared independence in 2008.
In 1981 Yugoslavia was composed of the following ethnic groups: Serbs (36.3%), Croats (19.7%), Muslims (8.9%), Slovenes (7.8%), Albanians (7.7%), Macedonians (6.0%), Yugoslavs (mostly Serbs, 5.4%), Montenegrins (2.6%), Hungarians (1.9%), and various other groups (3.8%). Traditional religion reinforced ethnic separatism; only the Protestant minority (less than one percent) bridged among numerous ethnic groups. Mennonite involvement began with earthquake relief in Skopje, Macedonia (1963), and contacts with the indigenous Nazarene movement. In the 1970s Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities (MC) and later Mennonite Central Committee began supporting volunteers for university studies and fraternal relations with other Protestants in the free-church tradition, notably in cooperation with the Biblical Theological Institute of Zagreb (1987- ).
After the wars of the 1990s, MCC aided some of the millions of people who were displaced and later resettled. MCC worked with Bread of Life during these years to help feed and clothe refugees. After the war, MCC continued to support Bread of Life as they worked with people with mental and physical disabilities, the sick and the elderly in Serbia, and provided interest-free loans to displaced families in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Center for Interreligious Dialogue and the Center for Nonviolent Action, both based in Belgrade, received grants from MCC in 2004, and MCC workers served at Novi Sad Theological College. In Croatia, MCC supports the work of Duhovna Stvarnost, an organization that has partnered with an Orthodox organization to assist families which fled during the war years.
Bibliography
Alexander, Stella. Church and State in Yugoslavia since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 1979.
Beeson, Trevor. Discretion and Valour: Religious Conditions in Russia and Eastern Europe, 2nd ed. London and Philadelphia: Fount Paperbacks, and Fortress Press, 1982: 288-321.
"Church and Religion in the Self- Managing Society." Socialist Thought and Practice 23 (1983): 60-127.
Grmic, Vekoslav. "Socialism as it Actually Exists in the Light of Christian Theology." Concilium, 154 (1982): 64-69.
"MCC in Bosnia & Herzegovina." Mennonite Central Committee. http://mcc.org/bosnia/ (accessed 25 October 2008).
"MCC in Croatia." Mennonite Central Committee. http://mcc.org/croatia/ (accessed 25 October 2008).
"MCC in Serbia." Mennonite Central Committee. http://mcc.org/serbia/ (accessed 25 October 2008).
Mojzes, Paul. Christian-Marxist Dialogue in Eastern Europe. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1981: 128-58.
Shenk, N. Gerald. How Should Christians Respond to Communism?" What about the Russians? A Christian Approach to US-Soviet Conflict. Editor: Dale W. Brown. Elgin, IL: The Brethren Press, 1984.
Shenk, N. Gerald. "Social Expectations of Christians in a Marxist State." Mennonite Quarterly Review 55 (1981): 231-239.
| Author(s) | N. Gerald Shenk |
|---|---|
| Richard D. Thiessen | |
| Date Published | October 2008 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Shenk, N. Gerald and Richard D. Thiessen. "Yugoslavia." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. October 2008. Web. 22 Nov 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Yugoslavia&oldid=167444.
APA style
Shenk, N. Gerald and Richard D. Thiessen. (October 2008). Yugoslavia. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 22 November 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Yugoslavia&oldid=167444.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, pp. 952. All rights reserved.
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