Welcome to GAMEO

Encyclopedia Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0-9 (special chars)

Sponsors | Mennonite World Statistics | New Articles

Featured Article: "Manz, Felix (ca. 1498-1527)" (Read full article) Felix Manz. Artist's concept painted by Oliver Wendell Schenk, 1972. Image courtesy of Laurelville Mennonite Church Center Felix Manz, one of the founders and first martyr of the original Swiss Brethren congregation in Zürich, Switzerland, was born about 1498, the son of a Zürich canon, acquired a thorough knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. When Zwingli came to Zürich in 1519, Manz joined him enthusiastically and became a regular attendant at Zwingli's Bible classes. Differences of opinion soon arose when he and his associates demanded the abolition of tithes and interest. Zwingli hesitated, although he could not entirely close his mind to the Biblical basis for this demand (see his noted sermon on divine and human righteousness on 24 June 1523). Even more insistently the Brethren demanded the abolition of the Mass. When Zwingli left the decision in this matter in the hands of the Zürich city council the Brethren broke with him and henceforth held their own meetings in the home of Felix Manz's mother. The question of baptism at once arose. Several fathers refused to have their children baptized. They were fined. On 17 January 1525 a public disputation was held in the city hall of Zürich to decide the issue, with Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz representing the Brethren. Zwingli was pronounced the victor. In consequence an order was issued on 18 January threatening those who would not have their children baptized within eight days with banishment from the city. Grebel and Manz were to desist from their arguing and submit to the opinion of "my lords (of the city council)." This the Brethren refused to do. On 21 January they performed the rite of adult baptism and held a communion service among themselves, thereby making their  break  with  the  Zwingli  church  final  and establishing their brotherhood as a distinct Christian body. The movement spread rapidly through the city and the canton of Zürich. Felix Manz was among the most zealous in proclaiming the new doctrine. He was repeatedly arrested. He earnestly requested an opportunity to express himself in writing on the points in dispute, since it was impossible to do justice to the matter in oral debate. But the council refused. The second disputation in Zürich took place on 20 March 1525. The result was again negative. The Brethren (14 men and seven women) were imprisoned in the Hexenturm on bread and water. On 5 April they managed to escape. But they were soon captured and subjected to a severe cross-examination. Felix Manz testified that he had never rejected government, interest, and tithes. If he had taken the liberty to preach in other pastorates, he had only done what a disciple of Christ must do. Capital punishment he had denounced, as well as the use of the sword; community of goods he had not taught, but only willingness to share with the needy. Two weeks after his escape from the Hexenturm he had baptized in Embrach, and would continue to do so. After his release Manz went to the Oberland of Zürich, especially to Grüningen. But he did not stay here long. By the middle of May we find him with George Blaurock at Chur in the canton of Grisons, Blaurock's home. On 18 July he was seized and taken back to Zürich. The letter which the magistrate of Chur sent to the Zürich council on 13 July 1525, states: For a long time we have had among us one who calls himself Felix Manz. The same has created much trouble and discord among our people by baptizing old people and corner preaching, to such an extent that we ordered him to leave the city. After this he returned and did as before, disregarding the public proclamation in the church forbidding adult baptism on penalty of death, loss of honor and loss of property. Therefore we arrested him and held him a few days. But because he is an obstinate and recalcitrant person we released him from prison and because he is one of yours we have sent him to you, with the friendly request that you look after him and keep him in your territory, so that we may be rid of him and our people remain quiet, and that in case of his return, we are not compelled to take severe measures against him. In Zürich Manz was confined in the Wellenberg for several months and then released on 7 October. On the next day he was already with Grebel taking part in a meeting of the Anabaptists at Bezholz. Here they were surprised by the magistrate. Grebel was seized, but Manz escaped until 30 October, when he was also put in prison. At the suggestion of the magistrate the third public Anabaptist disputation was held in Zürich on 6 and 8 November in the Grossmünster of the city. Grebel and Manz were again the spokesmen of the Brethren. The outcome was that on 18 November the council sentenced Blaurock, Grebel, and Manz to prison on bread, water, and "Mus," forbidding all contact with the outside, "as long as my lords should see fit." This imprisonment was not of long duration. Soon afterward we find the three leaders of the Brethren again in the highlands of Zürich, where they promulgated their doctrines more vigorously than ever. They were again arrested and subjected to a severe questioning. They held to their faith and were ready to die for it. Again they requested permission to present their case in the matter of baptism in writing, as Zwingli had already done in his book, Vom Tauff, vom Wiedertauff und vom Kindertauff (at the end of May 1525). Manz expressly stated that he had never disputed, but had only testified to his faith; the Scriptures alone had led him to his position on baptism; no Christian could strike with the sword, nor does he resist evil. The council now resorted to severer measures. On 7 March the sentence was pronounced: "Manz, Grebel, and Blaurock, besides 15 other Anabaptists including six women, shall be placed on straw in the new tower on bread and water until they die and decay. No one may visit them or have power to change their condition, be they well or sick, without the consent of my lords." Repetition of the offense would be punished without mercy by drowning. Sooner than the severity of the verdict would indicate, the prison doors were opened. At any rate, by April 1526 the three Brethren leaders were assisting their harried brethren in Grisons and Appenzell. In the fall of 1526 it was learned that Manz and Blaurock were in the region of Grüningen baptizing. To put an end to this activity the council applied the edict of 7 March, which made adult baptism punishable by drowning. On 3 December 1526, Manz and Blaurock were surprised at a meeting of the Brethren, seized, and taken to Zürich, where they were placed in the Wellenberg prison. It was Manz's final imprisonment. On 5 January 1527 he was sentenced to death, "because contrary to Christian order and custom he had become involved in Anabaptism, had accepted it, taught others, and become a leader and beginner of these things because he confessed having said that he wanted to gather those who wanted to accept Christ and follow Him, and unite himself with them through baptism, and let the rest live according to their faith, so that he and his followers separated themselves from the Christian Church and were about to raise up and prepare a sect of their own under the guise of a Christian meeting and church; because he had condemned capital punishment, and in order to increase his following had boasted of certain revelations from the Pauline Epistles. But since such doctrine is harmful to the unified usage of all Christendom, and leads to offense, insurrection, and sedition against the government, to the shattering of the common peace, brotherly love, and civil cooperation and to all evil, Manz shall be delivered to the executioner, who shall tie his hands, put him into a boat, take him to the lower hut, there strip his bound hands down over his knees, place a stick between his knees and arms, and thus push him into the water and let him perish in the water; thereby he shall have atoned to the law and justice. . . . His property shall also be confiscated by my lords." He was taken bound from the Wellenberg over the fish market to the boat. As he was being taken between the shops he praised God with a loud voice and cheerfully testified to the people that he was about to die for the truth. Meanwhile the dismal procession had reached the place of execution. It was three o'clock in the afternoon. "As he stood there with the depths of Lake Zürich below him, the blue sky over him, and the mountains with their snowy peaks in the sunshine, around him, his soul in the face of death looked out above these. As a preacher at his side spoke sympathetically to him encouraging him to be converted, he hardly heard him; but when he perceived his mother's voice on the opposite bank, together with his brothers admonishing him to be steadfast, he sang with a loud voice while he was being bound, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum,' and the waves closed in over his head." He was buried in the St. Jakobs cemetery in Zürich. The Ausbund, No. 6, has a song written by him: "Mit Lust so will ich singen." While he left no published writings, the Protestation und Schutzschrift of December 1524 addressed to the Zürich Council, attributed to Conrad Grebel by Egli, Köhler, and Bender, has been shown by W. Schmid to have been written by Manz. Bibliography Bender, Harold S. Conrad Grebel, c. 1498-1526: the founder of the Swiss Brethren sometimes called Anabaptists. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1950. Braght, Thieleman J. van. Het Bloedigh Tooneel of Martelaers Spiegel der Doopsgesinde of Weereloose Christenen, Die om 't getuygenis van Jesus haren Salighmaker geleden hebben ende gedood zijn van Christi tijd of tot desen tijd toe. Den Tweeden Druk. Amsterdam: Hieronymus Sweerts, 1685: Part II, 3. Braght, Thieleman J. van. The Bloody Theatre or Martyrs' Mirror of the Defenseless Christians Who Baptized Only upon Confession of Faith and Who Suffered and Died for the Testimony of Jesus Their Saviour . . . to the Year A.D. 1660. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1951: 415. Available online at: http://www.homecomers.org/mirror/index.htm. Brons, A. Ursprung, Entwickelung und Schicksale der Taufgesinnten oder Mennoniten. 3. Auf. Amsterdam : Johannes Müller, 1912. Egli, Emil. Die Züricher Wiedertäufer zur Reformationszeit: nach den Quellen des Staatsarchivs. Zürich: Friedrich Schulthess, 1878. Füssli, Johann Conrad. Beyträge zur Erläuterung der Kirchen- Reformations-Geschichten des Schweitzerlandes : enthaltende authentische bishero zum Theil ungedruckte, zum Theil gantz rare Urkunden, ... Schutz- und Streit-Schriften, darinnen die Zwistigkeiten der Römisch-Catholischen, der Lutheraner, und der Reformirten, wie auch der Wiedertäuffer ... : nebst historisch-critischen Anmerckungen zur Beschüzung des seeligen Reformationswerckes. Zurich: Bey Conrad Orell und Comp. ; und Leipzig: Bey Joh. Fried. Gleditsch, 1741-1753. 5 vol. Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 22-24. Mennonitische Blätter (1888): 9; (1894): 4. Muralt, Leonhard von and Walter Schmid. Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer in der Schweiz. Erster Band Zürich. Zürich: S. Hirzel, 1952. Wolkan, Rudolf. Die Lieder der Wiedertäufer. Berlin, 1903. Reprinted Nieuwkoop: B. De Graaf, 1965: 8 f., 141. Zwingliana 9 (1950). Author(s) Christian Neff Harold S. Bender Date Published 1957 Cite This Article MLA style Neff, Christian and Harold S. Bender. "Welcome to GAMEO." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 18 Dec 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Welcome_to_GAMEO&oldid=132347. APA style Neff, Christian and Harold S. Bender. (1957). Welcome to GAMEO. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 18 December 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Welcome_to_GAMEO&oldid=132347. Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 472-474. All rights reserved. ©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.

Who We Are The mission of GAMEO is to provide reliable information on Anabaptist-related (Amish, Mennonite, Hutterite, Brethren in Christ) topics, including history, theology, biography, institutions and local congregations. Secular topics from an Anabaptist perspective are also included. GAMEO includes the full text of the print Mennonite Encyclopedia, and continues to add new content both from North America and around the world. In July 2015 there were over 15,900 articles in GAMEO. A minimal amount of non-English content is currently available within the encyclopedia, and this content will continue to grow. GAMEO works together with the editors of other Mennonite encyclopedias to make their content available in the English language. These encyclopedias include the Lexikon der Mennoniten in Paraguay and the Mennonitisches Lexikon (MennLex) in Germany. Articles in GAMEO are assigned and editorially reviewed before upload; GAMEO is not a "Wiki"-style project. If you have specific corrections to articles or suggestions that should be added to the encyclopedia, please send them to GAMEO's email address at admin@gameo.org. GAMEO cooperates with the Global Anabaptist Wiki. The Global Anabaptist Wiki is an interactive community of Anabaptist-Mennonite groups from around the world. Initiated by the Mennonite Historical Library at Goshen College, the site is committed to helping individual groups: 1) tell their own stories; 2) post and preserve electronic archives; and 3) become better informed about other groups in the global Anabaptist fellowship. The Global Anabaptist Wiki is a major site for primary sources related to the Anabaptist-Mennonite tradition from the 16th century to the present and in a wide variety of languages. As a volunteer organization we are unable to respond to questions on Mennonite history or genealogical questions of any kind. For questions of that type, please contact a local genealogical society, or check with a Mennonite historical library or archives. For a list of Mennonite historical society or archives near you, please consult the Directory of Mennonite and Related Church Historians and Committees If you would like to make a donation to the ongoing development and expansion of GAMEO we'd be glad for your help! Donations should sent via Mennonite World Conference and designated for GAMEO. Like us on Facebook

GAMEO falls under the umbrella of the Mennonite World Conference Faith and Life Commission. Members of the Management Board include: Mennonite Historical Society of Canada, Mennonite Church USA Archives, Mennonite Brethren Historical Commission, Mennonite Central Committee, Mennonite World Conference and the Institute for the Study of Global Anabaptism