https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kuban_Mennonite_Settlement_(Northern_Caucasus,_Russia)&feed=atom&action=history
Kuban Mennonite Settlement (Northern Caucasus, Russia) - Revision history
2024-03-29T05:17:54Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.35.1
https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kuban_Mennonite_Settlement_(Northern_Caucasus,_Russia)&diff=144257&oldid=prev
RichardThiessen: Text replace - "<em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>" to "''Mennonitisches Lexikon''"
2017-01-15T23:24:09Z
<p>Text replace - "<em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>" to "''Mennonitisches Lexikon''"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:24, 15 January 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l17" >Line 17:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Friesen, Peter M.<em> Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte</em>. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga,” 1911.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Friesen, Peter M.<em> Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte</em>. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga,” 1911.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em class="gameo_bibliography"></del>Mennonitisches Lexikon<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 580.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Mennonitisches Lexikon<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 580.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Die Kubaner Ansiedlung</em>. Steinbach, MB: Echo-Verlag, 1953.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Die Kubaner Ansiedlung</em>. Steinbach, MB: Echo-Verlag, 1953.</div></td></tr>
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RichardThiessen
https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kuban_Mennonite_Settlement_(Northern_Caucasus,_Russia)&diff=134988&oldid=prev
RichardThiessen: Added categories.
2016-07-14T21:01:13Z
<p>Added categories.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:01, 14 July 2016</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lindmann, K. <em>Von den deutschen Kolonisten in Russland</em>. Stuttgart, 1924.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lindmann, K. <em>Von den deutschen Kolonisten in Russland</em>. Stuttgart, 1924.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 251-252|date=1958|a1_last=Block|a1_first=Theodor|a2_last= |a2_first= }}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 251-252|date=1958|a1_last=Block|a1_first=Theodor|a2_last= |a2_first= }}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Places]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Mennonite Settlements in Russia]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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RichardThiessen
https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kuban_Mennonite_Settlement_(Northern_Caucasus,_Russia)&diff=110878&oldid=prev
RichardThiessen: Text replace - "<em>Mennonitisches Lexikon.</em>" to "<em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols."
2014-01-20T22:59:45Z
<p>Text replace - "<em>Mennonitisches Lexikon.</em>" to "<em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols."</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:59, 20 January 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l17" >Line 17:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 17:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Friesen, Peter M.<em> Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte</em>. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga,” 1911.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Friesen, Peter M.<em> Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte</em>. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga,” 1911.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></em> Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 580.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">class="gameo_bibliography"</ins>>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 4 vols. </ins>Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 580.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Die Kubaner Ansiedlung</em>. Steinbach, MB: Echo-Verlag, 1953.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Die Kubaner Ansiedlung</em>. Steinbach, MB: Echo-Verlag, 1953.</div></td></tr>
</table>
RichardThiessen
https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kuban_Mennonite_Settlement_(Northern_Caucasus,_Russia)&diff=92354&oldid=prev
GameoAdmin: CSV import - 20130823
2013-08-23T14:06:50Z
<p>CSV import - 20130823</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:06, 23 August 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l17" >Line 17:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 17:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Friesen, Peter M.<em> Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte</em>. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga,” 1911.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Friesen, Peter M.<em> Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte</em>. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga,” 1911.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon.</em> Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 580.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon.</em> Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 580.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Die Kubaner Ansiedlung</em>. Steinbach, MB: Echo-Verlag, 1953.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Die Kubaner Ansiedlung</em>. Steinbach, MB: Echo-Verlag, 1953.</div></td></tr>
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GameoAdmin
https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kuban_Mennonite_Settlement_(Northern_Caucasus,_Russia)&diff=88790&oldid=prev
GameoAdmin: CSV import - 20130820
2013-08-20T19:52:09Z
<p>CSV import - 20130820</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:52, 20 August 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]] the settlement suffered like the others. A small group left the Kuban for [[Canada|Canada]] in 1924-1925. During the following years many were exiled, particularly in 1937-1938. Gradually the settlement disintegrated. During the Russo-German War (1941) all remaining Mennonites were sent to [[Kazakhstan, Republic of|Kazakhstan]]. A few refugees who had escaped to the Ukraine went on to Canada.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]] the settlement suffered like the others. A small group left the Kuban for [[Canada|Canada]] in 1924-1925. During the following years many were exiled, particularly in 1937-1938. Gradually the settlement disintegrated. During the Russo-German War (1941) all remaining Mennonites were sent to [[Kazakhstan, Republic of|Kazakhstan]]. A few refugees who had escaped to the Ukraine went on to Canada.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ehrt, Adolf.<em> Das Mennonitentum in Russland von seiner Einwanderung bis zur Gegenwart</em>. Langensalza: Julius Beltz, 1932.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ehrt, Adolf.<em> Das Mennonitentum in Russland von seiner Einwanderung bis zur Gegenwart</em>. Langensalza: Julius Beltz, 1932.</div></td></tr>
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https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kuban_Mennonite_Settlement_(Northern_Caucasus,_Russia)&diff=57700&oldid=prev
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Kuban was a Mennonite settlement in the Kuban district of the Northern [[Caucasus|Caucasus]], [[Russia|Russia]], on the Kuban River, which flows from the east into the Black Sea. This region had previously been inhabited by [[Nogai People|Nogais]], who had immigrated to Turkey. In connection with the organization of the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]] in the parent settlements, the Mennonites in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna]] and [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza]] colonies requested an additional grant of 17,500 acres from the government, through [[Claassen, Johannes (1820-1876)|Johann Claassen]] of Liebenau, for a new settlement on the Kuban. On this tract the villages of Wohldemfürst (later Velikoknyazheskoye) and [[Alexanderfeld (Kuban settlement, Russia)|Alexanderfeld]] (later Alexandrodar) were founded in 1862 and 1866. In 1866 the settlement, which throughout its brief history consisted predominantly of Mennonite Brethren, had its Mennonite privileges confirmed.<br />
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The early settlement was confronted with serious difficulties. Only 67 of the 100 families for whom land had been granted settled there by 1866. In part the difficulties were internal, caused by [[Temple Society|Templars]] and Adventists, and were removed to a large extent when these elements withdrew. Then there were also economic difficulties. From the neighboring natives (Tatars, Circassians) with their primitive methods, they could get no help in agriculture. They had to learn by trial and error; gradually cattle-raising and fruit culture proved most successful. There was a ready market for the Mennonite-bred Red cow; and horses were bought by the army.<br />
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Fruit culture was brought to an even higher state of development. Well-developed nurseries distributed millions of improved strains of fruit trees, berries, and ornamental trees. Industry related to these occupations was also thriving: there were two factories which made farm implements, mills of various kinds, and stores. There was a cooperative for cheese-making and grape growers (since 1890), a credit union, a grain storage elevator, and an association of consumers.<br />
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In 1910 there were ten [[Landless (Landlose)|landless]] day laborers, 150 landless craftsmen and factory workers, eight small farms, 22 half farms and 57 full farms (the owners of the full farms often owned several); and 15 owners of larger farms outside the settlement who kept their connection with the villages by owning land there too.<br />
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Intellectual and spiritual life were also maintained on a high level. Their schools, with eight-year courses (ages 7-15) and excellent teachers, were unique for their high standards even among the Mennonites. In addition there was a music club, which owned a hall, and a library club. Each wing had its own church, Mennonite Church (see Wohldemfürst-Alexandrodar Mennonite Church), Mennonite Brethren, and the <em>Jerusalemsfreunde</em>. All Mennonite groups had their own volost administration in Velikoknyazheskaye, where the district administrative center common to all groups was also located.<br />
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The settlement achieved great prosperity. The outstanding success of the Mennonites in the Kuban in the fields of pedagogy and agriculture was repeatedly given recognition by the Czarist government, even to the extent of granting titles of personal nobility, more than in any other Mennonite settlement. "The Kubans were unusual workers" and "savers." Here the "intelligent village," "the combination of intellectual and physical work," the ideal of the sociologists, became a reality. Their highly developed economic system was destroyed by Communism, through no fault of their own. The number of Mennonites in the Kuban in 1904 was about 2,000 (Friesen, 455); in 1914 it had declined to 1,500, and in 1926 to 1,400 (Ehrt, 78 and 152).<br />
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During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]] the settlement suffered like the others. A small group left the Kuban for [[Canada|Canada]] in 1924-1925. During the following years many were exiled, particularly in 1937-1938. Gradually the settlement disintegrated. During the Russo-German War (1941) all remaining Mennonites were sent to [[Kazakhstan, Republic of|Kazakhstan]]. A few refugees who had escaped to the Ukraine went on to Canada.<br />
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= Bibliography =<br />
Ehrt, Adolf.<em> Das Mennonitentum in Russland von seiner Einwanderung bis zur Gegenwart</em>. Langensalza: Julius Beltz, 1932.<br />
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Friesen, Peter M.<em> Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte</em>. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga,” 1911.<br />
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Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon.</em> Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 580.<br />
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<em>Die Kubaner Ansiedlung</em>. Steinbach, MB: Echo-Verlag, 1953.<br />
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Lindmann, K. <em>Von den deutschen Kolonisten in Russland</em>. Stuttgart, 1924.<br />
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