https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&feed=atom&action=historyKronsthal (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine) - Revision history2024-03-29T11:34:00ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=145654&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "<em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II," to "''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II,"2017-01-16T00:33:52Z<p>Text replace - "<em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II," to "''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II,"</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:33, 16 January 2017</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66 died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had immigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66 died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had immigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Mennonitisches Lexikon<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Mennonitisches Lexikon<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, p. 248|date=1957|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, p. 248|date=1957|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=141079&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "emigrated to" to "immigrated to"2016-11-20T07:31:10Z<p>Text replace - "emigrated to" to "immigrated to"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:31, 20 November 2016</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66 died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">emigrated </del>to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66 died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">immigrated </ins>to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=118426&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "<em> </em>" to " "2014-04-12T03:20:23Z<p>Text replace - "<em> </em>" to " "</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:20, 12 April 2014</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em> </em></del>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66 died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=105803&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt" to "Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt"2014-01-19T22:04:47Z<p>Text replace - "Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt" to "Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt"</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<em> </em>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<em> </em>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 4 vols</ins>. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, p. 248|date=1957|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, p. 248|date=1957|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td></tr>
</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=95685&oldid=prevGameoAdmin: CSV import - 201308232013-08-23T14:41:59Z<p>CSV import - 20130823</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:41, 23 August 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<em> </em>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<em> </em>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, p. 248|date=1957|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, p. 248|date=1957|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>GameoAdminhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=82971&oldid=prevGameoAdmin: CSV import - 201308202013-08-20T19:22:36Z<p>CSV import - 20130820</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:22, 20 August 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<em> </em>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<em> </em>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.</div></td></tr>
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</table>GameoAdminhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kronsthal_(Chortitza_Mennonite_settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=66167&oldid=prevGameoAdmin: CSV import - 201308162013-08-16T19:40:26Z<p>CSV import - 20130816</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Kronsthal was a Mennonite village in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]] in the province of [[Ekaterinoslav Guberniya (Ukraine)|Ekaterinoslav]], South Russia. When the original Chortitza settlement was founded in 1789-1802, the government purchased an adjacent area of 5,400 acres to be added to it. On this land the village Kronstal was settled in 1809, and at the west end of Kronstal a sister village, Neu-Osterwick, was settled in 1812. The first 12 farmers came from [[Kronsweide (Chortitza Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsweide]] and Rosental. In addition to agriculture the villagers engaged in wagon building and cabinet making, for which there was a good demand. In the first decades crop failures and diseases of the cattle made progress difficult. But gradually the village achieved prosperity, especially in the two decades before [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. During the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution]], and especially from 21 September to 31 December 1919, Kronstal suffered just as severely as the other villages at the hands of the [[Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)|Makhno]] robber bands. Most of the stables were robbed of the last colt and the last cow. The Mennonite population at this time was 460. The typhus epidemic brought by the Makhno bands attacked 406 persons between November and the following April; 66<em> </em>died; only 80 did not contract the disease. Two persons were murdered, four died of starvation (1922). By 1 January 1927 a total of 151 Mennonites had emigrated to [[Canada|Canada]] from here. In 1929-1941, 70 persons were exiled, and during the outbreak of the war between [[Germany|Germany]] and [[Russia|Russia]] (1941) 21 were evacuated eastward. Those remaining were evacuated to Germany (1943), whence some were returned to Russia by the Russian Army and others proceeded to America.<br />
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= Bibliography =<br />
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 577 f.<br />
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Stumpp, Karl. <em>Bericht über das Gebiet Chortitza: im Generalbezirk Dnjepropetrowsk</em>. Berlin: Publikationsstelle Ost, 1943.<br />
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