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| − | + | Caste systems assign individuals permanently to social positions purely on the basis of race, religion, or some other ascribed characteristic. [[South Africa, Republic of|South Africa's]] <em> apartheid </em> was a caste system based on racial segregation. So were the systems of slavery and Jim Crow segregation in the history of the [[United States of America|United States]]. | |
Caste in [[India|India]] may be described in reference to <em> varnas </em> and <em> jatis. Varnas </em> are the broad, classificatory levels of Indian civilization and typically include <em> Brahmins </em> (priests and teachers) at the top, <em> Kshatriyas </em> (warriors) at the second level, <em> Vaisyas </em> (merchants) next, followed by <em> Sudras </em> (laborers). Below are the Untouchables or, as [[Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948)|Gandhi]] referred to them, the <em> Harijans </em> (children of God). | Caste in [[India|India]] may be described in reference to <em> varnas </em> and <em> jatis. Varnas </em> are the broad, classificatory levels of Indian civilization and typically include <em> Brahmins </em> (priests and teachers) at the top, <em> Kshatriyas </em> (warriors) at the second level, <em> Vaisyas </em> (merchants) next, followed by <em> Sudras </em> (laborers). Below are the Untouchables or, as [[Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948)|Gandhi]] referred to them, the <em> Harijans </em> (children of God). | ||
| − | <em> Jatis </em> are endogamous groupings, i.e., members are expected to marry within the group. Historically they have also defined the occupations and lifestyles of their members. <em> Jati </em> prescriptions and proscriptions are religiously reinforced, meaning that, within the Hindu system of interpretation, it makes a difference for this and all future lives whether or not a person lives up to the definitions of his or her <em> jati </em> position. From 15 to <em> 20 | + | <em> Jatis </em> are endogamous groupings, i.e., members are expected to marry within the group. Historically they have also defined the occupations and lifestyles of their members. <em> Jati </em> prescriptions and proscriptions are religiously reinforced, meaning that, within the Hindu system of interpretation, it makes a difference for this and all future lives whether or not a person lives up to the definitions of his or her <em> jati </em> position. From 15 to <em> 20 jatis </em> can be found in most larger Indian villages; from 200 to 300 can be associated with each of the general language regions of India. |
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| + | Indian churches today, particularly in the cities, include members from many different backgrounds. Yet the strengths, outlines, problems, and prospects of the church in India, in general, can only be well understood if caste considerations are taken into account. Recruitment of new Christians over the years has followed <em> jati </em> lines rather closely, or has occurred primarily at the "edges" of Indian civilization, where <em> jati </em> lines are not as clearly drawn as they are closer in. Another important source of Christian converts has been the <em> Harijans, </em> the level of Indian society at which converts have had the least to lose socially in leaving the Hindu system. Church rivalries frequently follow <em> jati </em> lines. | ||
= Bibliography = | = Bibliography = | ||
| − | + | Neill, Stephen. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> The </em> Story <em class="gameo_bibliography"> of the Christian Church in India and Pakistan. </em> Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1970. | |
Dumont, Louis. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications</em>. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1970. | Dumont, Louis. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications</em>. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1970. | ||
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McGavran, Donald A. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Ethnic Realities and the Church: Lessons from India. </em> Pasadena, CA: William Carey, 1979. | McGavran, Donald A. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Ethnic Realities and the Church: Lessons from India. </em> Pasadena, CA: William Carey, 1979. | ||
| − | Wiebe, Paul D. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Christians | + | Wiebe, Paul D. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Christians in Andhra Pradesh: The Mennonites of Mahbubnagar. </em> Bangalore: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, 1987. |
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| + | Wiser, William and Charlotte.<em class="gameo_bibliography"> Behind Mud Walls, 1930-1960. </em> Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press, 1963. | ||
| + | Hiebert, Paul G. <em class="gameo_bibliography">Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village. </em> Minneapolis, MN: U. of Minnesota Press, 1971. | ||
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 128|date=1987|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Paul D|a2_last= |a2_first= }} | {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 128|date=1987|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Paul D|a2_last= |a2_first= }} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:50, 23 May 2014
Caste systems assign individuals permanently to social positions purely on the basis of race, religion, or some other ascribed characteristic. South Africa's apartheid was a caste system based on racial segregation. So were the systems of slavery and Jim Crow segregation in the history of the United States.
Caste in India may be described in reference to varnas and jatis. Varnas are the broad, classificatory levels of Indian civilization and typically include Brahmins (priests and teachers) at the top, Kshatriyas (warriors) at the second level, Vaisyas (merchants) next, followed by Sudras (laborers). Below are the Untouchables or, as Gandhi referred to them, the Harijans (children of God).
Jatis are endogamous groupings, i.e., members are expected to marry within the group. Historically they have also defined the occupations and lifestyles of their members. Jati prescriptions and proscriptions are religiously reinforced, meaning that, within the Hindu system of interpretation, it makes a difference for this and all future lives whether or not a person lives up to the definitions of his or her jati position. From 15 to 20 jatis can be found in most larger Indian villages; from 200 to 300 can be associated with each of the general language regions of India.
Indian churches today, particularly in the cities, include members from many different backgrounds. Yet the strengths, outlines, problems, and prospects of the church in India, in general, can only be well understood if caste considerations are taken into account. Recruitment of new Christians over the years has followed jati lines rather closely, or has occurred primarily at the "edges" of Indian civilization, where jati lines are not as clearly drawn as they are closer in. Another important source of Christian converts has been the Harijans, the level of Indian society at which converts have had the least to lose socially in leaving the Hindu system. Church rivalries frequently follow jati lines.
Bibliography
Neill, Stephen. The Story of the Christian Church in India and Pakistan. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1970.
Dumont, Louis. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1970.
McGavran, Donald A. Ethnic Realities and the Church: Lessons from India. Pasadena, CA: William Carey, 1979.
Wiebe, Paul D. Christians in Andhra Pradesh: The Mennonites of Mahbubnagar. Bangalore: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, 1987.
Wiser, William and Charlotte. Behind Mud Walls, 1930-1960. Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press, 1963.
Hiebert, Paul G. Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village. Minneapolis, MN: U. of Minnesota Press, 1971.
| Author(s) | Paul D Wiebe |
|---|---|
| Date Published | 1987 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Wiebe, Paul D. "Caste systems." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1987. Web. 25 Nov 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Caste_systems&oldid=122462.
APA style
Wiebe, Paul D. (1987). Caste systems. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 25 November 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Caste_systems&oldid=122462.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, p. 128. All rights reserved.
©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.