Mennonites in Asia - Revision history

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__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
<h3>Java and Sumatra</h3> The first Mennonites to enter Asia permanently were representatives of the [[Doopsgezinde Zendingsraad|Dutch Mennonite Mission Board]] which established work in [[Java (Indonesia)|East Java]] in 1851 which has developed into a Chinese Mennonite church and a Javanese Mennonite church, later independent of the mission board. The [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] began a relief work in this area in 1948, which is still continuing. In 1869 missionaries of the Dutch Mennonite Mission Board also established a work on [[Sumatra (Indonesia)|Sumatra]], which had to be abandoned after World War I because of lack of support. The 1950 Mennonite membership in Java was about 10,000.

<h3>India </h3> The next Mennonite mission work in Asia was that established in [[India|India]] in 1899-1901 by the Mennonites of North America: (a) by the [[Mennonite Church (MC)|Mennonite Church (MC)]] in the Central Provinces in 1899, (b) by the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]] in the same area but 150 miles (240 km) farther south a year later, 1900-1901, (c) by the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren Church]] in 1899 in the far south in [[Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India)|Hyderabad]], the first two being preceded by relief work by each group in the great famine of 1896-1899. All three of these missions developed into large and vigorous enterprises, with well-established indigenous churches with a total membership in 1950 of almost 20,000. The Mennonite (MC) mission established a daughter mission in 1940 in [[Bihar State (India)|Bihar]], some 600 miles (1000 km) to the north of the original mission in the Central Provinces. The [[Mennonite Brethren in Christ|Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church]] had earlier entered India in 1924 in Bihar. The Mennonite Central Committee carried on relief work in India in 1945-1950, chiefly in the great famine of 1946 in the region near [[Calcutta (India)|Calcutta]]. An inter-mission relief agency, called the [[Mennonite Relief Committee of India|Mennonite Committee for Relief in India]], called forth by this effort, was still in existence in 1955.

<h3>China</h3> [[People's Republic of China|China]] had been entered by several American Mennonite mission boards during the first half of the 20th century, but by 1951 all work had been suspended and all missionaries recalled as a result of the intolerable conditions and pressure imposed by the Communist government established in 1949. [[Barthel, Hendrik Christiaan (1877-1936)|H. C. Barthel]] ([[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren|Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] (KMB) Church) arrived in China in 1901 and founded in 1904 an independent organization, the [[China Mennonite Mission Society|China Mennonite Missionary Society]], which carried on an extensive work in Shantung. [[Brown, Henry Jacob (1879-1959)|H. J. Brown]] started work independently in Hopei province in 1909 which was taken over by the General Conference Mennonite Mission Board officially in 1914. The Mennonite Brethren Mission Board in 1919 took over the work in Fukien province which had been established by [[Wiens, Franz J. (1880-1942)|F. J. Wiens]] in 1911. The KMB Conference established a work in Mongolia in 1924. The [[Mennonite Board of Missions (Mennonite Church)|Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]] entered China after World War II in 1948. The total membership of all the Mennonite churches in China in 1950 was probably less than 10,000.

<h3>Japan</h3> Mennonites did not enter [[Japan|Japan]] until after World War II. Then in rapid succession the Mennonite Church (MC), 1949, the General Conference Mennonite Church, 1950, and the Mennonite Brethren Church in 1950 entered. The first Japanese Mennonites (12) were baptized in the Mennonite Church mission in [[Hokkaido (Japan) |Hokkaido]] in 1951.

<h3>Asiatic Russia</h3> Meanwhile Mennonites from the older colonies in European Russia began to migrate to [[Asiatic Russia|Asiatic Russia]]. The first group settled in [[Turkestan|Turkestan]] 150 miles (250 km) northeast of [[Tashkent (Toshkent Province, Uzbekistan)|Tashkent]] in 1880-1881, establishing a colony which lasted at least until 1930. The total number never exceeded 1,500 souls. The migration into what is known as [[Siberia (Russia)|Siberia]] began in 1899 and resulted in the establishment of large and prosperous colonies in the region of [[Omsk (Siberia, Russia)|Omsk]] and [[Slavgorod Mennonite Settlement (Siberia, Russia)|Slavgorod]]-Barnaul before World War I. After World War I in 1926 a small colony was established in the Far East on the Amur River border of Manchuria near Blagoveshchensk. Increasing pressure led to the liquidation of most of this colony by flight into Manchuria (Harbin) in 1930, from which ultimately (1931-1933) all emigrated either to [[California (USA)|California]] ([[Reedley (California, USA)|Reedley]]) or to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], with a few reaching [[Brazil|Brazil]]. A smaller number fled from western [[Russia|Russia]] across the Siberian border into "Sinkiang province, finally reaching Shanghai and emigrating to California in 1949. One family of the Sinkiang group crossed the Himalayas into India, joining the Mennonite Brethren mission there. The western Siberian Mennonite colonies still exist in modified form, having apparently suffered the least of any of the Mennonite settlements in Russia.

<h3>Mennonite Relief Work in Asia. </h3> The [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] entered the Far East with its relief work first in India (1944-1950), then China (1945-1950) with the [[Hong Kong (China) |Hong Kong]] relief unit operating until 1952, then the [[Philippines|Philippines]] (1946-50), Japan (1948- ), Java (1949- ), and [[Taiwan|Taiwan]] (1950- ). Far Eastern Headquarters were established at Hong Kong in 1950. The peak number of workers in Asia was in 1949 with an average of 65.

<h3>Mennonite Membership in Asia</h3> The maximum total baptized Mennonite membership in Asia, including both mission churches and Russian Mennonite settlements in 1925 was an estimated 60,000 distributed as fellows: Java and Sumatra 10,000, India 20,000, China 10,000, Turkestan and Siberia 20,000. In 1950 the number was probably less than 45,000 because of heavy losses in China and Asiatic Russia. The maximum number of Mennonite missionaries in Asia was reached about 1935 with nearly 150 persons, all but six North Americans. In 2006 the total population in Asia and the Pacific was 240,000 as listed in the table below.

See also [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]; [[Hong Kong (China) |Hong Kong]]; [[India|India]]; [[Indonesia|Indonesia]]; [[Japan|Japan]]; [[Cambodia|Cambodia]]; [[Korea, Republic of|Korea]]; [[Laos|Laos]]; [[Nepal|Nepal]]; [[Pakistan|Pakistan]]; [[Philippines|Philippines]]; [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]; [[Taiwan|Taiwan]]; [[Thailand|Thailand]]; [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]; [[Vietnam|Vietnam]]; [[Work Camps, Asia|Work Camps]]

= Additional Information =
<table class="plain"> <tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Membership</th> <th>Organized

Bodies</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Australia

</td> <td align="right">57

</td> <td align="right">1

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>China/Hong Kong

</td> <td align="right">141

</td> <td align="right">1

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>India

</td> <td align="right">146,095

</td> <td align="right">9

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia

</td> <td align="right">72,624

</td> <td align="right">3

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japan

</td> <td align="right">2,898

</td> <td align="right">5

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan

</td> <td align="right">300

</td> <td align="right"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan

</td> <td align="right">200

</td> <td align="right"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nepal

</td> <td align="right">594

</td> <td align="right">1

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Philippines

</td> <td align="right">3,735

</td> <td align="right">2

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Singapore

</td> <td align="right">80

</td> <td align="right">1

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Korea

</td> <td align="right">45

</td> <td align="right">1

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taiwan

</td> <td align="right">1,658

</td> <td align="right">1

</td> </tr> <tr> <td> Thailand</td> <td align="right"> 111</td> <td align="right">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vietnam

</td> <td align="right">12,002

</td> <td align="right">2

</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total

</td> <td align="right">241,420

</td> <td align="right">28

</td> </tr> </table> [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/PDF-PPT/2006mbictotal.pdf Mennonite World Conference]2006 figures

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 176-177|date=1955|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 Yoder, Lawrence M. and Sigit Heru Soekotjo. ''Sejarah Gereja Injili di Tanah Jawa'' (History of the [Mennonite] Evangelical Church of Java). Pati, Indonesia: Evangelical Church of Java History Commission, 1980.
-= Additional Information =
+= 2018 Statistics =
 {|  class="wikitable"
 ! Country !! Membership !! Organized Bodies
 |-
-| Australia  ||  align="right" | 57  ||  align="right" | 1
+| Australia  ||  align="right" | 342  ||  align="right" | 3
 |-
-| China/Hong Kong  ||  align="right" | 141  ||  align="right" | 1
+| Bangladesh||  align="right" | 22 ||  align="right" | 1
 |-
-| India  ||  align="right" | 146,095  ||  align="right" | 9
+| Cambodia  ||  align="right" | 210  ||  align="right" | 1
 |-
-| Indonesia  ||  align="right" | 72,624  ||  align="right" | 3
+| China/Hong Kong  ||  align="right" | 90  ||  align="right" | 2
 |-
-| Japan  ||  align="right" | 2,898  ||  align="right" | 5
+| China/Macau  ||  align="right" | 32  ||  align="right" | 1
 |-
 | Kazakhstan  ||  align="right" | 300  ||  align="right" |
 |-
-| Kyrgyzstan  ||  align="right" | 200  ||  align="right" |
+| Kyrgyzstan  ||  align="right" | 200  ||  align="right" |  1
 |-
-| Nepal  ||  align="right" | 594  ||  align="right" | 1
+| Nepal  ||  align="right" | 1,121  ||  align="right" | 1
 |-
-| Philippines  ||  align="right" | 3,735  ||  align="right" | 2
+| Philippines  ||  align="right" | 1,671  ||  align="right" | 4
 |-
-| Singapore  ||  align="right" | 80  ||  align="right" | 1
+| Singapore  ||  align="right" | 78  ||  align="right" | 1
 |-
-| South Korea  ||  align="right" | 45  ||  align="right" | 1
+| South Korea  ||  align="right" | 86  ||  align="right" | 3
 |-
-| Taiwan  ||  align="right" | 1,658  ||  align="right" | 1
+| Taiwan  ||  align="right" | 1,630  ||  align="right" | 1
 |-
-|  Thailand ||  align="right" |  111 ||  align="right" | 1
+| Thailand ||  align="right" |  63,615 ||  align="right" | 4
 |-
-| Vietnam  ||  align="right" | 12,002  ||  align="right" | 2
+| Vietnam  ||  align="right" | 5,500  ||  align="right" | 2
 |-
-| Total  ||  align="right" | 241,420  ||  align="right" | 28
+| Total  ||  align="right" | 439,911  ||  align="right" | 48
 |}
-  [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/PDF-PPT/2006mbictotal.pdf Mennonite World Conference ]2006 figures
+  [https://mwc-cmm.org/maps/asia Mennonite World Conference ]2018 figures
 = Original 1955 Mennonite Encyclopedia Article =
 By [[Bender, Harold Stauffer (1897-1962)|Harold S. Bender]]. Copied by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from ''Mennonite Encyclopedia'', Vol. 1, pp. 176-177. All rights reserved.

@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 |}
   [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/PDF-PPT/2006mbictotal.pdf Mennonite World Conference ]2006 figures
-{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 176-177|date=1955|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
+{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=2018|a1_last=Lapp|a1_first=John F|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
 [[Category:Places]]

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 Mennonite mission work continues to reach Asian nations where there is not yet a Mennonite church present. In some places missionaries have a stated aim to plant Mennonite churches.  In other locations mission workers are called to plant churches that may never claim Mennonite identity. And in yet other countries, Mennonite personnel work in integral mission/holistic ministry where establishing a new church is not the goal and may not even be possible.
 ''This article is based on the original English essay that was written for the [http://www.mennlex.de/doku.php Mennonitisches Lexikon (MennLex)] and has been made available to GAMEO with permission. The German version of this article is available at https://www.mennlex.de/doku.php?id=loc:asien''
 = Bibliography =
@@ Line 101: / Line 104: @@
 The next Mennonite mission work in Asia was that established in [[India|India]] in 1899-1901 by the Mennonites of North America: (a) by the [[Mennonite Church (MC)|Mennonite Church (MC)]] in the Central Provinces in 1899, (b) by the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]] in the same area but 150 miles (240 km) farther south a year later, 1900-1901, (c) by the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren Church]] in 1899 in the far south in [[Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India)|Hyderabad]], the first two being preceded by relief work by each group in the great famine of 1896-1899. All three of these missions developed into large and vigorous enterprises, with well-established indigenous churches with a total membership in 1950 of almost 20,000. The Mennonite (MC) mission established a daughter mission in 1940 in [[Bihar State (India)|Bihar]], some 600 miles (1000 km) to the north of the original mission in the Central Provinces. The [[Mennonite Brethren in Christ|Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church]] had earlier entered India in 1924 in Bihar. The Mennonite Central Committee carried on relief work in India in 1945-1950, chiefly in the great famine of 1946 in the region near [[Calcutta (India)|Calcutta]]. An inter-mission relief agency, called the [[Mennonite Relief Committee of India|Mennonite Committee for Relief in India]], called forth by this effort, was still in existence in 1955.
-==Chinɑ=
+==China==
 [[People's Republic of China|China]] had been entered by several American Mennonite mission boards during the first half of the 20th century, but by 1951 all work had been suspended and all missionaries recalled as a result of the intolerable conditions and pressure imposed by the Communist government established in 1949. [[Barthel, Hendrik Christiaan (1877-1936)|H. C. Barthel]] ([[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren|Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] (KMB) Church) arrived in China in 1901 and founded in 1904 an independent organization, the [[China Mennonite Mission Society|China Mennonite Missionary Society]], which carried on an extensive work in Shantung. [[Brown, Henry Jacob (1879-1959)|H. J. Brown]] started work independently in Hopei province in 1909 which was taken over by the General Conference Mennonite Mission Board officially in 1914. The Mennonite Brethren Mission Board in 1919 took over the work in Fukien province which had been established by [[Wiens, Franz J. (1880-1942)|F. J. Wiens]] in 1911. The KMB Conference established a work in Mongolia in 1924. The [[Mennonite Board of Missions (Mennonite Church)|Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]] entered China after World War II in 1948. The total membership of all the Mennonite churches in China in 1950 was probably less than 10,000.
-==Japaɲ=
+==Japan==
 Mennonites did not enter [[Japan|Japan]] until after World War II. Then in rapid succession the Mennonite Church (MC), 1949, the General Conference Mennonite Church, 1950, and the Mennonite Brethren Church in 1950 entered. The first Japanese Mennonites (12) were baptized in the Mennonite Church mission in [[Hokkaido (Japan) |Hokkaido]] in 1951.
-==Asiatic Russia= Meanwhile Mennonites from the older colonies in European Russia began to migrate to [[Asiatic Russia|Asiatic Russia]]. The first group settled in [[Turkestan|Turkestan]] 150 miles (250 km) northeast of [[Tashkent (Toshkent Province, Uzbekistan)|Tashkent]] in 1880-1881, establishing a colony which lasted at least until 1930. The total number never exceeded 1,500 souls. The migration into what is known as [[Siberia (Russia)|Siberia]] began in 1899 and resulted in the establishment of large and prosperous colonies in the region of [[Omsk (Siberia, Russia)|Omsk]] and [[Slavgorod Mennonite Settlement (Siberia, Russia)|Slavgorod]]-Barnaul before World War I. After World War I in 1926 a small colony was established in the Far East on the Amur River border of Manchuria near Blagoveshchensk. Increasing pressure led to the liquidation of most of this colony by flight into Manchuria (Harbin) in 1930, from which ultimately (1931-1933) all emigrated either to [[California (USA)|California]] ([[Reedley (California, USA)|Reedley]]) or to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], with a few reaching [[Brazil|Brazil]]. A smaller number fled from western [[Russia|Russia]] across the Siberian border into "Sinkiang province, finally reaching Shanghai and emigrating to California in 1949. One family of the Sinkiang group crossed the Himalayas into India, joining the Mennonite Brethren mission there. The western Siberian Mennonite colonies still exist in modified form, having apparently suffered the least of any of the Mennonite settlements in Russia.
+==Asiatic Russia==
 ==Mennonite Relief Work in Asia==
 The [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] entered the Far East with its relief work first in India (1944-1950), then China (1945-1950) with the [[Hong Kong (China) |Hong Kong]] relief unit operating until 1952, then the [[Philippines|Philippines]] (1946-50), Japan (1948- ), Java (1949- ), and [[Taiwan|Taiwan]] (1950- ). Far Eastern Headquarters were established at Hong Kong in 1950. The peak number of workers in Asia was in 1949 with an average of 65.
-==Mennonite Membership in Asia== The maximum total baptized Mennonite membership in Asia, including both mission churches and Russian Mennonite settlements in 1925 was an estimated 60,000 distributed as fellows: Java and Sumatra 10,000, India 20,000, China 10,000, Turkestan and Siberia 20,000. In 1950 the number was probably less than 45,000 because of heavy losses in China and Asiatic Russia. The maximum number of Mennonite missionaries in Asia was reached about 1935 with nearly 150 persons, all but six North Americans. In 2006 the total population in Asia and the Pacific was 240,000 as listed in the table below.
+==Mennonite Membership in Asia==
 The maximum total baptized Mennonite membership in Asia, including both mission churches and Russian Mennonite settlements in 1925 was an estimated 60,000 distributed as fellows: Java and Sumatra 10,000, India 20,000, China 10,000, Turkestan and Siberia 20,000. In 1950 the number was probably less than 45,000 because of heavy losses in China and Asiatic Russia. The maximum number of Mennonite missionaries in Asia was reached about 1935 with nearly 150 persons, all but six North Americans. In 2006 the total population in Asia and the Pacific was 240,000 as listed in the table below.
 = Additional Information =
 {|  class="wikitable"

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:32, 26 June 2019
(No difference)

@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 </td> <td align="right">28
-</td> </tr>  </table> [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/PDF-PPT/2006mbictotal.pdf Mennonite World Conference]2006 figures
+</td> </tr>  </table> [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/PDF-PPT/2006mbictotal.pdf Mennonite World Conference ]2006 figures
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 176-177|date=1955|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 See also [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]; [[Hong Kong (China) |Hong Kong]]; [[India|India]]; [[Indonesia|Indonesia]]; [[Japan|Japan]]; [[Cambodia|Cambodia]]; [[Korea, Republic of|Korea]]; [[Laos|Laos]]; [[Nepal|Nepal]]; [[Pakistan|Pakistan]]; [[Philippines|Philippines]]; [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]; [[Taiwan|Taiwan]]; [[Thailand|Thailand]]; [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]; [[Vietnam|Vietnam]]; [[Work Camps, Asia|Work Camps]]
 = Additional Information =
 <table class="plain">  <tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Membership</th> <th>Organized
@@ Line 102: / Line 100: @@
 </td> </tr>  </table> [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/PDF-PPT/2006mbictotal.pdf Mennonite World Conference]2006 figures
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 176-177|date=1955|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last=|a2_first=}}