Literature, Mennonites in -- Netherlands - Revision history

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The role which the Mennonites and other groups spiritually related to them have filled in Dutch literature has been a dual one, on the one hand active and on the other hand passive. On the one hand numerous poets and writers of varying significance have come from their circles, and on the other hand the group has constituted on the passive side an object of discussion in literature, a discussion which has consisted chiefly of contumely and derision.

The role which the Mennonites and other groups spiritually related to them have filled in Dutch literature has been a dual one, on the one hand active and on the other hand passive. On the one hand numerous poets and writers of varying significance have come from their circles, and on the other hand the group has constituted on the passive side an object of discussion in literature, a discussion which has consisted chiefly of contumely and derision.

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<h3>Writings by Mennonites</h3> The creative literary activity of Dutch Mennonites begins with the very earliest [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] documents from the times of persecution and martyrdom in the 16th century. In these stirring, at times deeply moving, and always very personal testimonies of human suffering, of devotion to husband and wife and children, of the torturing concern of the future of loved ones, and of the calm and unshakable devotion to faith and readiness to suffer which rises high above all suffering and thinking, we often come suddenly upon a childlike-pure, ingenuous beauty which the writer did not consciously strive for and of which he very likely was wholly unconscious. Consider for instance the letters of [[Hendrik Verstralen (d. 1571)|Hendrik Verstralen]] (1571) and [[Maeyken Wens (d. 1573)|Maeyken Wens]] (1573), or the little song by the former, or the warlike, somewhat heavy, trumpet song of [[Anneken Jans (d. 1571)|Anneken Jans]], the impetuous, passionate pupil of [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]], or the song by Margriet and Janneken, who were cast into the Scheldt River after they had been brought secretly to [[Antwerp (Belgium)|Antwerp]] and condemned to death, or many of the martyr stories and martyr hymns. The ancient documents produced by these martyrs (letters, testaments, farewells, confessions of faith, etc.) were collected and published in a volume called [[Offer des Heeren, Het|Het Offer des Heeren]] which appeared in 1562 for the first time, and to which a [[Lietboecxken, tracterende van den Offer des Heeren, Een|Lietboecxken]] was added beginning with the edition of 1563. The entire volume was reprinted in 1904 by [[Cramer, Samuel (1842-1913)|Samuel Cramer]] as the second part of [[Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica|Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica]]. The Offer des Heeren is not only a collection of valuable historical material, not only a worthy and precious monument to the suffering of the first Anabaptists; it also contains a treasury of literary beauty, concerning which literary historians such as Kalff and Prinsen and the severe critic Busken Huet, as well as the theologians de Hoop Scheffer, Cramer, Kühler, and Knappert, are quite agreed. The large Martelaers-Spiegel (~~~~[[Martyrs' Mirror|Martyrs' Mirror]]~~~~) by [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|T. J. van Braght]], which appeared in 1660, was a continuation and expansion of the older martyr book.
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<h3>Writings by Mennonites</h3> The creative literary activity of Dutch Mennonites begins with the very earliest [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] documents from the times of persecution and martyrdom in the 16th century. In these stirring, at times deeply moving, and always very personal testimonies of human suffering, of devotion to husband and wife and children, of the torturing concern of the future of loved ones, and of the calm and unshakable devotion to faith and readiness to suffer which rises high above all suffering and thinking, we often come suddenly upon a childlike-pure, ingenuous beauty which the writer did not consciously strive for and of which he very likely was wholly unconscious. Consider for instance the letters of [[Hendrik Verstralen (d. 1571)|Hendrik Verstralen]] (1571) and [[Maeyken Wens (d. 1573)|Maeyken Wens]] (1573), or the little song by the former, or the warlike, somewhat heavy, trumpet song of [[Anneken Jans (d. 1571)|Anneken Jans]], the impetuous, passionate pupil of [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]], or the song by Margriet and Janneken, who were cast into the Scheldt River after they had been brought secretly to [[Antwerp (Belgium)|Antwerp]] and condemned to death, or many of the martyr stories and martyr hymns. The ancient documents produced by these martyrs (letters, testaments, farewells, confessions of faith, etc.) were collected and published in a volume called [[Offer des Heeren, Het|Het Offer des Heeren]] which appeared in 1562 for the first time, and to which a [[Lietboecxken, tracterende van den Offer des Heeren, Een|Lietboecxken]] was added beginning with the edition of 1563. The entire volume was reprinted in 1904 by [[Cramer, Samuel (1842-1913)|Samuel Cramer]] as the second part of [[Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica|Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica]]. The Offer des Heeren is not only a collection of valuable historical material, not only a worthy and precious monument to the suffering of the first Anabaptists; it also contains a treasury of literary beauty, concerning which literary historians such as Kalff and Prinsen and the severe critic Busken Huet, as well as the theologians de Hoop Scheffer, Cramer, Kühler, and Knappert, are quite agreed. The large Martelaers-Spiegel ([[Martyrs' Mirror|Martyrs' Mirror]]) by [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|T. J. van Braght]], which appeared in 1660, was a continuation and expansion of the older martyr book.

Of the multitude of songbooks the following should be mentioned as the most significant and best known: the [[Geestelijck Liedt-Boecxken|Geestelijck Liedt-Boecxken]] by David Joris which contains songs of 1529-1536 and in particular the song, already mentioned, by Anneken Jans (the only extant copy is in the royal library in The Hague); the [[Lietboeck, inhoudende Schriftuerlijcke Vermaen Liederen|Lietboeck]] (1582) by Hans de Ries, the Waterlander preacher of [[Alkmaar (Noord Holland, Netherlands)|Alkmaar]], in which appeared a translation of "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" which is praised by Kalff; [[Nieu Liedenboeck, Een|Een nieu Liedenboeck]] (1560, 1562) and [[Veelderhande Liedekens|Veelderhande Liedekens]] (1560, 1569), both thoroughly discussed by Kalff.

Of the multitude of songbooks the following should be mentioned as the most significant and best known: the [[Geestelijck Liedt-Boecxken|Geestelijck Liedt-Boecxken]] by David Joris which contains songs of 1529-1536 and in particular the song, already mentioned, by Anneken Jans (the only extant copy is in the royal library in The Hague); the [[Lietboeck, inhoudende Schriftuerlijcke Vermaen Liederen|Lietboeck]] (1582) by Hans de Ries, the Waterlander preacher of [[Alkmaar (Noord Holland, Netherlands)|Alkmaar]], in which appeared a translation of "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" which is praised by Kalff; [[Nieu Liedenboeck, Een|Een nieu Liedenboeck]] (1560, 1562) and [[Veelderhande Liedekens|Veelderhande Liedekens]] (1560, 1569), both thoroughly discussed by Kalff.

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In concluding the first part of this survey mention should be made of [[Gorter, Simon (1838-1871)|Simon Gorter]] (1838-1871), a friend of de Hoop Scheffer, pastor in [[Aalsmeer (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Aalsmeer]] and Wormerveer, journalist and author of excellent literary essays (Letterkundige Studien, 1871) and novels; Christiaan Nicolaas Wybrands, pastor in Enschedé, author of a history of the Amsterdam stage from 1617 to 1772 (1873), Tooneelstudien (1889), and of a valuable and richly documented study entitled Het Menniste Zusje (Zondagsbode, 1902-1903, 1914, second edition); the latter's gifted brother Aemilius Willem Wybrands (1838-1886), pastor at [[Edam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Edam]], Hoorn, and Leiden and church historian, noted for his research in the ecclesiastical drama of the Middle Ages (1861); the Haarlem pastor and religious poet, Jeronimo de Vries Jr. (1838-1915), highly esteemed for his gifts as a preacher; the pastor and author [[Dyserinck, Johannes (1835-1912)|Johannes Dyserinck]] (1835-1912), who published numerous articles and several books dealing primarily with Dutch writers and artists of the 18th and 19th centuries (Wolff and Deken, Bellamy, Beets, Bosboom-Toussaint, Pierson, Winkler Prins), [[Boekenoogen, Gerrit Jacob (1868-1930)|G. J. Boekenoogen]] (1870-1930), the author of a study of the portraits of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]].

In concluding the first part of this survey mention should be made of [[Gorter, Simon (1838-1871)|Simon Gorter]] (1838-1871), a friend of de Hoop Scheffer, pastor in [[Aalsmeer (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Aalsmeer]] and Wormerveer, journalist and author of excellent literary essays (Letterkundige Studien, 1871) and novels; Christiaan Nicolaas Wybrands, pastor in Enschedé, author of a history of the Amsterdam stage from 1617 to 1772 (1873), Tooneelstudien (1889), and of a valuable and richly documented study entitled Het Menniste Zusje (Zondagsbode, 1902-1903, 1914, second edition); the latter's gifted brother Aemilius Willem Wybrands (1838-1886), pastor at [[Edam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Edam]], Hoorn, and Leiden and church historian, noted for his research in the ecclesiastical drama of the Middle Ages (1861); the Haarlem pastor and religious poet, Jeronimo de Vries Jr. (1838-1915), highly esteemed for his gifts as a preacher; the pastor and author [[Dyserinck, Johannes (1835-1912)|Johannes Dyserinck]] (1835-1912), who published numerous articles and several books dealing primarily with Dutch writers and artists of the 18th and 19th centuries (Wolff and Deken, Bellamy, Beets, Bosboom-Toussaint, Pierson, Winkler Prins), [[Boekenoogen, Gerrit Jacob (1868-1930)|G. J. Boekenoogen]] (1870-1930), the author of a study of the portraits of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]].

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Among 20th century Mennonite authors of short stories, all dealing with Mennonite history, are to be mentioned [[Schuurmans, Harmannus (1867-1942)|Pastor Hermanus Schuurmans]] (1867-1942), author of Van de Oude Garde (1907), Leendert Hansma (1861-1940), who published a number of sketches in several issues of the [[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|~~Doopsgezind~~ ]][[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|Jaarboekje]], [[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|W. J. Kühler]] (1874-1946), whose fine tales, "Gesprek met Menno" and "Het vrouwtje van Gouda," are found in [[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|Doopsgezinde Bijdragen]] of 1905 and 1907, [[Bakels, Herman (1871-1952)|Herman Bakels]] (1871-1952), who in four papers published in the Doopsgezinde Bijdragen of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1904, later collected in book form, Het Volk van Menno (1908), well mingled history and fiction, and [[Schuursma, Roelof (b. 1871)|Pastor R. Schuursma]] (b. 1870), author of Van Elisabeth, die een bagijntje was (1921). David Tomkins (pen name of J. W. N. le Heux) wrote sketches and poems for Dutch periodicals. Some Mennonite pastors, e.g., J. D. van Calcar and Miss W. C. Jolles, published a number of Biblical plays; J. E. Tuininga is the author of a Christmas play. Miss J. E. Kuiper's Bijbel voor de Jeugd (3rd ed., Amsterdam, 1951) is an outstanding work giving the essential Bible content in paraphrasing adapted to adolescents. Note also her Van Gods Geslacht, Karakters uit den Bijbel (Amsterdam, 1926, in collaboration with Prof. Ph. Kohnstamm). Her De Zangers van den Prins (Amsterdam, 1951) is a story for youth from the time of the beginning of the Eighty Years' War.
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Among 20th century Mennonite authors of short stories, all dealing with Mennonite history, are to be mentioned [[Schuurmans, Harmannus (1867-1942)|Pastor Hermanus Schuurmans]] (1867-1942), author of Van de Oude Garde (1907), Leendert Hansma (1861-1940), who published a number of sketches in several issues of the [[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|Doopsgezind ]][[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|Jaarboekje]], [[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|W. J. Kühler]] (1874-1946), whose fine tales, "Gesprek met Menno" and "Het vrouwtje van Gouda," are found in [[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|Doopsgezinde Bijdragen]] of 1905 and 1907, [[Bakels, Herman (1871-1952)|Herman Bakels]] (1871-1952), who in four papers published in the Doopsgezinde Bijdragen of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1904, later collected in book form, Het Volk van Menno (1908), well mingled history and fiction, and [[Schuursma, Roelof (b. 1871)|Pastor R. Schuursma]] (b. 1870), author of Van Elisabeth, die een bagijntje was (1921). David Tomkins (pen name of J. W. N. le Heux) wrote sketches and poems for Dutch periodicals. Some Mennonite pastors, e.g., J. D. van Calcar and Miss W. C. Jolles, published a number of Biblical plays; J. E. Tuininga is the author of a Christmas play. Miss J. E. Kuiper's Bijbel voor de Jeugd (3rd ed., Amsterdam, 1951) is an outstanding work giving the essential Bible content in paraphrasing adapted to adolescents. Note also her Van Gods Geslacht, Karakters uit den Bijbel (Amsterdam, 1926, in collaboration with Prof. Ph. Kohnstamm). Her De Zangers van den Prins (Amsterdam, 1951) is a story for youth from the time of the beginning of the Eighty Years' War.

[[Bonga, Lykele (1892-1952)|Pastor Lykele Bonga]] (1892-1952) published a volume of poems Als Glas in Load (1938) and Pastor Andries Lucas Broer (born 1900) three collections: Open Vensters (1929), Langs Uwe wegen (1936), and Er Staat een Ploeg (1942).

[[Bonga, Lykele (1892-1952)|Pastor Lykele Bonga]] (1892-1952) published a volume of poems Als Glas in Load (1938) and Pastor Andries Lucas Broer (born 1900) three collections: Open Vensters (1929), Langs Uwe wegen (1936), and Er Staat een Ploeg (1942).

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Haarebomee, P. J. Spreekwoordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (1858, 1861, 1870).

Haarebomee, P. J. Spreekwoordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (1858, 1861, 1870).

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Hartog, J. "Iets van de publieke openie over de Doopsgezinden in het midden der 18de eeuw." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen~~~~ (1867).
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Hartog, J. "Iets van de publieke openie over de Doopsgezinden in het midden der 18de eeuw." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1867).

Hartog, J. "Uit het leven van een tijdschrift." De Gids (1877).

Hartog, J. "Uit het leven van een tijdschrift." De Gids (1877).

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Camphuysen, D. Rzn. Bloemlezing uit zijn gedichten, met inleiding door Dr. J. C. van der Does. 1934.

Camphuysen, D. Rzn. Bloemlezing uit zijn gedichten, met inleiding door Dr. J. C. van der Does. 1934.

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Camphuysen, D. Rzn. Vitgelezen stichtelijhe rijmen, met eene inleiding . . . door Dr. J. van Vloten (1861), Klassiek Letterh. Pantheon~~~~.~~~~
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Camphuysen, D. Rzn. Vitgelezen stichtelijhe rijmen, met eene inleiding . . . door Dr. J. van Vloten (1861), Klassiek Letterh. Pantheon.

Coster, D. Verzameld Proza. 1927.

Coster, D. Verzameld Proza. 1927.

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Heeroma, K. H. Poëzie van de 16de en 17de eeuw (Bibl. der Nederl. Letteren, 1940 and 1950).

Heeroma, K. H. Poëzie van de 16de en 17de eeuw (Bibl. der Nederl. Letteren, 1940 and 1950).

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Heeroma, K. H. "Dopers Dichterschap." LinkTijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde 68,~~ ~~1 (1950) and Maandblad v. Socialism en Democratic (February 1953)
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Heeroma, K. H. "Dopers Dichterschap." LinkTijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde 68, 1 (1950) and Maandblad v. Socialism en Democratic (February 1953)

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 669-672.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 669-672.

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Another writer belonging to the same literary period of the rhetoricians (Rederijkers) who has often been classed as a Mennonite was Roemer Visscher (1547-1620), the author of Brabbelingh and Sinnepoppen (both 1614), which are neither poetic nor ingenious, but are only moralistic pieces in prose to accompany a series of symbolical copper etchings by Claes Jzn. Visscher. There is, however, no adequate ground for his classification as a Mennonite. Some consider him to have been a liberal Catholic while others hold that he was a Calvinist with a tendency toward libertinism.

Another writer belonging to the same literary period of the rhetoricians (Rederijkers) who has often been classed as a Mennonite was Roemer Visscher (1547-1620), the author of Brabbelingh and Sinnepoppen (both 1614), which are neither poetic nor ingenious, but are only moralistic pieces in prose to accompany a series of symbolical copper etchings by Claes Jzn. Visscher. There is, however, no adequate ground for his classification as a Mennonite. Some consider him to have been a liberal Catholic while others hold that he was a Calvinist with a tendency toward libertinism.

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[[Pietersz, Pieter (1574-1651)|Pieter Pietersz]] (1574-1651), a Mennonite minister at De Rijp and later at [[Zaandam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Zaandam]], was the author of a noteworthy book, Wegh na Vredenstadt (Road to the City of Peace). Among the "travels to eternity" of which Bonaventura's De Septem Itineribus Aeternitatis may have been the archetype, Pietersz' book is an interesting specimen. This book, published first ca.~~ ~~1625 and followed by seven other Dutch editions, has also been translated into German. Gerrit Honig and [[Friedmann, Robert (1891-1970)|Robert Friedmann]] are of the opinion that John Bunyan's famous Pilgrim's Progress (1678) was largely influenced by Wegh na Vredenstadt. [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]] and [[Niclaes, Hendrik (1502-1580)|Hendrick Niclaes]], Dat geestlicke Landt der Beloften, dealt with the same theme.
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[[Pietersz, Pieter (1574-1651)|Pieter Pietersz]] (1574-1651), a Mennonite minister at De Rijp and later at [[Zaandam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Zaandam]], was the author of a noteworthy book, Wegh na Vredenstadt (Road to the City of Peace). Among the "travels to eternity" of which Bonaventura's De Septem Itineribus Aeternitatis may have been the archetype, Pietersz' book is an interesting specimen. This book, published first ca. 1625 and followed by seven other Dutch editions, has also been translated into German. Gerrit Honig and [[Friedmann, Robert (1891-1970)|Robert Friedmann]] are of the opinion that John Bunyan's famous Pilgrim's Progress (1678) was largely influenced by Wegh na Vredenstadt. [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]] and [[Niclaes, Hendrik (1502-1580)|Hendrick Niclaes]], Dat geestlicke Landt der Beloften, dealt with the same theme.

Joost van den Vondel (1587-1679), the great master of the Golden Age of Dutch literature, was of Mennonite ancestry, both from his father's side and his mother's side. His father, a milliner (hoedstoffeerder) by trade, had been persecuted in Antwerp because of his Mennonite faith, like the parents of Vondel's mother, and had fled to Cologne, where the poet was born. Later the father with his family migrated by way of [[Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen, Germany)|Bremen]] to Holland, settling in Amsterdam in 1597 as a hosiery merchant. His gifted son, at first a faithful Mennonite and even in 1616-1620 a deacon in the Waterlander congregation which met in the church "[[Lamist Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Netherlands)|bij den Toren]]" (tower), and a close friend of many of its preachers, united with the Catholic Church in 1641. The grounds for this spiritual migration are to be sought perhaps first of all in the very human longing for a religion with compelling and unshakable authority, but also in the desire of the poet for mystical experience, and probably as well in the deep disillusionment which he experienced as the result of the unedifying quarrel between Hans de Ries and [[Obbes, Nittert (ca. 1581-ca. 1636)|Nittert Obbesz]] which confused the Mennonite church in Amsterdam in 1624-1627, and against which he wrote his poem "Antidotum" (1626). Vondel's drama Gijsbreght van Aemstel (1637) was a harbinger of this inner change, for it is already full of Catholic atmosphere. Many of his later works can be considered a literary defense of his new-won faith; for instance, the dramas Maeghden (1639), Peter en Pauwels (1641), Maria Stuart (1646), the poems Brieven van der Heilighe Maeghden (1642) and Eeuwgetij der Heilige Stede te Amsterdam, and an ecclesiastical-didactic, rather prosaic poem in three books, entitled Altaergeheimenissen (both written in 1645), Johannes de Boetgesant (1662, 6 books), and De heerlyckheit der Kercke (1663, 3 books). Vondel wrote two beautiful poems for the dedication of the Remonstrant church in Amsterdam (1630). Unfortunately very little evidence appears in Vondel's writings of his earlier faith, concerning which he says in his poem Toetssteen (1650) that he was bound to it in his youth only because it was an inherited doctrine for him (door errefleer). A few traces however are found, chiefly in the scattered verses which he composed for the etched portraits of several well-known Mennonite preachers, Hans de Ries, [[Anslo, Cornelis Claesz (1592-1646)|Cornelis Anslo]], both of whom he esteemed highly (the latter etching was one by Rembrandt of 1641), [[Gerritsz, Lubbert (1534-1612)|Lubbert Gerritsz]], and Antonius Roscius, to whom he dedicated two poems.

Joost van den Vondel (1587-1679), the great master of the Golden Age of Dutch literature, was of Mennonite ancestry, both from his father's side and his mother's side. His father, a milliner (hoedstoffeerder) by trade, had been persecuted in Antwerp because of his Mennonite faith, like the parents of Vondel's mother, and had fled to Cologne, where the poet was born. Later the father with his family migrated by way of [[Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen, Germany)|Bremen]] to Holland, settling in Amsterdam in 1597 as a hosiery merchant. His gifted son, at first a faithful Mennonite and even in 1616-1620 a deacon in the Waterlander congregation which met in the church "[[Lamist Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Netherlands)|bij den Toren]]" (tower), and a close friend of many of its preachers, united with the Catholic Church in 1641. The grounds for this spiritual migration are to be sought perhaps first of all in the very human longing for a religion with compelling and unshakable authority, but also in the desire of the poet for mystical experience, and probably as well in the deep disillusionment which he experienced as the result of the unedifying quarrel between Hans de Ries and [[Obbes, Nittert (ca. 1581-ca. 1636)|Nittert Obbesz]] which confused the Mennonite church in Amsterdam in 1624-1627, and against which he wrote his poem "Antidotum" (1626). Vondel's drama Gijsbreght van Aemstel (1637) was a harbinger of this inner change, for it is already full of Catholic atmosphere. Many of his later works can be considered a literary defense of his new-won faith; for instance, the dramas Maeghden (1639), Peter en Pauwels (1641), Maria Stuart (1646), the poems Brieven van der Heilighe Maeghden (1642) and Eeuwgetij der Heilige Stede te Amsterdam, and an ecclesiastical-didactic, rather prosaic poem in three books, entitled Altaergeheimenissen (both written in 1645), Johannes de Boetgesant (1662, 6 books), and De heerlyckheit der Kercke (1663, 3 books). Vondel wrote two beautiful poems for the dedication of the Remonstrant church in Amsterdam (1630). Unfortunately very little evidence appears in Vondel's writings of his earlier faith, concerning which he says in his poem Toetssteen (1650) that he was bound to it in his youth only because it was an inherited doctrine for him (door errefleer). A few traces however are found, chiefly in the scattered verses which he composed for the etched portraits of several well-known Mennonite preachers, Hans de Ries, [[Anslo, Cornelis Claesz (1592-1646)|Cornelis Anslo]], both of whom he esteemed highly (the latter etching was one by Rembrandt of 1641), [[Gerritsz, Lubbert (1534-1612)|Lubbert Gerritsz]], and Antonius Roscius, to whom he dedicated two poems.

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Cramer, Samuel. "Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van ons kerklied." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1900, 1902).

Cramer, Samuel. "Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van ons kerklied." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1900, 1902).

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Cramer, Samuel.~~ ~~"Het eigenhandig laatst adieu van Maeyken Wens aan haar kind." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1904).
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Cramer, Samuel. "Het eigenhandig laatst adieu van Maeyken Wens aan haar kind." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1904).

Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1916).

Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1916).

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Dyserinck, Johannes. Hulde aan Betje Wolff (1884).

Dyserinck, Johannes. Hulde aan Betje Wolff (1884).

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Dyserinck, Johannes.~~ ~~"Van en over Betje Wolff." De Gids (3:1884).
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Dyserinck, Johannes. "Van en over Betje Wolff." De Gids (3:1884).

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Dyserinck, Johannes.~~ ~~"Wolff en Deken." De Gids (4: 1892).
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Dyserinck, Johannes. "Wolff en Deken." De Gids (4: 1892).

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Dyserinck, Johannes.~~ ~~"In de Beemster pastorie." De Gids (1: 1903).
+
Dyserinck, Johannes. "In de Beemster pastorie." De Gids (1: 1903).

Eeghen, P. van and J. Ph. van der Kellen. Het werk van Jan en Caspar Luyken. 1905.

Eeghen, P. van and J. Ph. van der Kellen. Het werk van Jan en Caspar Luyken. 1905.

Line 115: Line 115:

Hartog, J. "Iets van de publieke openie over de Doopsgezinden in het midden der 18de eeuw." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1867).

Hartog, J. "Iets van de publieke openie over de Doopsgezinden in het midden der 18de eeuw." Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1867).

−
Hartog, J.~~ ~~"Uit het leven van een tijdschrift." De Gids (1877).
+
Hartog, J. "Uit het leven van een tijdschrift." De Gids (1877).

Hartog, J. De spectatoriale geschriften van 1741-1800. 2nd ed., 1890.

Hartog, J. De spectatoriale geschriften van 1741-1800. 2nd ed., 1890.

Line 179: Line 179:

Zijpp, Nanne van der. Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Nederland. 1952.

Zijpp, Nanne van der. Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Nederland. 1952.

−
Zijpp, Nanne van der.~~ ~~"Wolff en Deken in de kerkelijke situatie van hun tijd." Boeket voor Betje en Aagje (1954).
+
Zijpp, Nanne van der. "Wolff en Deken in de kerkelijke situatie van hun tijd." Boeket voor Betje en Aagje (1954).

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 354-360; vol. 4, p. 1146|date=1956|a1_last=Jeltes|a1_first=H. F. W.|a2_last=van der Zijpp|a2_first=Nanne}}

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 354-360; vol. 4, p. 1146|date=1956|a1_last=Jeltes|a1_first=H. F. W.|a2_last=van der Zijpp|a2_first=Nanne}}

RichardThiessen: Text replace - "Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. " to "Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. "

2014-01-20T01:10:57Z

Text replace - "Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. " to "Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. "

← Older revision Revision as of 01:10, 20 January 2014
Line 123: Line 123:

Heeroma, K. H. "Dopers Dichterschap." LinkTijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde 68, 1 (1950) and Maandblad v. Socialism en Democratic (February 1953)

Heeroma, K. H. "Dopers Dichterschap." LinkTijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde 68, 1 (1950) and Maandblad v. Socialism en Democratic (February 1953)

−
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967:~~~~ v. ~~~~II, 669-672.
+
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 669-672.

Hoeven, A. van der. Lambert ten Kate. 1896.

Hoeven, A. van der. Lambert ten Kate. 1896.

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 In concluding the first part of this survey mention should be made of [[Gorter, Simon (1838-1871)|Simon Gorter]] (1838-1871), a friend of de Hoop Scheffer, pastor in [[Aalsmeer (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Aalsmeer]] and Wormerveer, journalist and author of excellent literary essays <em>(Letterkundige Studien, </em>1871) and novels; Christiaan Nicolaas Wybrands, pastor in Enschedé, author of a history of the Amsterdam stage from 1617 to 1772 (1873), <em>Tooneelstudien </em>(1889), and of a valuable and richly documented study entitled <em>Het Menniste Zusje (Zondagsbode, </em>1902-1903, 1914, second edition); the latter's gifted brother Aemilius Willem Wybrands (1838-1886), pastor at [[Edam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Edam]], Hoorn, and Leiden and church historian, noted for his research in the ecclesiastical drama of the Middle Ages (1861); the Haarlem pastor and religious poet, Jeronimo de Vries Jr. (1838-1915), highly esteemed for his gifts as a preacher; the pastor and author [[Dyserinck, Johannes (1835-1912)|Johannes Dyserinck]] (1835-1912), who published numerous articles and several books dealing primarily with Dutch writers and artists of the 18th and 19th centuries (Wolff and Deken, Bellamy, Beets, Bosboom-Toussaint, Pierson, Winkler Prins), [[Boekenoogen, Gerrit Jacob (1868-1930)|G. J. Boekenoogen]] (1870-1930), the author of a study of the portraits of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]].
-Among 20th century Mennonite authors of short stories, all dealing with Mennonite history, are to be mentioned [[Schuurmans, Harmannus (1867-1942)|Pastor Hermanus Schuurmans]] (1867-1942), author of <em>Van de Oude Garde </em>(1907), Leendert Hansma (1861-1940), who published a number of sketches in several issues of the [[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|<em>Doopsgezind  </em>]]<em>[[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|Jaarboekje]], </em>[[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|W. J. Kühler]] (1874-1946), whose fine tales, "Gesprek met Menno" and "Het vrouwtje van Gouda," are found in <em>[[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|Doopsgezinde Bijdragen]] </em>of 1905 and 1907, [[Bakels, Herman (1871-1952)|Herman Bakels]] (1871-1952), who in four papers published in the <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen </em>of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1904, later collected in book form, <em>Het Volk van Menno </em>(1908), well mingled history and fiction, and [[Schuursma, Roelof (b. 1871)|Pastor R. Schuursma]] (b. 1870), author of <em>Van Elisabeth, die een bagijntje was </em>(1921). David Tomkins (pen name of J. W. N. le Heux) wrote sketches and poems for Dutch periodicals. Some Mennonite pastors, e.g., J. D. van Calcar and Miss W. C. Jolles, published a number of Biblical plays; J. E. Tuininga is the author of a Christmas play. Miss J. E. Kuiper's <em>Bijbel voor de Jeugd </em>(3rd ed., Amsterdam, 1951) is an outstanding work giving the essential Bible content in paraphrasing adapted to adolescents. Note also her <em>Van Gods Geslacht, Karakters uit den Bijbel </em>(Amsterdam, 1926, in collaboration with Prof. Ph. Kohnstamm). Her <em>De Zangers van den Prins </em>(Amsterdam, 1951) is a story for youth from the time of the beginning of the Eighty Years' War.
+Among 20th century Mennonite authors of short stories, all dealing with Mennonite history, are to be mentioned [[Schuurmans, Harmannus (1867-1942)|Pastor Hermanus Schuurmans]] (1867-1942), author of <em>Van de Oude Garde </em>(1907), Leendert Hansma (1861-1940), who published a number of sketches in several issues of the [[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|<em>Doopsgezind  </em>]]<em>[[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|Jaarboekje]], </em>[[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|W. J. Kühler]] (1874-1946), whose fine tales, "Gesprek met Menno" and "Het vrouwtje van Gouda," are found in <em>[[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|Doopsgezinde Bijdragen]] </em>of 1905 and 1907, [[Bakels, Herman (1871-1952)|Herman Bakels]] (1871-1952), who in four papers published in the <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen </em>of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1904, later collected in book form, <em>Het Volk van Menno </em>(1908), well mingled history and fiction, and [[Schuursma, Roelof (1870-1960)|Pastor R. Schuursma]] (b. 1870), author of <em>Van Elisabeth, die een bagijntje was </em>(1921). David Tomkins (pen name of J. W. N. le Heux) wrote sketches and poems for Dutch periodicals. Some Mennonite pastors, e.g., J. D. van Calcar and Miss W. C. Jolles, published a number of Biblical plays; J. E. Tuininga is the author of a Christmas play. Miss J. E. Kuiper's <em>Bijbel voor de Jeugd </em>(3rd ed., Amsterdam, 1951) is an outstanding work giving the essential Bible content in paraphrasing adapted to adolescents. Note also her <em>Van Gods Geslacht, Karakters uit den Bijbel </em>(Amsterdam, 1926, in collaboration with Prof. Ph. Kohnstamm). Her <em>De Zangers van den Prins </em>(Amsterdam, 1951) is a story for youth from the time of the beginning of the Eighty Years' War.
 [[Bonga, Lykele (1892-1952)|Pastor Lykele Bonga]] (1892-1952) published a volume of poems <em>Als Glas in Load </em>(1938) and Pastor Andries Lucas Broer (born 1900) three collections: <em>Open Vensters </em>(1929), <em>Langs Uwe wegen </em>(1936), and <em>Er Staat een Ploeg </em>(1942).

@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 Friedmann, Robert. ''Mennonite Piety Through the Centuries. ''Goshen: Mennonite Historical Society, 1949.
-Haan, Galenus Abrahamsz de. ''Verdediging der Doopsgezinden. ''1699.
+Haan, Galenus Abrahamsz de. ''Verdediging der Christenen die Doopsgezinde genaamd worden,: beneffens korte grondstellingen van hun gelove en leere.'' 1699. Available in full electronic text at https://books.google.ca/books?id=HA5iAAAAcAAJ.
 Haarebomee, P. J. ''Spreekwoordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal ''(1858, 1861, 1870).

@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 Heeroma, K. H. "Dopers Dichterschap." <em>    LinkTijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde </em>68, 1 (1950) and <em>Maandblad v. Socialism en Democratic </em>(February 1953)
-Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 669-672.
+Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 669-672.
 Hoeven, A. van der. <em>Lambert ten Kate. </em>1896.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 The role which the Mennonites and other groups spiritually related to them have filled in Dutch literature has been a dual one, on the one hand active and on the other hand passive. On the one hand numerous poets and writers of varying significance have come from their circles, and on the other hand the group has constituted on the passive side an object of discussion in literature, a discussion which has consisted chiefly of contumely and derision.
-<h3>Writings by Mennonites</h3> The creative literary activity of Dutch Mennonites begins with the very earliest [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] documents from the times of persecution and martyrdom in the 16th century. In these stirring, at times deeply moving, and always very personal testimonies of human suffering, of devotion to husband and wife and children, of the torturing concern of the future of loved ones, and of the calm and unshakable devotion to faith and readiness to suffer which rises high above all suffering and thinking, we often come suddenly upon a childlike-pure, ingenuous beauty which the writer did not consciously strive for and of which he very likely was wholly unconscious. Consider for instance the letters of [[Hendrik Verstralen (d. 1571)|Hendrik Verstralen]] (1571) and [[Maeyken Wens (d. 1573)|Maeyken Wens]] (1573), or the little song by the former, or the warlike, somewhat heavy, trumpet song of [[Anneken Jans (d. 1571)|Anneken Jans]], the impetuous, passionate pupil of [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]], or the song by Margriet and Janneken, who were cast into the Scheldt River after they had been brought secretly to [[Antwerp (Belgium)|Antwerp]] and condemned to death, or many of the martyr stories and martyr hymns. The ancient documents produced by these martyrs (letters, testaments, farewells, confessions of faith, etc.) were collected and published in a volume called <em>[[Offer des Heeren, Het|Het Offer des Heeren]] </em>which appeared in 1562 for the first time, and to which a <em>[[Lietboecxken, tracterende van den Offer des Heeren, Een|Lietboecxken]] </em>was added beginning with the edition of 1563. The entire volume was reprinted in 1904 by [[Cramer, Samuel (1842-1913)|Samuel Cramer]] as the second part of <em>[[Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica|Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica]]. </em>The <em>Offer des Heeren </em>is not only a collection of valuable historical material, not only a worthy and precious monument to the suffering of the first Anabaptists; it also contains a treasury of literary beauty, concerning which literary historians such as Kalff and Prinsen and the severe critic Busken Huet, as well as the theologians de Hoop Scheffer, Cramer, Kühler, and Knappert, are quite agreed. The large <em>Martelaers-Spiegel (</em><em>[[Martyrs' Mirror|<em>Martyrs' Mirror</em>]]</em><em>) </em>by [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|T. J. van Braght]], which appeared in 1660, was a continuation and expansion of the older martyr book.
+<h3>Writings by Mennonites</h3> The creative literary activity of Dutch Mennonites begins with the very earliest [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] documents from the times of persecution and martyrdom in the 16th century. In these stirring, at times deeply moving, and always very personal testimonies of human suffering, of devotion to husband and wife and children, of the torturing concern of the future of loved ones, and of the calm and unshakable devotion to faith and readiness to suffer which rises high above all suffering and thinking, we often come suddenly upon a childlike-pure, ingenuous beauty which the writer did not consciously strive for and of which he very likely was wholly unconscious. Consider for instance the letters of [[Hendrik Verstralen (d. 1571)|Hendrik Verstralen]] (1571) and [[Maeyken Wens (d. 1573)|Maeyken Wens]] (1573), or the little song by the former, or the warlike, somewhat heavy, trumpet song of [[Anneken Jans (d. 1571)|Anneken Jans]], the impetuous, passionate pupil of [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]], or the song by Margriet and Janneken, who were cast into the Scheldt River after they had been brought secretly to [[Antwerp (Belgium)|Antwerp]] and condemned to death, or many of the martyr stories and martyr hymns. The ancient documents produced by these martyrs (letters, testaments, farewells, confessions of faith, etc.) were collected and published in a volume called <em>[[Offer des Heeren, Het|Het Offer des Heeren]] </em>which appeared in 1562 for the first time, and to which a <em>[[Lietboecxken, tracterende van den Offer des Heeren, Een|Lietboecxken]] </em>was added beginning with the edition of 1563. The entire volume was reprinted in 1904 by [[Cramer, Samuel (1842-1913)|Samuel Cramer]] as the second part of <em>[[Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica|Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica]]. </em>The <em>Offer des Heeren </em>is not only a collection of valuable historical material, not only a worthy and precious monument to the suffering of the first Anabaptists; it also contains a treasury of literary beauty, concerning which literary historians such as Kalff and Prinsen and the severe critic Busken Huet, as well as the theologians de Hoop Scheffer, Cramer, Kühler, and Knappert, are quite agreed. The large <em>Martelaers-Spiegel ([[Martyrs' Mirror|<em>Martyrs' Mirror</em>]]) </em>by [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|T. J. van Braght]], which appeared in 1660, was a continuation and expansion of the older martyr book.
 Of the multitude of songbooks the following should be mentioned as the most significant and best known: the <em>[[Geestelijck Liedt-Boecxken|Geestelijck Liedt-Boecxken]] </em>by David Joris which contains songs of 1529-1536 and in particular the song, already mentioned, by Anneken Jans (the only extant copy is in the royal library in The Hague); the <em>[[Lietboeck, inhoudende Schriftuerlijcke Vermaen Liederen|Lietboeck]] </em>(1582) by Hans de Ries, the Waterlander preacher of [[Alkmaar (Noord Holland, Netherlands)|Alkmaar]], in which appeared a translation of "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" which is praised by Kalff; <em>[[Nieu Liedenboeck, Een|Een nieu Liedenboeck]] </em>(1560, 1562) and <em>[[Veelderhande Liedekens|Veelderhande Liedekens]] </em>(1560, 1569), both thoroughly discussed by Kalff.
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 In concluding the first part of this survey mention should be made of [[Gorter, Simon (1838-1871)|Simon Gorter]] (1838-1871), a friend of de Hoop Scheffer, pastor in [[Aalsmeer (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Aalsmeer]] and Wormerveer, journalist and author of excellent literary essays <em>(Letterkundige Studien, </em>1871) and novels; Christiaan Nicolaas Wybrands, pastor in Enschedé, author of a history of the Amsterdam stage from 1617 to 1772 (1873), <em>Tooneelstudien </em>(1889), and of a valuable and richly documented study entitled <em>Het Menniste Zusje (Zondagsbode, </em>1902-1903, 1914, second edition); the latter's gifted brother Aemilius Willem Wybrands (1838-1886), pastor at [[Edam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Edam]], Hoorn, and Leiden and church historian, noted for his research in the ecclesiastical drama of the Middle Ages (1861); the Haarlem pastor and religious poet, Jeronimo de Vries Jr. (1838-1915), highly esteemed for his gifts as a preacher; the pastor and author [[Dyserinck, Johannes (1835-1912)|Johannes Dyserinck]] (1835-1912), who published numerous articles and several books dealing primarily with Dutch writers and artists of the 18th and 19th centuries (Wolff and Deken, Bellamy, Beets, Bosboom-Toussaint, Pierson, Winkler Prins), [[Boekenoogen, Gerrit Jacob (1868-1930)|G. J. Boekenoogen]] (1870-1930), the author of a study of the portraits of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]].
-Among 20th century Mennonite authors of short stories, all dealing with Mennonite history, are to be mentioned [[Schuurmans, Harmannus (1867-1942)|Pastor Hermanus Schuurmans]] (1867-1942), author of <em>Van de Oude Garde </em>(1907), Leendert Hansma (1861-1940), who published a number of sketches in several issues of the [[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|<em>Doopsgezind</em><em>  </em>]]<em>[[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|Jaarboekje]], </em>[[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|W. J. Kühler]] (1874-1946), whose fine tales, "Gesprek met Menno" and "Het vrouwtje van Gouda," are found in <em>[[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|Doopsgezinde Bijdragen]] </em>of 1905 and 1907, [[Bakels, Herman (1871-1952)|Herman Bakels]] (1871-1952), who in four papers published in the <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen </em>of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1904, later collected in book form, <em>Het Volk van Menno </em>(1908), well mingled history and fiction, and [[Schuursma, Roelof (b. 1871)|Pastor R. Schuursma]] (b. 1870), author of <em>Van Elisabeth, die een bagijntje was </em>(1921). David Tomkins (pen name of J. W. N. le Heux) wrote sketches and poems for Dutch periodicals. Some Mennonite pastors, e.g., J. D. van Calcar and Miss W. C. Jolles, published a number of Biblical plays; J. E. Tuininga is the author of a Christmas play. Miss J. E. Kuiper's <em>Bijbel voor de Jeugd </em>(3rd ed., Amsterdam, 1951) is an outstanding work giving the essential Bible content in paraphrasing adapted to adolescents. Note also her <em>Van Gods Geslacht, Karakters uit den Bijbel </em>(Amsterdam, 1926, in collaboration with Prof. Ph. Kohnstamm). Her <em>De Zangers van den Prins </em>(Amsterdam, 1951) is a story for youth from the time of the beginning of the Eighty Years' War.
+Among 20th century Mennonite authors of short stories, all dealing with Mennonite history, are to be mentioned [[Schuurmans, Harmannus (1867-1942)|Pastor Hermanus Schuurmans]] (1867-1942), author of <em>Van de Oude Garde </em>(1907), Leendert Hansma (1861-1940), who published a number of sketches in several issues of the [[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|<em>Doopsgezind  </em>]]<em>[[Doopsgezind Jaarboekje|Jaarboekje]], </em>[[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|W. J. Kühler]] (1874-1946), whose fine tales, "Gesprek met Menno" and "Het vrouwtje van Gouda," are found in <em>[[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|Doopsgezinde Bijdragen]] </em>of 1905 and 1907, [[Bakels, Herman (1871-1952)|Herman Bakels]] (1871-1952), who in four papers published in the <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen </em>of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1904, later collected in book form, <em>Het Volk van Menno </em>(1908), well mingled history and fiction, and [[Schuursma, Roelof (b. 1871)|Pastor R. Schuursma]] (b. 1870), author of <em>Van Elisabeth, die een bagijntje was </em>(1921). David Tomkins (pen name of J. W. N. le Heux) wrote sketches and poems for Dutch periodicals. Some Mennonite pastors, e.g., J. D. van Calcar and Miss W. C. Jolles, published a number of Biblical plays; J. E. Tuininga is the author of a Christmas play. Miss J. E. Kuiper's <em>Bijbel voor de Jeugd </em>(3rd ed., Amsterdam, 1951) is an outstanding work giving the essential Bible content in paraphrasing adapted to adolescents. Note also her <em>Van Gods Geslacht, Karakters uit den Bijbel </em>(Amsterdam, 1926, in collaboration with Prof. Ph. Kohnstamm). Her <em>De Zangers van den Prins </em>(Amsterdam, 1951) is a story for youth from the time of the beginning of the Eighty Years' War.
 [[Bonga, Lykele (1892-1952)|Pastor Lykele Bonga]] (1892-1952) published a volume of poems <em>Als Glas in Load </em>(1938) and Pastor Andries Lucas Broer (born 1900) three collections: <em>Open Vensters </em>(1929), <em>Langs Uwe wegen </em>(1936), and <em>Er Staat een Ploeg </em>(1942).
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 Haarebomee, P. J. <em>Spreekwoordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal </em>(1858, 1861, 1870).
-Hartog, J. "Iets van de publieke openie over de Doopsgezinden in het midden der 18de eeuw." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em><em> (</em>1867).
+Hartog, J. "Iets van de publieke openie over de Doopsgezinden in het midden der 18de eeuw." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (</em>1867).
 Hartog, J. "Uit het leven van een tijdschrift." <em>De Gids </em>(1877).

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 Camphuysen, D. Rzn. <em>Bloemlezing uit zijn gedichten,</em> <em>met inleiding door Dr. J. C. van der Does. </em>1934.
-Camphuysen, D. Rzn.  <em>Vitgelezen stichtelijhe rijmen, met eene inleiding </em> . . . <em>door Dr. J. van Vloten </em>(1861), Klassiek Letterh. Pantheon<em>.</em>
+Camphuysen, D. Rzn.  <em>Vitgelezen stichtelijhe rijmen, met eene inleiding </em> . . . <em>door Dr. J. van Vloten </em>(1861), Klassiek Letterh. Pantheon.
 Coster, D.  <em>Verzameld Proza. </em>1927.

@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 Heeroma, K. H.  <em>Poëzie van de 16de en 17de eeuw (Bibl. der Nederl. Letteren, </em>1940 and 1950).
-Heeroma, K. H. "Dopers Dichterschap." <em>    LinkTijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde </em>68,<strong> </strong>1 (1950) and <em>Maandblad v. Socialism en Democratic </em>(February 1953)
+Heeroma, K. H. "Dopers Dichterschap." <em>    LinkTijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde </em>68, 1 (1950) and <em>Maandblad v. Socialism en Democratic </em>(February 1953)
 Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 669-672.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 Another writer belonging to the same literary period of the rhetoricians <em>(Rederijkers) </em>who has often been classed as a Mennonite was Roemer Visscher (1547-1620), the author of <em>Brabbelingh </em>and <em>Sinnepoppen </em>(both 1614), which are neither poetic nor ingenious, but are only moralistic pieces in prose to accompany a series of symbolical copper etchings by Claes Jzn. Visscher. There is, however, no adequate ground for his classification as a Mennonite. Some consider him to have been a liberal Catholic while others hold that he was a Calvinist with a tendency toward libertinism.
-[[Pietersz, Pieter (1574-1651)|Pieter Pietersz]] (1574-1651), a Mennonite minister at De Rijp and later at [[Zaandam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Zaandam]], was the author of a noteworthy book, <em>Wegh na Vredenstadt </em>(Road to the City of Peace). Among the "travels to eternity" of which Bonaventura's <em>De Septem Itineribus Aeternitatis </em>may have been the archetype, Pietersz' book is an interesting specimen. This book, published first ca.<em> </em>1625 and followed by seven other Dutch editions, has also been translated into German. Gerrit Honig and [[Friedmann, Robert (1891-1970)|Robert Friedmann]] are of the opinion that John Bunyan's famous <em>Pilgrim's Progress </em>(1678) was largely influenced by <em>Wegh na Vredenstadt. </em>[[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]] and [[Niclaes, Hendrik (1502-1580)|Hendrick Niclaes]], <em>Dat geestlicke Landt der Beloften, </em>dealt with the same theme.
+[[Pietersz, Pieter (1574-1651)|Pieter Pietersz]] (1574-1651), a Mennonite minister at De Rijp and later at [[Zaandam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Zaandam]], was the author of a noteworthy book, <em>Wegh na Vredenstadt </em>(Road to the City of Peace). Among the "travels to eternity" of which Bonaventura's <em>De Septem Itineribus Aeternitatis </em>may have been the archetype, Pietersz' book is an interesting specimen. This book, published first ca. 1625 and followed by seven other Dutch editions, has also been translated into German. Gerrit Honig and [[Friedmann, Robert (1891-1970)|Robert Friedmann]] are of the opinion that John Bunyan's famous <em>Pilgrim's Progress </em>(1678) was largely influenced by <em>Wegh na Vredenstadt. </em>[[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]] and [[Niclaes, Hendrik (1502-1580)|Hendrick Niclaes]], <em>Dat geestlicke Landt der Beloften, </em>dealt with the same theme.
 Joost van den Vondel (1587-1679), the great master of the Golden Age of Dutch literature, was of Mennonite ancestry, both from his father's side and his mother's side. His father, a milliner <em>(hoedstoffeerder) </em>by trade, had been persecuted in Antwerp because of his Mennonite faith, like the parents of Vondel's mother, and had fled to Cologne, where the poet was born. Later the father with his family migrated by way of [[Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen, Germany)|Bremen]] to Holland, settling in Amsterdam in 1597 as a hosiery merchant. His gifted son, at first a faithful Mennonite and even in 1616-1620 a deacon in the Waterlander congregation which met in the church "[[Lamist Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Netherlands)|bij den Toren]]" (tower), and a close friend of many of its preachers, united with the Catholic Church in 1641. The grounds for this spiritual migration are to be sought perhaps first of all in the very human longing for a religion with compelling and unshakable authority, but also in the desire of the poet for mystical experience, and probably as well in the deep disillusionment which he experienced as the result of the unedifying quarrel between Hans de Ries and [[Obbes, Nittert (ca. 1581-ca. 1636)|Nittert Obbesz]] which confused the Mennonite church in Amsterdam in 1624-1627, and against which he wrote his poem "Antidotum" (1626). Vondel's drama <em>Gijsbreght van Aemstel </em>(1637) was a harbinger of this inner change, for it is already full of Catholic atmosphere. Many of his later works can be considered a literary defense of his new-won faith; for instance, the dramas <em>Maeghden </em>(1639), <em>Peter en Pauwels </em>(1641), <em>Maria Stuart </em>(1646), the poems <em>Brieven van der Heilighe Maeghden </em>(1642) and <em>Eeuwgetij der Heilige Stede te Amsterdam, </em>and an ecclesiastical-didactic, rather prosaic poem in three books, entitled <em>Altaergeheimenissen </em>(both written in 1645), <em>Johannes de Boetgesant </em>(1662, 6 books), and <em>De heerlyckheit der Kercke </em>(1663, 3 books). Vondel wrote two beautiful poems for the dedication of the Remonstrant church in Amsterdam (1630). Unfortunately very little evidence appears in Vondel's writings of his earlier faith, concerning which he says in his poem <em>Toetssteen </em>(1650) that he was bound to it in his youth only because it was an inherited doctrine for him <em>(door errefleer). </em>A few traces however are found, chiefly in the scattered verses which he composed for the etched portraits of several well-known Mennonite preachers, Hans de Ries, [[Anslo, Cornelis Claesz (1592-1646)|Cornelis Anslo]], both of whom he esteemed highly (the latter etching was one by Rembrandt of 1641), [[Gerritsz, Lubbert (1534-1612)|Lubbert Gerritsz]], and Antonius Roscius, to whom he dedicated two poems.
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 Cramer, Samuel. "Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van ons kerklied." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em><em> </em>(1900, 1902).
-Cramer, Samuel.<em> </em>"Het eigenhandig laatst adieu van Maeyken Wens aan haar kind." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em><em> </em>(1904).
+Cramer, Samuel. "Het eigenhandig laatst adieu van Maeyken Wens aan haar kind." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em><em> </em>(1904).
 <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em><em> </em>(1916).
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 Dyserinck, Johannes.<em> Hulde aan Betje Wolff </em>(1884).
-Dyserinck, Johannes.<em> </em>"Van en over Betje Wolff." <em>De Gids </em>(3:1884).
+Dyserinck, Johannes. "Van en over Betje Wolff." <em>De Gids </em>(3:1884).
-Dyserinck, Johannes.<em> </em>"Wolff en Deken." <em>De Gids </em>(4: 1892).
+Dyserinck, Johannes. "Wolff en Deken." <em>De Gids </em>(4: 1892).
-Dyserinck, Johannes.<em> </em>"In de Beemster pastorie." <em>De Gids</em> (1: 1903).
+Dyserinck, Johannes. "In de Beemster pastorie." <em>De Gids</em> (1: 1903).
 Eeghen, P. van and J. Ph. van der Kellen. <em>Het werk van Jan en Caspar Luyken. </em>1905.
@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 Hartog, J. "Iets van de publieke openie over de Doopsgezinden in het midden der 18de eeuw." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em><em> (</em>1867).
-Hartog, J.<em> </em>"Uit het leven van een tijdschrift." <em>De Gids </em>(1877).
+Hartog, J. "Uit het leven van een tijdschrift." <em>De Gids </em>(1877).
 Hartog, J.<em> De spectatoriale geschriften van 1741-1800. </em>2nd ed., 1890.
@@ Line 179: / Line 179: @@
 Zijpp, Nanne van der. <em>Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Nederland. </em>1952.
-Zijpp, Nanne van der.<em> </em>"Wolff en Deken in de kerkelijke situatie van hun tijd." <em>Boeket voor Betje en Aagje </em>(1954).
+Zijpp, Nanne van der. "Wolff en Deken in de kerkelijke situatie van hun tijd." <em>Boeket voor Betje en Aagje </em>(1954).
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 354-360; vol. 4, p. 1146|date=1956|a1_last=Jeltes|a1_first=H. F. W.|a2_last=van der Zijpp|a2_first=Nanne}}