Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790) - Revision history

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[[File:Joseph-II.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia Commons] Wikipedia Commons

'']] Joseph II: Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1765 to 1790; born 13 March 1741, the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Emperor Francis I (1708-1765). He became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father in 1765, and King of [[Hungary|Hungary]], [[Bohemia (Czech Republic)|Bohemia]], Croatia and Slavonia upon the death of his mother in 1780. After his death on 20 February 1790, he was succeeded by his brother Leopold II (1747-1792).

Joseph II was a uniquely progressive [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] ruler. His emphatic reform ideas harmonized with the Enlightenment philosophers, whose (esp. Voltaire's) dedicated student he was (see [[Emancipation|Emancipation]]). [[Friedrich II, King of Prussia (1712-1786)|Friedrich II of Prussia]] and [[Catherine II, Empress of Russia (1729-1796)|Czarina Catherine of Russia]] had provided patterns for Joseph's policies designed to induce settlers to come to his lands. Joseph's imperial objectives included attempts to redress long and complicated grievances in law and law court procedures. These efforts, incidentally, brought up the local privileges as regards the Mennonite position on the oath. Refreshingly sound views were aired. (See the discussion by Crous.)

The death of Maria Theresa in 1780 made Joseph the uncontested ruler. Eager to apply reason and enlightenment to the power of state he issued on 13 October 1781, a Toleranz-Patent (Patent of Tolerance) granting freedom to the Greek Orthodox and Protestant confessions. Parallel to Catherine's 1763 Manifesto inviting German farmers to [[Russia|Russia]], he issued on 17 September 1781, the "Kolonisten-Patent" opening his eastern provinces to immigrants. This law attracted a number of [[Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Palatinate]] Mennonite families into Galicia. The decree of acceptance (Annahmedekret) for the Palatine group was handed down on 29 March 1784. Alsatian [[Amish|Amish]] followed from Montbeliard. The 1781 events mark a memorable chapter of Joseph's reforms. They reveal him as a just benefactor to Mennonites and other Protestants. His toleration patent brought relief to them and provided an escape avenue far less troublesome than the passage to the New World.

= Bibliography =
Blaas, R. "Die K. K. Agentie für Geistl. Angelegenheiten, 1730-1918." Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs (1954): 47-89.

Crous, Ernst. "Mennoniten im alten Reich u. Staat," Die Heimat (Krefeld, 1939) Part I: "Reichskammergericht und Mennoniteneid," 1-8: "Wie es mit Ablegung des juramenti calumniae und sonstiger Eyden in Streit-sachen der Mennonisten zu halten seye?" discussed at Wetzlar, 13 July 1768, by the Visitations-Kommission (Imperial Law Revision Commission) relating to commercial cases.

Kauder, Viktor. Das Deutschtum in Polen 2. Teil: Das Deutschtum in Galizien (=Klein-polen) 1937.

Maass, Ferdinand. "Maria Theresia und der Josephinismus." Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie (1957): 201-13.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, p. 1098|date=December 2007|a1_last=Correll|a1_first=Ernst H.|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}

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-[[File:Joseph-II.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
+[[File:Joseph-II.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor<br />
-Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia Commons]'']]     Joseph II: Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1765 to 1790; born 13 March 1741, the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Emperor Francis I (1708-1765).  He became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father in 1765, and King of [[Hungary|Hungary]], [[Bohemia (Czech Republic)|Bohemia]], Croatia and Slavonia upon the death of his mother in 1780.  After his death on 20 February 1790, he was succeeded by his brother Leopold II (1747-1792).
+Joseph II: Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1765 to 1790; born 13 March 1741, the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Emperor Francis I (1708-1765).  He became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father in 1765, and King of [[Hungary|Hungary]], [[Bohemia (Czech Republic)|Bohemia]], Croatia and Slavonia upon the death of his mother in 1780.  After his death on 20 February 1790, he was succeeded by his brother Leopold II (1747-1792).
 Joseph II was a uniquely progressive [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] ruler. His emphatic reform ideas harmonized with the Enlightenment philosophers, whose (esp. Voltaire's) dedicated student he was (see [[Emancipation|Emancipation]]). [[Friedrich II, King of Prussia (1712-1786)|Friedrich II of Prussia]] and [[Catherine II, Empress of Russia (1729-1796)|Czarina Catherine of Russia]] had provided patterns for Joseph's policies designed to induce settlers to come to his lands. Joseph's imperial objectives included attempts to redress long and complicated grievances in law and law court procedures. These efforts, incidentally, brought up the local privileges as regards the Mennonite position on the oath. Refreshingly sound views were aired. (See the discussion by Crous.)
-The death of Maria Theresa in 1780 made Joseph the uncontested ruler. Eager to apply reason and enlightenment to the power of state he issued on 13 October 1781, a Toleranz-Patent (Patent of Tolerance) granting freedom to the Greek Orthodox and Protestant confessions. Parallel to Catherine's 1763 Manifesto inviting German farmers to [[Russia|Russia]], he issued on 17 September 1781, the "Kolonisten-Patent" opening his eastern provinces to immigrants. This law attracted a number of [[Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Palatinate]] Mennonite families into Galicia. The decree of acceptance (Annahmedekret) for the Palatine group was handed down on 29 March 1784. Alsatian [[Amish|Amish]] followed from Montbeliard. The 1781 events mark a memorable chapter of Joseph's reforms. They reveal him as a just benefactor to Mennonites and other Protestants. His toleration patent brought relief to them and provided an escape avenue far less troublesome than the passage to the New World.
+The death of Maria Theresa in 1780 made Joseph the uncontested ruler. Eager to apply reason and enlightenment to the power of state he issued on 13 October 1781, a Toleranz-Patent (Patent of Tolerance) granting freedom to the Greek Orthodox and Protestant confessions. Parallel to Catherine's 1763 Manifesto inviting German farmers to [[Russia|Russia]], he issued on 17 September 1781, the "Kolonisten-Patent" opening his eastern provinces to immigrants. This law attracted a number of [[Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Palatinate]] Mennonite families into Galicia. The decree of acceptance (Annahmedekret) for the Palatine group was handed down on 29 March 1784. Alsatian [[Amish Mennonites|Amish]] followed from Montbeliard. The 1781 events mark a memorable chapter of Joseph's reforms. They reveal him as a just benefactor to Mennonites and other Protestants. His toleration patent brought relief to them and provided an escape avenue far less troublesome than the passage to the New World.
 = Bibliography =
 Blaas, R. "Die K. K. Agentie für Geistl. Angelegenheiten, 1730-1918." <em>Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs</em> (1954): 47-89.