Indonesia - Revision history

AlfRedekopp at 23:07, 24 January 2023

2023-01-24T23:07:44Z

SamSteiner at 14:15, 31 March 2021

2021-03-31T14:15:23Z

SamSteiner: /* 2020 Update */ updated bibliography

2021-03-31T14:14:31Z

2020 Update: updated bibliography

SamSteiner: /* 2014 Update */ updated table

2021-03-31T14:11:49Z

2014 Update: updated table

RichardThiessen: /* Bibliography */

2014-05-20T04:12:15Z

Bibliography

RichardThiessen: Added hyperlinks.

2014-05-17T07:06:44Z

Added hyperlinks.

RichardThiessen: Added introduction.

2014-05-17T07:05:26Z

Added introduction.

RichardThiessen: Replaced image.

2014-05-17T06:31:35Z

Replaced image.

RichardThiessen at 06:25, 17 May 2014

2014-05-17T06:25:32Z

RichardThiessen: Resized image.

2014-05-17T06:25:04Z

Resized image.

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 [[File:Indonesia.jpg|284px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia Commons]'']]
 == Introduction ==
-The Republic of Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia. The country is an archipelago of 13,466 islands with a total area of 1,904,569 km<sup>2</sup> (735,358 square miles). In 2011 the population was 237,424,363, making it the 4th most populous country in the world. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the [[Philippines]], Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
+The Republic of Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia. The country is an archipelago of 13,466 islands with a total area of 1,904,569 km<sup>2</sup> (735,358 square miles). In 2011 the population was 237,424,363, making it the 4th most populous country in the world. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the [[Philippines]], Australia, Palau, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India.
 Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and as they spread through the archipelago, pushed the indigenous Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions. Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism arrived in Indonesia in the 4th and 5th century, as trade with India intensified. Although Muslim traders first traveled through Southeast Asia early in the Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra.[30] Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 Indonesia declared itself an independent nation in 1945 after 450 years of increasingly pervasive colonial rule under first the Portuguese and then the Dutch. During its first quarter century of independence, Indonesia was plagued with several immense problems. First was five years of armed struggle to resist Dutch efforts to reassert control after the Japanese occupation during World War II. Second was the effort to establish a democratic form of government that would function in that context. Third was the struggle to gain control of the divergent forces impinging on the development of the economy of the young republic. Fourth was the struggle to forge some kind of national unity in the face of immense diversity and forces that threatened to tear the young republic apart.
-The fifth challenge was the struggle to prevent the displacement of a government based on the <em>Pancasila,</em> the five foundational principles of the republic—belief in one God, humanity, sovereignty for the people, social justice, and democracy—by either a Marxist or an Islamic government. The most traumatic event in this long struggle was the failed coup d'etat of 30 September 1965, and its violent aftermath in which an estimated half million suspected communists were killed and another half million were imprisoned, many for a decade or more without due legal process. This crisis precipitated the displacement of a weakened President Sukarno (who had guided the republic since its inception) by General Suharto who continued as president for 32 years. The failure of the early experiment with liberal democracy precipitated the development of a pattern of government called "guided democracy" in which the president, with the backing of the military, sought to guide the political and economic development of the country and ward off threats to the "New Order." After a wave of protests demanding democracy in 1998, Suharto stepped down, beginning the present period of Indonesian history, known as the Reformation era. Since then, Indonesia has tried to retain its republic through military force, but as a result of the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami has down-scaled these efforts to concentrate instead on rebuilding efforts. It has revoked its policy of annexation of East Timor and has started talks with the Free Aceh Movement (GAM.)
+The fifth challenge was the struggle to prevent the displacement of a government based on the ''Pancasila,'' the five foundational principles of the republic—belief in one God, humanity, sovereignty for the people, social justice, and democracy—by either a Marxist or an Islamic government. The most traumatic event in this long struggle was the failed coup d'etat of 30 September 1965, and its violent aftermath in which an estimated half million suspected communists were killed and another half million were imprisoned, many for a decade or more without due legal process. This crisis precipitated the displacement of a weakened President Sukarno (who had guided the republic since its inception) by General Suharto who continued as president for 32 years. The failure of the early experiment with liberal democracy precipitated the development of a pattern of government called "guided democracy" in which the president, with the backing of the military, sought to guide the political and economic development of the country and ward off threats to the "New Order." After a wave of protests demanding democracy in 1998, Suharto stepped down, beginning the present period of Indonesian history, known as the Reformation era. Since then, Indonesia has tried to retain its republic through military force, but as a result of the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami has down-scaled these efforts to concentrate instead on rebuilding efforts. It has revoked its policy of annexation of East Timor and has started talks with the Free Aceh Movement (GAM.)
 Before Europeans arrived in the archipelago at the end of the 15th century, a whole succession of Indonesian kingdoms based in Java and Sumatra ruled areas that sometimes extended as far as the expanse of the modern nation state of Indonesia. The most notable of these were Sriwijaya, a maritime power based not far from present-day Palembang in central eastern Sumatra, and Mojopahit, the agriculturally based kingdom of Java which succeeded in becoming a great maritime power as well. Some of these Indonesian kingdoms have left a heritage of monumental architecture treasured among the architectural and artistic wonders of the world.
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 = Bibliography =
-Jensma, Th. <em>Doopsgezinde Zending in Indonesia. </em>The Hague: Boekcentrum, 1968.
+Jensma, Th. ''Doopsgezinde Zending in Indonesia. ''The Hague: Boekcentrum, 1968.
-Kraybill, Paul N., ed. <em>Mennonite World Handbook</em>. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 145-156.
+Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 145-156.
-McVey, Ruth. Editor. <em>Indonesia. </em>New Haven, CT: HRAF Press, 1967.
+McVey, Ruth. Editor. ''Indonesia. ''New Haven, CT: HRAF Press, 1967.
 Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011.  [Broken Link].
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées''. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 10.
-<em>Mennonite World Handbook Supplement</em>. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 33-34.
+''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 33-34.
 Wikipedia. "Indonesia." 14 May 2014. Web. 17 May 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia.
-Yoder, Lawrence M. <em>Tunas Kecil: Sejarah Gereja Kristen Muria Indonesia </em>[Little Shoot: History of the Muria Christian Church of Indonesia]. Semarang: Komisi Literatur Sinode GKMI, n.d. [1985]. Also available in English translation under the title "The Church of the Muria: A History of the Muria Christian Church of Indonesia." Th.M. thesis, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1981.
+Yoder, Lawrence M. ''Tunas Kecil: Sejarah Gereja Kristen Muria Indonesia ''[Little Shoot: History of the Muria Christian Church of Indonesia]. Semarang: Komisi Literatur Sinode GKMI, n.d. [1985]. Also available in English translation under the title "The Church of the Muria: A History of the Muria Christian Church of Indonesia." Th.M. thesis, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1981.
 Yoder, Lawrence M. and Sigit Heru Soekotjo. "Sejarah Gereja Injili di Tanah Jawa" [History of the Evangelical Church ofJava]. Unpublished manuscript.
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 31-32; vol. 5, pp. 436-438|date=May 2014|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S.|a2_last=Yoder|a2_first=Lawrence M.}}
 [[Category:Countries]]

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 ! Congregations<br />in 2000
 ! Members<br />in 2000
 ! Congregations<br />in 2009
 ! Members<br />in 2009
 ! Congregations<br />in 2020
 ! Members<br />in 2020
@@ Line 79: / Line 73: @@
 | 91
 | 65,000
 | 102
 | 43,100
 | 117
 | 45,000
@@ Line 93: / Line 81: @@
 | 39
 | 16,301
 | 50
 | 16,208
@@ Line 107: / Line 89: @@
 | 36
 | 6,500
 | 155
 | 29,150
 | 400
 | 47,087
@@ Line 121: / Line 97: @@
 | '''166'''
 | '''87,801'''
 | '''307'''
 | '''88,458'''
 | '''581'''
 | '''107,876'''
@@ Line 140: / Line 110: @@
 McVey, Ruth. Editor. <em>Indonesia. </em>New Haven, CT: HRAF Press, 1967.
-Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000asiapacific.html http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000asiapacific.html. [Broken Link].
+Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011.  [Broken Link].
-Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Asia &amp; Pacific." Web. 2 March 2011. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf. [Broken Link].
+Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Asia &amp; Pacific." Web. 2 March 2011.  [Broken Link].
-Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Asia &amp; Pacific." 2010. Web. 25 October 2010. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members%202009/Asia%20&amp;%20Pacific%20Summary.doc http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members 2009/Asia &amp; Pacific Summary.doc. [Broken Link].
+Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Asia &amp; Pacific." 2010. Web. 25 October 2010. [Broken Link].
-Mennonite World Conference. "MWC - 2003 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Accessed 2 March 2006. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/asiapacific.html. [Broken Link].
+Mennonite World Conference. "MWC - 2003 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Accessed 2 March 2006. [Broken Link].
 Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées''. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 10.

@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 The [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] began a relief program in the [[Pati (Indonesia)|Pati]] area in 1949 which was still in operation in 1956. A small relief program was also operated in a region 150 miles south of Medan, Sumatra, in 1948. -- ''Harold S. Bender''
-== 2014 Update ==
+== 2020 Update ==
-In 2012 the following Anabaptist denominations were present in Indonesia:
+In 2020 the following Anabaptist denominations were present in Indonesia:
-<div align="center">
+{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
-{| {{table}}
+! Denomination
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Denomination'''
+! Congregations<br />in 2000
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br />in 2000'''
+! Members<br />in 2000
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br />in 2000'''
+! Congregations<br />in 2003
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br />in 2003'''
+! Members<br />in 2003
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br />in 2003'''
+! Congregations<br />in 2006
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br />in 2006'''
+! Members<br />in 2006
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br />in 2006'''
+! Congregations<br />in 2009
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br />in 2009'''
+! Members<br />in 2009
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br />in 2009'''
+! Congregations<br />in 2012
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br />in 2012'''
+! Members<br />in 2012
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br />in 2012'''
+! Congregations<br />in 2020
 |-
-| Gereja Injili di Tanah Jawa (GITJ)
+| align= "left" | Gereja Injili di Tanah Jawa (GITJ)
-|style="text-align: right;" |91
+| 91
-|style="text-align: right;" |65,000
+| 65,000
-|style="text-align: right;" |96
+| 96
-|style="text-align: right;" |43,000
+| 43,000
-|style="text-align: right;" |99
+| 99
-|style="text-align: right;" |43,000
+| 43,000
-|style="text-align: right;" |102
+| 102
-|style="text-align: right;" |43,100
+| 43,100
-|style="text-align: right;" |104
+| 104
-|style="text-align: right;" |43,250
+| 43,250
 |-
-| Persatuan Gereja-Gereja Kristen Muria Indonesia (GKMI)
+| align= "left" | Persatuan Gereja-Gereja Kristen Muria Indonesia (GKMI)
-|style="text-align: right;" |39
+| 39
-|style="text-align: right;" |16,301
+| 16,301
-|style="text-align: right;" |42
+| 42
-|style="text-align: right;" |16,302
+| 16,302
-|style="text-align: right;" |45
+| 45
-|style="text-align: right;" |14,624
+| 14,624
-|style="text-align: right;" |50
+| 50
-|style="text-align: right;" |16,208
+| 16,208
-|style="text-align: right;" |50
+| 50
-|style="text-align: right;" |16,208
+| 16,208
 |-
-| Sinode Jemaat Kristen Indonesia (JKI)
+| align= "left" | Sinode Jemaat Kristen Indonesia (JKI)
-|style="text-align: right;" |36
+| 36
-|style="text-align: right;" |6,500
+| 6,500
-|style="text-align: right;" |36
+| 36
-|style="text-align: right;" |12,000
+| 12,000
-|style="text-align: right;" |124
+| 124
-|style="text-align: right;" |15,000
+| 15,000
-|style="text-align: right;" |155
+| 155
-|style="text-align: right;" |29,150
+| 29,150
-|style="text-align: right;" |189
+| 189
-|style="text-align: right;" |49,070
+| 49,070
 |-
-| '''Total'''
+| align= "left" | '''Total'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''166'''
+| '''166'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''87,801'''
+| '''87,801'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''174'''
+| '''174'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''71,302'''
+| '''71,302'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''268'''
+| '''268'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''72,624'''
+| '''72,624'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''307'''
+| '''307'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''88,458'''
+| '''88,458'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''343'''
+| '''343'''
-|style="text-align: right;" |'''108,528'''
+| '''108,528'''
 |}
 = Bibliography =

@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 McVey, Ruth. Editor. <em>Indonesia. </em>New Haven, CT: HRAF Press, 1967.
-Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000asiapacific.html http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000asiapacific.html.
+Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000asiapacific.html http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000asiapacific.html. [Broken Link].
-Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Asia &amp; Pacific." Web. 2 March 2011. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf.
+Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Asia &amp; Pacific." Web. 2 March 2011. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf. [Broken Link].
-Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Asia &amp; Pacific." 2010. Web. 25 October 2010. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members%202009/Asia%20&amp;%20Pacific%20Summary.doc http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members 2009/Asia &amp; Pacific Summary.doc.
+Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Asia &amp; Pacific." 2010. Web. 25 October 2010. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members%202009/Asia%20&amp;%20Pacific%20Summary.doc http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members 2009/Asia &amp; Pacific Summary.doc. [Broken Link].
-Mennonite World Conference. "MWC - 2003 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Accessed 2 March 2006. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/asiapacific.html.
+Mennonite World Conference. "MWC - 2003 Asia/Pacific Mennonite &amp; Brethren in Christ Churches." Accessed 2 March 2006. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006asiapacific.pdf http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/asiapacific.html. [Broken Link].
 Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées''. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 10.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __FORCETOC__
 __TOC__
-[[File:Indonesia CIA World Factbook map.gif|500px|thumbnail|left|''Source: CIA World Factbook''.]]
+[[File:Indonesia CIA World Factbook map.gif|500px|thumbnail|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html CIA World Factbook]''.]]
 [[File:Indonesia.jpg|284px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia Commons]'']]
-== 1990 Article ==
+== Introduction ==
-=== Introduction ===
+The Republic of Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia. The country is an archipelago of 13,466 islands with a total area of 1,904,569 km2 (735,358 square miles). In 2011 the population was 237,424,363, making it the 4th most populous country in the world. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
-Only [[People's Republic of China|China]], India, the European Union, and the [[United States of America|United States]] have more people than Indonesia, an island nation of 241,974,000 people (2005). This population is made up of 300 distinct ethnic groups speaking 250 distinct languages. They inhabit 3,000 of the country's 13,000 islands strung along the equator in a cluster stretching 5,400 km. (3,086 mi.) east to west and 1,600 km. (987 mi.) north to south. This largest of the world's archipelagoes is bordered on the north by Singapore, Malaysia, the South China Sea, the [[Philippines|Philippines]], and the Pacific Ocean; by Papua [[New Guinea|New Guinea]] on the east; by Australia on the south; and by the Indian Ocean on the south and west.
-More than half of the people of Indonesia live on the island of Java where, as on neighboring Bali, the population density approaches 865 per square kilometer. In contrast, the vast expanses of the tropical rain forests of Kalimantan and other islands have hardly twenty people per square kilometer.
+Indonesia consists of approximately 300 distinct native ethnic groups and 742 different languages and dialects. The largest and politically dominant ethnic group are the Javanese, comprising 42% of the population. They are followed by the Sundanese, ethnic Malays, and Madurese. Chinese Indonesians comprise only 3-4% of the population, but are very influential economically.
 === The Nation State ===
 Indonesia declared itself an independent nation in 1945 after 450 years of increasingly pervasive colonial rule under first the Portuguese and then the Dutch. During its first quarter century of independence, Indonesia was plagued with several immense problems. First was five years of armed struggle to resist Dutch efforts to reassert control after the Japanese occupation during World War II. Second was the effort to establish a democratic form of government that would function in that context. Third was the struggle to gain control of the divergent forces impinging on the development of the economy of the young republic. Fourth was the struggle to forge some kind of national unity in the face of immense diversity and forces that threatened to tear the young republic apart.
@@ Line 138: / Line 143: @@
 <em>Mennonite World Handbook Supplement</em>. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 33-34.
 Yoder, Lawrence M. <em>Tunas Kecil: Sejarah Gereja Kristen Muria Indonesia </em>[Little Shoot: History of the Muria Christian Church of Indonesia]. Semarang: Komisi Literatur Sinode GKMI, n.d. [1985]. Also available in English translation under the title "The Church of the Muria: A History of the Muria Christian Church of Indonesia." Th.M. thesis, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1981.