Hoffmann, Christoph (1815-1885) - Revision history

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Christoph Hoffmann, the founder of the brotherhood of the Deutscher Tempel, grew up in Korntal near Stuttgart, Württemberg, [[Germany|Germany]], which his father had founded. He was a delegate to the [[Frankfurt Parliament (Germany)|parliament of Frankfurt]], in 1848 founded the Evangelischer Verein, which established a school for evangelists to revive the church, withdrew from it in 1853, served for a short time as inspector at St. Chrischona near [[Basel (Switzerland)|Basel]], in 1854 called a meeting of the Jerusalemsfreunde (Friends of Jerusalem) at Ludwigsburg, and in 1861, on the Kirschenhardthof near Marbach he founded the Deutscher Tempel zur Ausführung des Gesetzes, des Evangeliums und der Weissagung, which found adherents in Württemberg, [[Russia|Russia]], North America, and Palestine. On a trip to Russia he and his friend Christian Paulus (1861-1863) gained a following among the Mennonites, giving rise to a [[Temple Society|Tempel movement]]. Many of Hoffmann's adherents among the Russian Mennonites, however, left him when in his open letter of 1877-1882 he abandoned his Biblical position for a rationalistic one. The periodical of the movement, Süddeutsche Warte, was also read by the Mennonites of Russia.

[[Gnadenfeld (Molotschna Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Gnadenfeld]], where a movement originated which gave life to the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]], was also the scene of the origin of the Tempel movement in Russia. [[Lange, Johannes (19th century)|Johannes]] and [[Lange, Friedrich Wilhelm (1800-1864)|Friedrich Lange]], who had attended the Paulusinstitut of the Templers in South Germany, became teachers in the Gnadenfeld Bruderschule, promoting a pietistic rationalistic chiliasm with a strong emphasis on the significance of education. Parallel with the Mennonite Brethren movement this caused a great disturbance in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna Mennonite]] brotherhood. In 1863 the group withdrew from the [[Kirchliche Mennoniten|Mennonite Church]] under the leadership of [[Schmidt, Nikolai (1815-1874)|Nikolai Schmidt]] and organized as a separate church, which established the Tempelhof settlement in the Caucasus in 1868. The group also became known as Jerusalemsfreunde, a sort of Mennonite Zionism which caused some of them to immigrate to Palestine. The [[Alexandrodar (Russia)|Alexandrodar Mennonite Church]] of Jerusalemsfreunde consisted of 148 persons in 1905, with [[Fast, Isaak I. (1847-1925)|Isaak Fast]] as elder.

= Bibliography =
Dirks, Heinrich. Statistik der Mennonitengemeinden in Russland Ende 1905 (Anhang zum Mennonitischen Jahrbuche 1904/05). Gnadenfeld: Dirks, 1906 (1905): 69.

Friesen, Peter M. Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga", 1911: 88-91.

Görz, H. Die Molotschnaer Mennoniten. Steinbach, 1951: 86-90.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: II, 325 f.

Hoffman, Chr. Mein Weg nach Jerusalem: Erinnerungen aus Meinem Leben, 2 vols. 1881-1884.

Lange, Fr. Geschichte des Tempels. Jerusalem : C. Hoffmann, 1899.

Rohrer, E. Die Tempel Gesellschaft. 1920.

Sawatzky, Heinrich. Templer mennonitischer Herkunft. Winnipeg, Man.: Echo-Verlag, 1955.

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 777-778|date=1956|a1_last=Neff|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=Krahn|a2_first=Cornelius}}

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Görz, H. <em>Die Molotschnaer Mennoniten. </em>Steinbach, 1951: 86-90.
-Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967:<em> </em>II, 325 f.
+Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: II, 325 f.
 Hoffman, Chr. <em>Mein Weg nach Jerusalem: Erinnerungen aus Meinem Leben, </em>2 vols. 1881-1884.

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Gnadenfeld (Molotschna Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Gnadenfeld]], where a movement originated which gave life to the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]], was also the scene of the origin of the Tempel movement in Russia. [[Lange, Johannes (19th century)|Johannes]] and [[Lange, Friedrich Wilhelm (1800-1864)|Friedrich Lange]], who had attended the <em>Paulusinstitut </em>of the Templers in South Germany, became teachers in the Gnadenfeld Bruderschule, promoting a pietistic rationalistic chiliasm with a strong emphasis on the significance of education. Parallel with the Mennonite Brethren movement this caused a great disturbance in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna Mennonite]] brotherhood. In 1863 the group withdrew from the [[Kirchliche Mennoniten|Mennonite Church]] under the leadership of [[Schmidt, Nikolai (1815-1874)|Nikolai Schmidt]] and organized as a separate church, which established the Tempelhof settlement in the Caucasus in 1868. The group also became known as <em>Jerusalemsfreunde, </em>a sort of Mennonite Zionism which caused some of them to immigrate to Palestine. The [[Alexandrodar (Russia)|Alexandrodar Mennonite Church]] of Jerusalemsfreunde consisted of 148 persons in 1905, with [[Fast, Isaak I. (1847-1925)|Isaak Fast]] as elder.
 = Bibliography =
 Dirks, Heinrich. <em>Statistik der Mennonitengemeinden in Russland Ende 1905 (Anhang zum Mennonitischen Jahrbuche 1904/05)</em>. Gnadenfeld: Dirks, 1906 (1905): 69.
@@ Line 10: / Line 9: @@
 Görz, H. <em>Die Molotschnaer Mennoniten. </em>Steinbach, 1951: 86-90.
-Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 325 f.
+Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967:<em> </em>II, 325 f.
 Hoffman, Chr. <em>Mein Weg nach Jerusalem: Erinnerungen aus Meinem Leben, </em>2 vols. 1881-1884.
@@ Line 19: / Line 18: @@
 Sawatzky, Heinrich. <em>Templer mennonitischer Herkunft</em>. Winnipeg, Man.: Echo-Verlag, 1955.
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 777-778|date=1956|a1_last=Neff|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=Krahn|a2_first=Cornelius}}

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Gnadenfeld (Molotschna Mennonite settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Gnadenfeld]], where a movement originated which gave life to the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]], was also the scene of the origin of the Tempel movement in Russia. [[Lange, Johannes (19th century)|Johannes]] and [[Lange, Friedrich Wilhelm (1800-1864)|Friedrich Lange]], who had attended the <em>Paulusinstitut </em>of the Templers in South Germany, became teachers in the Gnadenfeld Bruderschule, promoting a pietistic rationalistic chiliasm with a strong emphasis on the significance of education. Parallel with the Mennonite Brethren movement this caused a great disturbance in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna Mennonite]] brotherhood. In 1863 the group withdrew from the [[Kirchliche Mennoniten|Mennonite Church]] under the leadership of [[Schmidt, Nikolai (1815-1874)|Nikolai Schmidt]] and organized as a separate church, which established the Tempelhof settlement in the Caucasus in 1868. The group also became known as <em>Jerusalemsfreunde, </em>a sort of Mennonite Zionism which caused some of them to immigrate to Palestine. The [[Alexandrodar (Russia)|Alexandrodar Mennonite Church]] of Jerusalemsfreunde consisted of 148 persons in 1905, with [[Fast, Isaak I. (1847-1925)|Isaak Fast]] as elder.
 = Bibliography =
@@ Line 11: / Line 10: @@
 Görz, H. <em>Die Molotschnaer Mennoniten. </em>Steinbach, 1951: 86-90.
-Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967:<em> </em>II, 325 f.
+Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 325 f.
 Hoffman, Chr. <em>Mein Weg nach Jerusalem: Erinnerungen aus Meinem Leben, </em>2 vols. 1881-1884.
@@ Line 20: / Line 19: @@
 Sawatzky, Heinrich. <em>Templer mennonitischer Herkunft</em>. Winnipeg, Man.: Echo-Verlag, 1955.
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 777-778|date=1956|a1_last=Neff|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=Krahn|a2_first=Cornelius}}