Germany - Revision history

SamSteiner: Text replacement - "[[CMC (Conservative Mennonite Conference doing business as CMC)" to "[[Rosedale Network of Churches"

2023-03-17T14:22:59Z

Text replacement - "[[CMC (Conservative Mennonite Conference doing business as CMC)" to "[[Rosedale Network of Churches"

SamSteiner: Text replacement - "Conservative Mennonite Conference" to "Conservative Mennonite Conference"

2022-02-22T11:56:12Z

Text replacement - "Conservative Mennonite Conference" to "Conservative Mennonite Conference"

SamSteiner: Text replacement - "Conservative Mennonite Conference" to "Conservative Mennonite Conference"

2022-02-21T13:13:26Z

Text replacement - "Conservative Mennonite Conference" to "Conservative Mennonite Conference"

SamSteiner at 14:22, 30 March 2021

2021-03-30T14:22:37Z

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SamSteiner: /* Reunification of Germany, 1990-2000 */

2021-03-30T14:14:06Z

Reunification of Germany, 1990-2000

SamSteiner: /* Reunification of Germany, 1990-2000 */ updated table

2021-03-30T14:12:58Z

Reunification of Germany, 1990-2000: updated table

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SamSteiner: corrected link

2020-04-28T17:19:06Z

corrected link

SamSteiner: corrected links

2020-04-14T14:05:06Z

corrected links

SamSteiner: /* Reunification of Germany, 1990-present */

2020-04-14T13:54:43Z

Reunification of Germany, 1990-present

SamSteiner at 13:53, 14 April 2020

2020-04-14T13:53:18Z

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 The Vereinigung Deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (VdM; Union of German Mennonite Congregations) includes 34 congregations, with 7,248 members in the north and west as well as in the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]]. The [[Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (Federation of Mennonite Churches)|Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden]] (VdM; Federation of German Mennonite Congregations) has 22 congregations and 1,617 members in Baden-Württemberg, Bayern ( Bavaria), and the Palatinate. The two Mennonite Brethren conferences (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Deutschland and Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Osterreich and Bayern) include 938 members in eight congregations within the Federal Republic. Ten '' Umsiedler '' congregations, with 2,183 members, have neither joined an existing conference nor organized their own; they are connected among themselves and with other congregations through the Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur geistlichen Unterstützung in Mennonitengemeinden (Task Force for Spiritual Aid in Mennonite Congregations).
-For 1987, '' the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch '' lists 81 Mennonite congregations and three mission projects by MHM, two by Deutscher Mennonitisches Missionskomitee (DMMK), and one by Rosedale Mennonite Mission ([[CMC (Conservative Mennonite Conference doing business as CMC)|Conservative Mennonite Conference]]). Altogether, these add up to 11,335 members, not including children or guests. Congregational size varies from 15 to 1,170 members. Geographical concentrations exist in the Palatinate (18 congregations, 2,600 members), the Bielefeld area (5 congregations, 1,858 members), Espelkamp (3 congregations, 1,555 members), and [[Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Neuwied]] (4 congregations, 1,078 members). Roughly calculated, Mennonites in the Bundesrepublik can be categorized as one-fourth "West Prussian," one-fourth "Swiss," one-third "Russian," one-twelfth urban, and one-twelfth not of Mennonite background. If the total figure is compared with that of 1933, a one-third decline is revealed; however, if those of Russian Mennonite heritage are not figured in, it becomes evident that Mennonites in [[Germany|Germany]] declined by more than one-half during that period. Every sector of German Mennonites is faced with this.
+For 1987, '' the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch '' lists 81 Mennonite congregations and three mission projects by MHM, two by Deutscher Mennonitisches Missionskomitee (DMMK), and one by Rosedale Mennonite Mission ([[Rosedale Network of Churches|Conservative Mennonite Conference]]). Altogether, these add up to 11,335 members, not including children or guests. Congregational size varies from 15 to 1,170 members. Geographical concentrations exist in the Palatinate (18 congregations, 2,600 members), the Bielefeld area (5 congregations, 1,858 members), Espelkamp (3 congregations, 1,555 members), and [[Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Neuwied]] (4 congregations, 1,078 members). Roughly calculated, Mennonites in the Bundesrepublik can be categorized as one-fourth "West Prussian," one-fourth "Swiss," one-third "Russian," one-twelfth urban, and one-twelfth not of Mennonite background. If the total figure is compared with that of 1933, a one-third decline is revealed; however, if those of Russian Mennonite heritage are not figured in, it becomes evident that Mennonites in [[Germany|Germany]] declined by more than one-half during that period. Every sector of German Mennonites is faced with this.
 [[File:Germany_Map_1987.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Germany in 1987.<br />

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 The Vereinigung Deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (VdM; Union of German Mennonite Congregations) includes 34 congregations, with 7,248 members in the north and west as well as in the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]]. The [[Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (Federation of Mennonite Churches)|Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden]] (VdM; Federation of German Mennonite Congregations) has 22 congregations and 1,617 members in Baden-Württemberg, Bayern ( Bavaria), and the Palatinate. The two Mennonite Brethren conferences (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Deutschland and Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Osterreich and Bayern) include 938 members in eight congregations within the Federal Republic. Ten '' Umsiedler '' congregations, with 2,183 members, have neither joined an existing conference nor organized their own; they are connected among themselves and with other congregations through the Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur geistlichen Unterstützung in Mennonitengemeinden (Task Force for Spiritual Aid in Mennonite Congregations).
-For 1987, '' the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch '' lists 81 Mennonite congregations and three mission projects by MHM, two by Deutscher Mennonitisches Missionskomitee (DMMK), and one by Rosedale Mennonite Mission ([[Conservative Mennonite Conference]]). Altogether, these add up to 11,335 members, not including children or guests. Congregational size varies from 15 to 1,170 members. Geographical concentrations exist in the Palatinate (18 congregations, 2,600 members), the Bielefeld area (5 congregations, 1,858 members), Espelkamp (3 congregations, 1,555 members), and [[Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Neuwied]] (4 congregations, 1,078 members). Roughly calculated, Mennonites in the Bundesrepublik can be categorized as one-fourth "West Prussian," one-fourth "Swiss," one-third "Russian," one-twelfth urban, and one-twelfth not of Mennonite background. If the total figure is compared with that of 1933, a one-third decline is revealed; however, if those of Russian Mennonite heritage are not figured in, it becomes evident that Mennonites in [[Germany|Germany]] declined by more than one-half during that period. Every sector of German Mennonites is faced with this.
+For 1987, '' the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch '' lists 81 Mennonite congregations and three mission projects by MHM, two by Deutscher Mennonitisches Missionskomitee (DMMK), and one by Rosedale Mennonite Mission ([[CMC (Conservative Mennonite Conference doing business as CMC)|Conservative Mennonite Conference]]). Altogether, these add up to 11,335 members, not including children or guests. Congregational size varies from 15 to 1,170 members. Geographical concentrations exist in the Palatinate (18 congregations, 2,600 members), the Bielefeld area (5 congregations, 1,858 members), Espelkamp (3 congregations, 1,555 members), and [[Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Neuwied]] (4 congregations, 1,078 members). Roughly calculated, Mennonites in the Bundesrepublik can be categorized as one-fourth "West Prussian," one-fourth "Swiss," one-third "Russian," one-twelfth urban, and one-twelfth not of Mennonite background. If the total figure is compared with that of 1933, a one-third decline is revealed; however, if those of Russian Mennonite heritage are not figured in, it becomes evident that Mennonites in [[Germany|Germany]] declined by more than one-half during that period. Every sector of German Mennonites is faced with this.
 [[File:Germany_Map_1987.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Germany in 1987.<br />

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 The Vereinigung Deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (VdM; Union of German Mennonite Congregations) includes 34 congregations, with 7,248 members in the north and west as well as in the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]]. The [[Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (Federation of Mennonite Churches)|Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden]] (VdM; Federation of German Mennonite Congregations) has 22 congregations and 1,617 members in Baden-Württemberg, Bayern ( Bavaria), and the Palatinate. The two Mennonite Brethren conferences (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Deutschland and Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Osterreich and Bayern) include 938 members in eight congregations within the Federal Republic. Ten '' Umsiedler '' congregations, with 2,183 members, have neither joined an existing conference nor organized their own; they are connected among themselves and with other congregations through the Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur geistlichen Unterstützung in Mennonitengemeinden (Task Force for Spiritual Aid in Mennonite Congregations).
-For 1987, '' the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch '' lists 81 Mennonite congregations and three mission projects by MHM, two by Deutscher Mennonitisches Missionskomitee (DMMK), and one by Rosedale Mennonite Mission ([[Conservative Mennonite Conference|Conservative Mennonite Conference]]). Altogether, these add up to 11,335 members, not including children or guests. Congregational size varies from 15 to 1,170 members. Geographical concentrations exist in the Palatinate (18 congregations, 2,600 members), the Bielefeld area (5 congregations, 1,858 members), Espelkamp (3 congregations, 1,555 members), and [[Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Neuwied]] (4 congregations, 1,078 members). Roughly calculated, Mennonites in the Bundesrepublik can be categorized as one-fourth "West Prussian," one-fourth "Swiss," one-third "Russian," one-twelfth urban, and one-twelfth not of Mennonite background. If the total figure is compared with that of 1933, a one-third decline is revealed; however, if those of Russian Mennonite heritage are not figured in, it becomes evident that Mennonites in [[Germany|Germany]] declined by more than one-half during that period. Every sector of German Mennonites is faced with this.
+For 1987, '' the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch '' lists 81 Mennonite congregations and three mission projects by MHM, two by Deutscher Mennonitisches Missionskomitee (DMMK), and one by Rosedale Mennonite Mission ([[Conservative Mennonite Conference]]). Altogether, these add up to 11,335 members, not including children or guests. Congregational size varies from 15 to 1,170 members. Geographical concentrations exist in the Palatinate (18 congregations, 2,600 members), the Bielefeld area (5 congregations, 1,858 members), Espelkamp (3 congregations, 1,555 members), and [[Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Neuwied]] (4 congregations, 1,078 members). Roughly calculated, Mennonites in the Bundesrepublik can be categorized as one-fourth "West Prussian," one-fourth "Swiss," one-third "Russian," one-twelfth urban, and one-twelfth not of Mennonite background. If the total figure is compared with that of 1933, a one-third decline is revealed; however, if those of Russian Mennonite heritage are not figured in, it becomes evident that Mennonites in [[Germany|Germany]] declined by more than one-half during that period. Every sector of German Mennonites is faced with this.
 [[File:Germany_Map_1987.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Germany in 1987.<br />

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+|
+|
-|66
+| style="text-align: right;" |66
-|20,000
+| style="text-align: right;" |20,000
 | style="text-align: right;" |82
 | style="text-align: right;" |20,000
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+|
+|
-|4
+| style="text-align: right;" |4
-|1,588
+| style="text-align: right;" |1,588
 | style="text-align: right;" |5
 | style="text-align: right;" |1,670
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 <sup>1</sup>Includes three regional conferences: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Südwestdeutscher Mennonitengemeinden (ASM), Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (VdM), and Vereinigung der Deutschen Mennonitengemeinden (VDM)
 ==Literature of the German Mennonites==

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 The "Aemter" and "Unterherrschaften" into which the duchies of [[Jülich (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Jülich]], [[Cleves, Duchy of|Cleves]], and Berg were divided allowed the nobility a rather independent position. So the Aemter of [[Born (Limburg, Netherlands)|Born]], Millen, Heinsberg, Wassenberg, and Brüggen in the northwest corner of the duchy of Jülich adjoining the present Dutch province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] along the Maas from Venlo to Sittard became a center of the Anabaptist movement. In 1529-1532 especially the court of the high bailiff (Drost) Werner von Pallant at Wassenberg was a meeting place for several clergymen, most of them from the bishopric of Liege ([[Campanus, Johannes (ca. 1500-1575)|Campanus]], Slachtscaep) and the duchy of [[Brabant (Belgium/Netherlands)|Brabant]] (Roll, Vinne), also from Westphalia ([[Klopreis, Johann (d. 1535)|Klopreis]]), known as the "[[Wassenberger Prädikanten|Wassenberger Prädikanten]]." Klopreis (d. 1535) had been in touch with Clarenbach; from the common prison at Cologne he was rescued and brought to Wassenberg as the first of this group. Here again the influence of Erasmus was found together with that of [[Luther, Martin (1483-1546)|Luther]] and Zwingli, and also spiritualistic tendencies and the rejection of [[Infant Baptism|infant baptism]]. With the exception of [[Campanus, Johannes (ca. 1500-1575)|Campanus]] (d. after 1574), the leader, they went from Wassenberg to Münster in 1532-1534, were baptized there, and then were sent as apostles of the kingdom of the saints to Westphalia (Slachtscaep, d. 1534, and Vinne, d. 1534) and to the Rhineland (Klopreis and Roll, d. 1534), all ending as martyrs to their belief.
-After the first congregation at Emden (1530), the Lower Rhine-Maas congregation at [[Maastricht (Limburg, Netherlands)|Maastricht]] (1530-1535), Cologne (1531), Aachen (1533), and [[Emmerich am Rhein (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Emmerich]] (1534) must be recorded. The first martyr of this region who is mentioned in [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|van Braght's]] <em>[[Martyrs' Mirror|Martyrs Mir]]</em>[[Martyrs' Mirror|<em>ror </em>]]is [[Pilgrims, Veit (d. 1537)|Vit to Pilgrams]] at [[Mönchengladbach (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|München-Gladbach]] (not 1532, as is said there, but 1537).
+After the first congregation at Emden (1530), the Lower Rhine-Maas congregation at [[Maastricht (Limburg, Netherlands)|Maastricht]] (1530-1535), Cologne (1531), Aachen (1533), and [[Emmerich am Rhein (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Emmerich]] (1534) must be recorded. The first martyr of this region who is mentioned in [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|van Braght's]] <em>[[Martyrs' Mirror|Martyrs Mir]]</em>[[Martyrs' Mirror|<em>ror </em>]]is [[Pilgrims, Veit (d. 1532)|Vit to Pilgrams]] at [[Mönchengladbach (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|München-Gladbach]] (not 1532, as is said there, but 1537).
 At Münster (Westphalia) at first a local movement for religious and social reform was started by the Lutheran pastor [[Rothmann, Bernhard (ca. 1495- ca. 1535)|Bernhard Rothmann]] and the merchant [[Knipperdolling, Bernt (ca. 1490-1536)|Bernhard Knipperdolling]]. Roll as the first of the Wassenberger preachers had already introduced their vision in 1532. Then, after Melchior Hoffman was imprisoned (for life, as it turned out) at Strasbourg in 1533, the Dutch Anabaptists took the lead. As Hoffman had thought of himself as Elijah and Strasbourg as the New Jerusalem and of the millennium immediately following his imprisonment, now the baker [[Jan Matthijsz van Haarlem (d. 1534)|Jan Matthijsz van Haarlem]] declared himself to be Enoch, and [[Münster Anabaptists|Münster]] the New Jerusalem. The Anabaptist movement here became militant, and at the same time baptism became a political rather than a religious symbol. In February 1534 Matthijsz himself arrived at Münster (which now was besieged by the Catholic and Protestant princes of this region), and was killed in action at Easter (April 5) 1534. But one of his disciples, [[Beukelszoon, Jan (ca. 1509-1536)|Jan Beukelszoon]] of Leiden, a tailor, full of eloquence and courage, under war conditions set up a dictatorship as King David of Zion. Discipline was enforced, communism and polygamy introduced, help asked from abroad. The fact that "banners were to fly in [[Friesland (Netherlands)|Friesland]] and Holland, [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] and [[Jülich (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Jülich]]," shows what districts were expected to support the enterprise. But through famine and treason the city fell on 25 June 1535. Münster became Catholic again and many executions followed; Beukelszoon and [[Knipperdolling, Bernt (ca. 1490-1536)|Knipperdolling]] died not before 22 January 1536. The Münster catastrophe once more strengthened the hostile attitude of public opinion and of the authorities against Anabaptism of all kinds.

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 So even in 1759 the Dutch divisions were still maintained in East Friesland, in the Holstein region, and in Prussia proper. Old Flemish of the Groningen branch had congregations at [[Emden (Niedersachsen, Germany)|Emden]], Leer, Neustadt-Goedens, and [[Norden (Ostfriesland, Germany)|Norden]] in [[East Friesland (Niedersachsen, Germany)|East Friesland]], and at [[Przechovka (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Przechowka]], etc., near Schwetz in Prussia proper. Those of the [[Danzig Old Flemish Mennonites|Danzig Old Flemish]] branch appear at Danzig, [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]], Gross-Werder, [[Heubuden (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Heubuden]], Königsberg, and [[Nieszawka (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Nieschewski]] near [[Thorn (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Thorn]], all in Prussia proper. The [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] (alone or combined with [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisians]] and [[Waterlanders|Waterlanders]]) had congregations at Emden, Leer, and Norden in East Friesland, at [[Friedrichstadt (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Friedrichstadt]] and Hamburg-Altona in the Holstein region. Finally the Frisians or Waterlanders (the names change) were represented at Danzig, the Gross Werder (later [[Orlofferfelde (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Orlofferfelde]]), [[Lithuania|Lithuania]] (the [[Tilsit (Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)|Tilsit]] region), [[Montau (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Montau]], and Schweinsgrube (later [[Tragheimerweide (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Tragheimerweide]]) in Prussia proper. At Emden and Hamburg-Altona the congregations had joined the conservative [[Zonists|Zonists]] in 1674 and 1682 respectively. But at Emden and Leer in 1767, at Norden in 1780, and at Danzig in 1808, the congregations were again united.
-In 1739 and following years a discipline controversy about [[Wigs|wigs]], shoe buckles, etc., at Danzig was settled after the Dutch brethren had been asked for their judgment. In 1776 at Hamburg a German translation of the [[M4637ME.html|Ris confession of faith]] (1766 at Hoorn) was published, which remained in use in German congregations until the 19th century.
+In 1739 and following years a discipline controversy about [[Wigs|wigs]], shoe buckles, etc., at Danzig was settled after the Dutch brethren had been asked for their judgment. In 1776 at Hamburg a German translation of the [[Confession of Faith (Hans de Ries, 1618)|Ris confession of faith]] (1766 at Hoorn) was published, which remained in use in German congregations until the 19th century.
-But soon an independent spirit announced itself among the German Mennonites alongside of the dependency on Dutch developments, especially in literary productions by the settlements on the Elbe and on the Vistula. In 1660 the first German confession of faith appeared at Danzig. Georg Hansen (d. 1703), a shoemaker, from 1655 deacon and preacher and 1690-1703 elder of the Flemish congregation at Danzig, published a catechism in 1671 and a confession of faith in 1678. Gerrit Roosen (1612-1711), a merchant, from 1649 deacon, from 1660 preacher, from 1663 elder of the Flemish congregation of Hamburg-Altona, in 1702 also published a catechism (<em>[[Christliches Gemütsgespräch|Christliches Gemütsgespräch]]) </em>and an apologetic <em>([[Unschuld und Gegen-Bericht|Unschuld und Gegenbericht]]). </em>[[Donner, Heinrich (1735-1805)|Heinrich Donner]] (1735-1804), Frisian elder of Orlofferfelde since 1772, and Gerhard Wiebe in 1778 and 1783 published a catechism, which as the [[Elbing Catechism|Elbing-Waldeck-Zweibriicken catechism]] was one of the most widely used in Europe and in America. In 1792 [[Wiebe, Gerhard (1725-1796)|Gerhard Wiebe]] also published a confession of faith.
+But soon an independent spirit announced itself among the German Mennonites alongside of the dependency on Dutch developments, especially in literary productions by the settlements on the Elbe and on the Vistula. In 1660 the first German confession of faith appeared at Danzig. Georg Hansen (d. 1703), a shoemaker, from 1655 deacon and preacher and 1690-1703 elder of the Flemish congregation at Danzig, published a catechism in 1671 and a confession of faith in 1678. Gerrit Roosen (1612-1711), a merchant, from 1649 deacon, from 1660 preacher, from 1663 elder of the Flemish congregation of Hamburg-Altona, in 1702 also published a catechism (<em>[[Christliches Gemütsgespräch (Monograph)|Christliches Gemütsgespräch]]) </em>and an apologetic <em>([[Unschuld und Gegen-Bericht|Unschuld und Gegenbericht]]). </em>[[Donner, Heinrich (1735-1805)|Heinrich Donner]] (1735-1804), Frisian elder of Orlofferfelde since 1772, and Gerhard Wiebe in 1778 and 1783 published a catechism, which as the [[Elbing Catechism|Elbing-Waldeck-Zweibriicken catechism]] was one of the most widely used in Europe and in America. In 1792 [[Wiebe, Gerhard (1725-1796)|Gerhard Wiebe]] also published a confession of faith.
 A new influence from the Netherlands began withe the introduction of trained and salaried ministers, e.g., at [[Krefeld (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Krefeld]] since 1770, who received their education more and more at the [[Amsterdam Mennonite Theological Seminary (Kweekschool)|Amsterdam Mennonite Seminary]], established in 1735.

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 Between 1990 and 2012 the following Anabaptist groups were active in Germany:
-<div align="center">
-{| class="wikitable"
+{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
 | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Group'''
 | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br />in 1990'''
@@ Line 491: / Line 491: @@
 |style="text-align: right;" |'''46,757'''
 |}
-</div>
 <sup>1</sup>Includes three regional conferences: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Südwestdeutscher Mennonitengemeinden (ASM), Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden (VdM), and Vereinigung der Deutschen Mennonitengemeinden (VDM)