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Bibliography

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Display of the national flag, a symbol that evokes powerful feelings of allegiance, is a controversial practice among some Mennonites. Congregational dissension over this emblem stems from debate regarding the separation of church and state, a principle embraced by 16th-century [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]].

[[File:usflag.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''U.S. flag

'']] In the [[United States of America|United States]], the refusal of a Mennonite pupil to salute the flag in 1918 in [[West Liberty (Ohio, USA)|West Liberty]], Ohio, led to civil prosecution. Similar incidents followed. In 1943 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the rights of persons conscientiously opposed to saluting the flag.

Flags began appearing in American church sanctuaries during the Spanish-American War and during the two World Wars. Wartime stresses led some historic peace churches to display prominently their respect for country and gratitude for religious liberty. Certain congregations within the General Conference Mennonite Church, Mennonite Brethren Church, and Evangelical Mennonite Brethren Church displayed flags, although some congregations removed them during the postwar years.

American congregations of the [[Mennonite Church (MC)|Mennonite Church (MC)]] and those of smaller Mennonite groups which emphasize nonconformity have never displayed flags. Moreover, Mennonites in most other countries do not exhibit their national flags. In the 1980s, international guests at Mennonite gatherings in the United States where flags are present have critiqued the practice.

[[File:reelflg.gif|300px|thumb|right|''Canadian flag

'']] The flag has not been as controversial an issue in [[Canada|Canada]]. Since Canada didn't have it's own flag until 1965, the linkage of patriotism and the flag were not as prominent. This perhaps has meant that many Canadian Mennonites have also been less hesitant to display the flag in their homes or when travelling.

= Bibliography =
An Annotated Bibliography of Mennonite Writings on War and Peace, 1930-1980, ed. Willard Swartley and Cornelius J. Dyck. Scottdale, PA : Herald Press 1987: 417-18.

Manwaring, David R. Render unto Caesar. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1962.

Waltner Goossen, Rachel and Robert S. Kreider. When Good people Quarrel: Studies of Conflict Resolution. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1989, esp. ch. titled "That Our Flag Was Still There: the Flag in the Church" and "A Schoolboy Refuses to Salute the Flag."

Hartzler, R. L. "Time to Move Them Out." Christian Evangel 34 (May 1946): 99-100.

Smucker, J. N. "Editorial." Mennonite 68 (1 December 1953): 739.

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 299|date=1989|a1_last=Goossen|a1_first=Rachel Waltner|a2_last= |a2_first= }}

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:usflag.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''U.S. flag'']]     In the [[United States of America|United States]], the refusal of a Mennonite pupil to salute the flag in 1918 in [[West Liberty (Ohio, USA)|West Liberty]], Ohio, led to civil prosecution. Similar incidents followed. In 1943 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the rights of persons conscientiously opposed to saluting the flag.
-Flags began appearing in American church sanctuaries during the Spanish-American War and during the two World Wars. Wartime stresses led some historic peace churches to display prominently their respect for country and gratitude for religious liberty. Certain congregations within the General Conference Mennonite Church, Mennonite Brethren Church, and Evangelical Mennonite Brethren Church displayed flags, although some congregations removed them during the postwar years.
+Flags began appearing in American church sanctuaries during the Spanish-American War and during the two World Wars. Wartime stresses led some historic peace churches to display prominently their respect for country and gratitude for religious liberty. Certain congregations within the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]], [[Mennonite Brethren Church]], and [[Evangelical Mennonite Brethren|Evangelical Mennonite Brethren Church]] displayed flags, although some congregations removed them during the postwar years.
 American congregations of the [[Mennonite Church (MC)|Mennonite Church (MC)]] and those of smaller Mennonite groups which emphasize nonconformity have never displayed flags. Moreover, Mennonites in most other countries do not exhibit their national flags. In the 1980s, international guests at Mennonite gatherings in the United States where flags are present have critiqued the practice.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 American congregations of the [[Mennonite Church (MC)|Mennonite Church (MC)]] and those of smaller Mennonite groups which emphasize nonconformity have never displayed flags. Moreover, Mennonites in most other countries do not exhibit their national flags. In the 1980s, international guests at Mennonite gatherings in the United States where flags are present have critiqued the practice.
-The national flag of [[Canada]] was the Union Jack until gradually replaced by the Red Ensign beginning in 1924 and finally by the Maple Leaf flag in 1965. In the Canadian prairie provinces flying the Union Jack flag was an issue in the early 20th  century associated with the forced closing of German language Mennonite private schools and their replacement by Provincial public schools. These  Provincial governments demanded all public schools raise the national flag each morning.  Thus many Mennonites felt the flag was a military symbol and associated it with Canada braking its promise to Mennonites that they could have their own schools.
+The national flag of [[Canada]] was the Union Jack until gradually replaced by the Red Ensign beginning in 1924 and finally by the Maple Leaf flag in 1965. In the Canadian prairie provinces flying the Union Jack flag was an issue in the early 20th  century associated with the forced closing of German language Mennonite private schools and their replacement by Provincial [[Public Schools|public schools]]. These  Provincial governments demanded all public schools raise the national flag each morning.  Thus many Mennonites felt the flag was a military symbol and associated it with Canada braking its promise to Mennonites that they could have their own schools.
 [[File:reelflg.gif|300px|thumb|right|''Canadian flag'']] From the last half of the 20th century the flag has not been as controversial an issue in Canada. This perhaps has meant that many Canadian Mennonites have also been less hesitant to display the flag in their homes or when travelling.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:34, 21 October 2019
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	Smucker, J. N. "Editorial." <em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonite</em> 68 (1 December 1953): 739.		Smucker, J. N. "Editorial." <em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonite</em> 68 (1 December 1953): 739.
−	{{GAMEO_footer\|hp=Vol. 5, p. 299\|date=~~1989~~\|a1_last=Goossen\|a1_first=Rachel Waltner\|a2_last= \|a2_first= }}	+	{{GAMEO_footer\|hp=Vol. 5, p. 299\|date=2019\|a1_last=Goossen\|a1_first=Rachel Waltner\|a2_last=Wiebe\|a2_first=Victor G}}

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 American congregations of the [[Mennonite Church (MC)|Mennonite Church (MC)]] and those of smaller Mennonite groups which emphasize nonconformity have never displayed flags. Moreover, Mennonites in most other countries do not exhibit their national flags. In the 1980s, international guests at Mennonite gatherings in the United States where flags are present have critiqued the practice.
-[[File:reelflg.gif|300px|thumb|right|''Canadian flag'']]     The flag has not been as controversial an issue in [[Canada|Canada]]. Since Canada didn't have it's own flag until 1965, the linkage of patriotism and the flag were not as prominent. This perhaps has meant that many Canadian Mennonites have also been less hesitant to display the flag in their homes or when travelling.
+The national flag of [[Canada]] was the Union Jack until gradually replaced by the Red Ensign beginning in 1924 and finally by the Maple Leaf flag in 1965. In the Canadian prairie provinces flying the Union Jack flag was an issue in the early 20th  century associated with the forced closing of German language Mennonite private schools and their replacement by Provincial public schools. These  Provincial governments demanded all public schools raise the national flag each morning.  Thus many Mennonites felt the flag was a military symbol and associated it with Canada braking its promise to Mennonites that they could have their own schools.
 = Bibliography =
 <em class="gameo_bibliography">An Annotated Bibliography of Mennonite Writings on War and Peace, 1930-1980</em>, ed. Willard Swartley and Cornelius J. Dyck. Scottdale, PA : Herald Press 1987: 417-18.

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 '']]     The flag has not been as controversial an issue in [[Canada|Canada]]. Since Canada didn't have it's own flag until 1965, the linkage of patriotism and the flag were not as prominent. This perhaps has meant that many Canadian Mennonites have also been less hesitant to display the flag in their homes or when travelling.
 = Bibliography =
 <em class="gameo_bibliography">An Annotated Bibliography of Mennonite Writings on War and Peace, 1930-1980</em>, ed. Willard Swartley and Cornelius J. Dyck. Scottdale, PA : Herald Press 1987: 417-18.
@@ Line 24: / Line 22: @@
 Smucker, J. N. "Editorial." <em class="gameo_bibliography">Mennonite</em> 68 (1 December 1953): 739.
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 299|date=1989|a1_last=Goossen|a1_first=Rachel Waltner|a2_last= |a2_first= }}