Balk (Friesland, Netherlands) - Revision history

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Balk, a village in the southwest of the Dutch province of [[Friesland (Netherlands)|Friesland]], the seat of the civil community of Gaasterland (Gaasterlân-Sleat) and also of a Mennonite church, whose members lived in several neighboring villages. The history of this congregation falls into two periods with 1854 as the dividing line. There was probably a church here in the very early time. [[Leenaert Bouwens (1515-1582)|Leenaert Bouwens]] baptized 41 persons here; 32 between 1551 and 1554, 9 between 1557 and 1561. The membership probably never reached 100. Some serious events, now no longer known, caused the membership to decline: by 1720 it was still 70, but by 1763 it was only 10. Then it began a slow increase, maintaining itself at 30 or 35 in the last three years before 1854. It was the last congregation to join the [[Sociëteit van Doopsgezinde Gemeenten in Friesland (Conference of Mennonite Congregations in Friesland)|Conference of Friesland]] (1855).

In 1625 the congregation took over a small church, which served until 1863. The congregation belonged to the Old Frisians, specifically, to the [[Pieter-Jeltjesvolk|Pieter Jeltjes]] division, and was one of the last congregations to discard its old Mennonite traditions. It was later also known as an Old Flemish congregation. Until 1854 it had no trained minister, but a lay preacher chosen from its own membership. Anyone chosen for a church office had to accept it. The entire church life was correspondingly simple. The elder who preached stood before a plain lectern. The listeners sat on unpainted, backless benches. Silent prayer was adhered to, but [[Feetwashing|feetwashing]] was abandoned as a general practice. But when a preacher from the outside was received in a home, feetwashing and the [[Kiss, Holy|kiss of peace]] were observed. The [[Ban|ban]] was still observed—in 1806 for marrying a non-Mennonite woman—and with it [[Avoidance (1953)|avoidance]]. At baptism and communion the utensils used were of coarse crockery.

The same simplicity was found in the homes of the members; only the most essential furniture was there, but the bookcase never was missing, which leads to the conclusion that the members were inclined to independent judgment. Clothing was simple; gold and silver were not worn. Of all the traditions that of the clothing was longest preserved. In 1915 an old sister was still living, who had discarded the costume in 1872. (A picture and description of her clothing are found in Doopsgezinde Bijdragen 1902.) [[Tobacco|Tobacco]] and alcoholic beverages were not used nor offered to others.

To be received into the church, it was not necessary to attend special instruction, but one had to master the School der Deugd by [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|Tieleman van Braght]] and the Onderwijzinge des Christelijken Geloofs by [[Boudewijns, Pieter (18th century)|Boudewijns]]. The former was used for the younger persons, the latter for the older. Both these books were reprinted by the "fine Mennonites" in 1824 and 1825. [[Cate, Steven Blaupot ten (1807-1884)|Blaupot ten Cate]]reported that in 1839 the Onderwijzinge of [[Dooregeest, Engel Arendszoon van (1645-1706)|Engel A. van Dooregeest]] was also used in religious instruction. They used the old [[Biestkens Bible|Biestkens Bible]] and also a [[Luther, Martin (1483-1546)|Luther]] translation. Until 1848 their hymnal was the Kleyn Hoorns Liedtboeck of 1644 (reprinted 1814). The members voted on the admission of new members.

Military service caused the congregation much difficulty. Several requests were made of the government for exemption, but were not granted. Members helped each other to pay for a substitute; if necessary the church treasury was drawn upon.

Until 1844 the congregation was completely independent. When the [[Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit|Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit]] was founded, this church asked to be excused from all inquiries and letters concerning the training of ministers, for they had in their own midst enough brethren to serve them with God’s Word. For a time they maintained contact with [[Giethoorn (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Giethoorn]], but longest and closest with [[Aalsmeer (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Aalsmeer]]. The preachers of Aalsmeer usually came once a year; that Sunday was a festive day, and on it two sermons were preached. There are still a few letters left from the correspondence with Giethoorn and Aalsmeer, which, together with some old treasurer’s accounts, make up all the writings handed down from that period. (This old church, its customs and usages, were discussed in several volumes of the Doopsgezinde Bijdragen, but especially in the issue of 1892. See also Blaupot t. C., Friesland, esp. supplement XVIII.)

The situation was radically changed in 1854. Part of the congregation emigrated to America (about eight miles (13 km) southwest of [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]]) on account of military service. From 19 May 1853, to 26 April 1854 a total of 52 persons emigrated, including 19 members and 2 preachers, R. J. Smits and R. J. Symensma. The elderly Haitje Hantjes Visser was left as the only minister with 14 members. Because he was too old to serve alone, most of these members saw that a change would have to be made. Against the wishes of some, it was decided to call a trained minister. The call was accepted by [[Gorter, Douwe Simons (1811-1876)|D. S. Gorter]] of [[Warns (Friesland, Netherlands)|Warns]] and Stavoren. On 23 April 1854 the last lay preacher, H. H. Visser, preached his farewell sermon on Romans 4:25. Pastor Gorter preached his inaugural sermon on 7 May 1854 on 1 Corinthians 8:1, "Knowledge puffern up, but charity edifieth." He remained until his death, 27 August 1876.

Evidently some had been waiting for the new order of things, for no fewer than 31 persons from the outside applied for admission and on 31 March 1855, 17 persons were baptized, increasing the membership from 14 to 62. On 1 February 1863 the last sermon was preached in the old church and the present church building was dedicated. The congregation had the following ministers through 1953: S. Gorter, 1854-1876; J. J. Honig, 1877-1902; R. van der Veen, 1902-1912; [[Barthel, Hendrik Christiaan (1877-1936)|H. C. Barthel]], 1912-16; S. J. van der Meulen, 1916-1922; B. P. de Vries, 1923-1933; W. I. Fleischer, 1933-1942; C. F. Brüsewitz, 1943-1946; H. J. de Wilde after 1946. All members could vote, and women could hold church office. Services were held every Sunday. The congregation was a member of [[Bolsward Ring (Friesland, Netherlands)|Ring Bolsward]]. The membership was 81 in 1898; 100 in 1927; 108 in 1950. In 1953 the congregation had a Sunday school for children (ages 6-12), a youth’s organization and a women’s organization. After 1920 [[Woudsend (Friesland, Netherlands)|Woudsend]] had joined the Balk congregation for preaching services.

= Bibliography =
Cate, Steven Blaupot ten. Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland. Leeuwarden: W. Eekhoff, 1839.

Brüsewitz, Carl F. "De Doopsgezinden van Balk." Stemmen 5 (1956): No. 4, 81-95.

Brüsewitz, Carl F. "The Mennonites of Balk, Friesland.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 30 (1956): 19-31.

Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1861): 130 f.; (1887): 86-112; (1892): 46-88; (1902): 26-29.

Gorter, D. S. Godsdienstige lectuur voor Doopsgezinden (1854): 263-298.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 114.

Yoder, Marie. "The Balk Dutch Settlement near Goshen, Indiana, 1853-1889." Mennonite Quarterly Review 30 (1956): 32-43.

= Additional Information =
Address: Raadhuisstraat 26, Balk

Denominational affiliation: [http://www.doopsgezind.nl/ Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit]

= Maps =
[[Map:Balk (Friesland)|Map:Balk (Friesland)]]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 215-216|date=1953|a1_last=Barthel|a1_first=H. C|a2_last= |a2_first= }}

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 Gorter, D. S. <em>Godsdienstige lectuur voor Doopsgezinde</em>n (1854): 263-298.
-Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 114.
+Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 114.
 Yoder, Marie. "The Balk Dutch Settlement near Goshen, Indiana, 1853-1889." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em> 30 (1956): 32-43.

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 Until 1844 the congregation was completely independent. When the [[Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit|Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit]] was founded, this church asked to be excused from all inquiries and letters concerning the training of ministers, for they had in their own midst enough brethren to serve them with God’s Word. For a time they maintained contact with [[Giethoorn (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Giethoorn]], but longest and closest with [[Aalsmeer (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Aalsmeer]]. The preachers of Aalsmeer usually came once a year; that Sunday was a festive day, and on it two sermons were preached. There are still a few letters left from the correspondence with Giethoorn and Aalsmeer, which, together with some old treasurer’s accounts, make up all the writings handed down from that period. (This old church, its customs and usages, were discussed in several volumes of the <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em>, but especially in the issue of 1892. See also Blaupot t. C., Friesland, esp. supplement XVIII.)
-The situation was radically changed in 1854. Part of the congregation emigrated to America (about eight miles (13 km) southwest of [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]]) on account of military service. From 19 May 1853 to 26 April 1854, a total of 52 persons emigrated, including 19 members and 2 preachers, R. J. Smits and R. J. Symensma. The elderly Haitje Hantjes Visser was left as the only minister with 14 members. Because he was too old to serve alone, most of these members saw that a change would have to be made. Against the wishes of some, it was decided to call a trained minister. The call was accepted by [[Gorter, Douwe Simons (1811-1876)|D. S. Gorter]] of [[Warns (Friesland, Netherlands)|Warns]] and Stavoren. On 23 April 1854 the last lay preacher, H. H. Visser, preached his farewell sermon on Romans 4:25. Pastor Gorter preached his inaugural sermon on 7 May 1854 on 1 Corinthians 8:1, "Knowledge puffern up, but charity edifieth." He remained until his death, 27 August 1876.
+The situation was radically changed in 1854. Part of the congregation immigrated to America (about eight miles (13 km) southwest of [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]]) on account of military service. From 19 May 1853 to 26 April 1854, a total of 52 persons emigrated, including 19 members and 2 preachers, R. J. Smits and R. J. Symensma. The elderly Haitje Hantjes Visser was left as the only minister with 14 members. Because he was too old to serve alone, most of these members saw that a change would have to be made. Against the wishes of some, it was decided to call a trained minister. The call was accepted by [[Gorter, Douwe Simons (1811-1876)|D. S. Gorter]] of [[Warns (Friesland, Netherlands)|Warns]] and Stavoren. On 23 April 1854 the last lay preacher, H. H. Visser, preached his farewell sermon on Romans 4:25. Pastor Gorter preached his inaugural sermon on 7 May 1854 on 1 Corinthians 8:1, "Knowledge puffern up, but charity edifieth." He remained until his death, 27 August 1876.
 Evidently some had been waiting for the new order of things, for no fewer than 31 persons from the outside applied for admission and on 31 March 1855, 17 persons were baptized, increasing the membership from 14 to 62. On 1 February 1863 the last sermon was preached in the old church and the present church building was dedicated. The congregation had the following ministers through 1953: S. Gorter, 1854-1876; J. J. Honig, 1877-1902; R. van der Veen, 1902-1912; [[Barthel, Hendrik Christiaan (1877-1936)|H. C. Barthel]], 1912-16; S. J. van der Meulen, 1916-1922; B. P. de Vries, 1923-1933; W. I. Fleischer, 1933-1942; C. F. Brüsewitz, 1943-1946; H. J. de Wilde after 1946. All members could vote, and women could hold church office. Services were held every Sunday. The congregation was a member of [[Bolsward Ring (Friesland, Netherlands)|Ring Bolsward]]. The membership was 81 in 1898; 100 in 1927; 108 in 1950. In 1953 the congregation had a Sunday school for children (ages 6-12), a youth’s organization and a women’s organization. After 1920 [[Woudsend (Friesland, Netherlands)|Woudsend]] had joined the Balk congregation for preaching services.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |-
+|
-[[File:BalkExterior.jpg|250px|thumbnail|center|Doopsgezinde Kerk, Balk.<br />
+[[File:BalkExterior.jpg|200px|thumbnail|center|Doopsgezinde Kerk, Balk.<br />
 Source: [http://reliwiki.nl/index.php/Bestand:08707_Balk_Doopsgez.Kerk_1863_Fr_copy-foto._kerkenverzamelaar_(4).jpg Reliwiki].]]
+|
-[[File:BalkInterior.jpg|250px|thumbnail|center|Interior, Doopsgezinde Kerk, Balk.<br />
+[[File:BalkInterior.jpg|200px|thumbnail|center|Interior, Doopsgezinde Kerk, Balk.<br />
 Source: [http://reliwiki.nl/index.php/Bestand:08707_Balk_Doopsgez.Kerk_1863_Fr_copy-foto._kerkenverzamelaar_(2).jpg Reliwiki].]]
 |}
@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 [[Category:Churches]]
 [[Category:Netherlands Congregations]]

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Until 1844 the congregation was completely independent. When the [[Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit|Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit]] was founded, this church asked to be excused from all inquiries and letters concerning the training of ministers, for they had in their own midst enough brethren to serve them with God’s Word. For a time they maintained contact with [[Giethoorn (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Giethoorn]], but longest and closest with [[Aalsmeer (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Aalsmeer]]. The preachers of Aalsmeer usually came once a year; that Sunday was a festive day, and on it two sermons were preached. There are still a few letters left from the correspondence with Giethoorn and Aalsmeer, which, together with some old treasurer’s accounts, make up all the writings handed down from that period. (This old church, its customs and usages, were discussed in several volumes of the <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em>, but especially in the issue of 1892. See also Blaupot t. C., Friesland, esp. supplement XVIII.)
-The situation was radically changed in 1854. Part of the congregation emigrated to America (about eight miles (13 km) southwest of [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]]) on account of military service. From 19 May 1853, to 26 April 1854 a total of 52 persons emigrated, including 19 members and 2 preachers, R. J. Smits and R. J. Symensma. The elderly Haitje Hantjes Visser was left as the only minister with 14 members. Because he was too old to serve alone, most of these members saw that a change would have to be made. Against the wishes of some, it was decided to call a trained minister. The call was accepted by [[Gorter, Douwe Simons (1811-1876)|D. S. Gorter]] of [[Warns (Friesland, Netherlands)|Warns]] and Stavoren. On 23 April 1854 the last lay preacher, H. H. Visser, preached his farewell sermon on Romans 4:25. Pastor Gorter preached his inaugural sermon on 7 May 1854 on 1 Corinthians 8:1, "Knowledge puffern up, but charity edifieth." He remained until his death, 27 August 1876.
+The situation was radically changed in 1854. Part of the congregation emigrated to America (about eight miles (13 km) southwest of [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]]) on account of military service. From 19 May 1853 to 26 April 1854, a total of 52 persons emigrated, including 19 members and 2 preachers, R. J. Smits and R. J. Symensma. The elderly Haitje Hantjes Visser was left as the only minister with 14 members. Because he was too old to serve alone, most of these members saw that a change would have to be made. Against the wishes of some, it was decided to call a trained minister. The call was accepted by [[Gorter, Douwe Simons (1811-1876)|D. S. Gorter]] of [[Warns (Friesland, Netherlands)|Warns]] and Stavoren. On 23 April 1854 the last lay preacher, H. H. Visser, preached his farewell sermon on Romans 4:25. Pastor Gorter preached his inaugural sermon on 7 May 1854 on 1 Corinthians 8:1, "Knowledge puffern up, but charity edifieth." He remained until his death, 27 August 1876.
 Evidently some had been waiting for the new order of things, for no fewer than 31 persons from the outside applied for admission and on 31 March 1855, 17 persons were baptized, increasing the membership from 14 to 62. On 1 February 1863 the last sermon was preached in the old church and the present church building was dedicated. The congregation had the following ministers through 1953: S. Gorter, 1854-1876; J. J. Honig, 1877-1902; R. van der Veen, 1902-1912; [[Barthel, Hendrik Christiaan (1877-1936)|H. C. Barthel]], 1912-16; S. J. van der Meulen, 1916-1922; B. P. de Vries, 1923-1933; W. I. Fleischer, 1933-1942; C. F. Brüsewitz, 1943-1946; H. J. de Wilde after 1946. All members could vote, and women could hold church office. Services were held every Sunday. The congregation was a member of [[Bolsward Ring (Friesland, Netherlands)|Ring Bolsward]]. The membership was 81 in 1898; 100 in 1927; 108 in 1950. In 1953 the congregation had a Sunday school for children (ages 6-12), a youth’s organization and a women’s organization. After 1920 [[Woudsend (Friesland, Netherlands)|Woudsend]] had joined the Balk congregation for preaching services.

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 Gorter, D. S. <em>Godsdienstige lectuur voor Doopsgezinde</em>n (1854): 263-298.
-Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 114.
+Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 114.
 Yoder, Marie. "The Balk Dutch Settlement near Goshen, Indiana, 1853-1889." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em> 30 (1956): 32-43.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Balk, a village in the southwest of the Dutch province of [[Friesland (Netherlands)|Friesland]], the seat of the civil community of Gaasterland (Gaasterlân-Sleat) and also of a Mennonite church, whose members lived in several neighboring villages. The history of this congregation falls into two periods with 1854 as the dividing line. There was probably a church here in the very early time. [[Leenaert Bouwens (1515-1582)|Leenaert Bouwens]] baptized 41 persons here; 32 between 1551 and 1554, 9 between 1557 and 1561. The membership probably never reached 100. Some serious events, now no longer known, caused the membership to decline: by 1720 it was still 70, but by 1763 it was only 10. Then it began a slow increase, maintaining itself at 30 or 35 in the last three years before 1854. It was the last congregation to join the [[Sociëteit van Doopsgezinde Gemeenten in Friesland (Conference of Mennonite Congregations in Friesland)|Conference of Friesland]] (1855).
@@ Line 29: / Line 40: @@
 Yoder, Marie. "The Balk Dutch Settlement near Goshen, Indiana, 1853-1889." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em> 30 (1956): 32-43.
 = Additional Information =
-Address: Raadhuisstraat 26, Balk
+'''Address''': Raadhuisstraat 26, 8561 BH Balk, Netherlands
-Denominational affiliation: [http://www.doopsgezind.nl/ Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit]
+'''Denominational affiliation''':
 = Maps =
 [[Map:Balk (Friesland)|Map:Balk (Friesland)]]
 {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 215-216|date=1953|a1_last=Barthel|a1_first=H. C|a2_last= |a2_first= }}

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 The same simplicity was found in the homes of the members; only the most essential furniture was there, but the bookcase never was missing, which leads to the conclusion that the members were inclined to independent judgment. Clothing was simple; gold and silver were not worn. Of all the traditions that of the clothing was longest preserved. In 1915 an old sister was still living, who had discarded the costume in 1872. (A picture and description of her clothing are found in <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em> 1902.) [[Tobacco|Tobacco]] and alcoholic beverages were not used nor offered to others.
-To be received into the church, it was not necessary to attend special instruction, but one had to master the <em>School der Deugd</em> by [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|Tieleman van Braght]] and the <em>Onderwijzinge des Christelijken Geloofs</em> by [[Boudewijns, Pieter (18th century)|Boudewijns]]. The former was used for the younger persons, the latter for the older. Both these books were reprinted by the "fine Mennonites" in 1824 and 1825. [[Cate, Steven Blaupot ten (1807-1884)|Blaupot ten Cate]]reported that in 1839 the <em>Onderwijzinge</em> of [[Dooregeest, Engel Arendszoon van (1645-1706)|Engel A. van Dooregeest]] was also used in religious instruction. They used the old [[Biestkens Bible|Biestkens Bible]] and also a [[Luther, Martin (1483-1546)|Luther]] translation. Until 1848 their hymnal was the <em>Kleyn Hoorns Liedtboeck</em> of 1644 (reprinted 1814). The members voted on the admission of new members.
+To be received into the church, it was not necessary to attend special instruction, but one had to master the <em>School der Deugd</em> by [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|Tieleman van Braght]] and the <em>Onderwijzinge des Christelijken Geloofs</em> by [[Boudewijns, Pieter (18th century)|Boudewijns]]. The former was used for the younger persons, the latter for the older. Both these books were reprinted by the "fine Mennonites" in 1824 and 1825. [[Cate, Steven Blaupot ten (1807-1884)|Blaupot ten Cate ]]reported that in 1839 the <em>Onderwijzinge</em> of [[Dooregeest, Engel Arendszoon van (1645-1706)|Engel A. van Dooregeest]] was also used in religious instruction. They used the old [[Biestkens Bible|Biestkens Bible]] and also a [[Luther, Martin (1483-1546)|Luther]] translation. Until 1848 their hymnal was the <em>Kleyn Hoorns Liedtboeck</em> of 1644 (reprinted 1814). The members voted on the admission of new members.
 Military service caused the congregation much difficulty. Several requests were made of the government for exemption, but were not granted. Members helped each other to pay for a substitute; if necessary the church treasury was drawn upon.