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Art (1955)

2026-04-14T16:18:58Z

RichardThiessen: /* Events, Activities, and Scenes */

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== Introduction ==
The following treatment of the theme is limited basically to the graphic arts, in particular painting, drawing, and etching. For treatment of other forms of art and related topics and for analysis from the 1980s see [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts,]] [[Filmmaking|Filmmaking]], [[Fraktur (Illuminated Drawing)|Fraktur]], [[Literature, Mennonites in -- United States and Canada (English, 1895-1980s)|Literature]], [[Music, North America|Music]]. The article is subdivided as follows: (1) The Mennonite Theme in Art, (2) The Mennonite Attitude Toward Art, (3) The Mennonite Contribution to Art, (4) Mennonite Artists.

== The Mennonite Theme in Art ==
=== Persons ===
Seldom have major artists used Mennonite themes in any form of great art, although Mennonite subjects were frequently portrayed by able Dutch painters and etchers. The chief instance is the great Dutch master [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt]], who painted, etched, and drew the [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] Mennonite preacher [[Anslo, Cornelis Claesz (1592-1646)|C. C. Anslo]], a [[Waterlanders|Waterlander]] leader. His oil painting of Anslo and his wife hangs in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in [[Berlin (Germany)|Berlin]]; an original copy of the etching is in the Art Institute of Chicago; both were done in 1641. A copy of Rembrandt's etching of Anslo alone is in the Fogg Museum of Art at Harvard University. Rembrandt also painted or etched various other Waterlander Mennonites. His portrait of Trijn Jans (Catrina Hoogsaet), the wife of preacher Hendrick Jacobsz Rooleeuw, made in 1657, is now in the Lord Penrhyn Collection in England. Several members of the Amsterdam Mennonite Bruyningh family were also painted by Rembrandt, e.g., Nicolaas Bruyningh, whose portrait of 1652 is now in the Gemälde-Galerie at Cassel, [[Germany|Germany]]. Rembrandt's painting of Lieven Willemsz van Coppenol is in the Edward S. Harkness Collection in [[New York (USA)|New York]]. Van Coppenol was a noted Mennonite teacher. H. F. Wijman has shown that the portrait by Rembrandt once assumed to be [[Alenson, Hans Arentsz (d. 1644)|Hans Alenson]] is actually one of the English clergyman John Ellison.

[[File:Rembrandt - The Mennonite Preacher Anslo and his Wife - Google.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|''"Portrait of the Mennonite preacher Cornelius Claesz Anslo and his wife Aeltje Gerritsdr Schouten" by [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt]], 1641.<br />
Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.<br />
Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Mennonite_Preacher_Anslo_and_his_Wife_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Wikimedia Commons].'']]
Other outstanding Dutch artists produced portraits of Mennonite preachers, among them being the Mennonite artist [[Mierevelt, Michiel Janszn van (1567-1641)|M. J. van Mierevelt]] (d. 1641), who painted [[Ries, Hans de (1553–1638)|Hans de Ries]] (d. 1638), the great leader of the Waterlanders, and also produced a portrait of the prominent preacher [[Gerritsz, Lubbert (1534-1612)|Lubbert Gerritsz]] (d. 1612), which hangs in the [[Amsterdam, University of (Amsterdam, Netherlands)|University of Amsterdam]]; and the artist [[Jacobsz, Lambert (ca. 1598-1636)|Lambert Jacobsz]] (ca. 1598-1636), himself a Waterlander preacher, who painted his fellow preacher, [[Ring, Yeme Jacobsz de (1574-1627)|Jeme de Ring]]. There is a portrait, formerly ascribed to Rembrandt but actually by his Mennonite pupil [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]] (1615-1660), of Gozen Centen, a regent (member of the board of directors) of the Amsterdam Mennonite old people's home called [[Rijpenhofje (Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Rijpenhofje]]. Two other Mennonite regents of the Rijpenhofje, Gozewijn Centen (with family) and Job Sieuwerts, were painted by the Dutch artist Christoffel Lubienietzki in the years 1721 and 1713 respectively. Both pictures, though the property of the Amsterdam Mennonite Church, now hang in the Rijksmuseum. The well-known elder, [[Gerrits van Emden, Jan (1561-1617)|Jan Gerrits van Emden]] (d. 1617), was painted by Rombout Uylenburch. The prominent Mennonite preacher of Amsterdam, [[Deknatel, Jeme (Joannes) (1698-1759)|Johannes Deknatel]] (d. 1759), also co-founder of the[[Amsterdam Mennonite Library (Bibliotheek en Archief van de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente te Amsterdam)| Amsterdam Mennonite Seminary]], was painted in a miniature, which is now in the possession of the [[Mennonite Historical Library (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Mennonite Historical library]] of [[Goshen College (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Goshen College]]. A bust of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]] and one of [[Hirschy, Noah Calvin (1867-1925)|N. C. Hirschy]] (d. 1925), first president of [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton (Ohio) University]], both done by the Mennonite artist [[Klassen, Johann Peter (1868-1947)|J. P. Klassen]], are in the Bluffton University Library.

[[File:Jan-van-Leiden-by-Aldegreve.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Jan Beukelszoon (John of Leyden)<br />
Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jan_van_Leiden_by_Aldegrever.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
Many wealthy Mennonites had their portraits painted by noted Dutch artists. F. Schmidt Degener has made a thorough study of this in his article "Menniste Portretten" in the magazine <em>Onze Kunst</em> (1914, I, 1 ff.). Hendrik Sorgh (1611-1670) depicted the Jacob Abrahamsz Bierens family in Amsterdam in 1663. Lucas de Clercq and his wife, both Mennonites, had their portraits made by the renowned painter Frans Hals in 1635. Jan van Hoeck, a member of a well-known Amsterdam Mennonite family, had his picture made by Cornelis van der Voort. If one may include the revolutionary [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] here, then it should be noted that [[Beukelszoon, Jan (ca. 1509-1536)|Jan van Leyden]] (d. 1535) was painted several times and that H. Aldegrever made a fine copper-engraving of him in 1536. A good oil painting of him by Herman tom Ring now hangs in the Grandducal Museum at Schwerin, Germany. Of [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]] there is a portrait by the Dutch painter Jan van Scorel, now in the <em>Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung</em> at [[Basel (Switzerland)|Basel]], [[Switzerland|Switzerland]]. The greatest Dutch poet, [[Vondel, Joost van den (1587-1679)|Joost van den Vondel]] (1587-1679), who was a Mennonite (for a time deacon) for many years until his [[Conversion|conversion]] to Catholicism, was often pictured, as for instance by [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]] and Philip de Koninck.

Of the various extant portraits of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]], none historical, possibly only three have much artistic value, the one of 1683 by Jakob Burkhardt of Hamburg-Altona, that by Jan Luiken of 1743, and the etching of 1949 by the gifted contemporary Dutch etcher, Arent Hendriks. (See the authoritative article by G. J. Bockenoogen, "De Portretten van Menno Simons," in <em>DB</em> 1916, 33-106, with reproductions of all then extant portraits, also "The portraits of Menno Simons," by S. Smeding in <em>Menn. Life</em>, July 1948, 16-19.) In 1743 a collection of 30 portraits of Dutch Mennonite leaders from Menno Simons on down appeared in book form in [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] under the title <em>Versaameling van de afbeeldingen van veele voornaame Mannen en leeraaren, die zoo met het begin der Reformatie als ook in laater tijd het leeraars ampt onder de Doopsgezinde Christenen bedient hebben. Alle op nieuws na de originele, door bekwaame meesters in 't koper gebragt</em>. In 1677 at Middelburg appeared a collection of etchings by C. van Sichem, <em>Het Tooneel der Hooftketteren bestaande in verscheyde afbeeltsels van valsche Propheten, naekt-loopers</em>, etc., which included Menno Simons and David Joris among its pictures of archheretics. The 1608 <em>Historische Beschrijuinge Ende Affbeeldinge der voornaemste Hooft Ketteren</em> contains 15 large engraved portraits by van Sichem, among them [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Balthasar Hubmaier]], [[Adam Pastor (d. 1560/70)|Adam Pastor]], [[Rinck, Melchior (1494-After 1545)|Melchior Rinck]], [[Hut, Hans (d. 1527)|Hans Hut]], [[Haetzer, Ludwig (1500-1529)|Ludwig Haetzer]], [[Hoffman, Melchior (ca. 1495-1544?) |Melchior Hoffman]], and the Münsterite leaders, but not the van Sichem portrait of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]], which was printed as a separate sheet already in 1605 or earlier. Most of these were reproduced in smaller size also in 1608 in <em>Apocalypsis Insignium Aliquot Heresiarcharum</em>. The larger collection was reproduced in several editions with varying content, finally in the 1677 edition.

It was very common in the 16th and particularly in the 18th century to hang portraits of the regents, usually painted as a group, in the board rooms of Dutch [[Orphanages|orphanages]] and old people's homes. Some Mennonite charitable institutions have pictures of their regents, but they are not so common nor of such an early time.

Outside of Holland, Mennonite preachers and wealthy lay members of [[Emden (Niedersachsen, Germany)|Emden]], [[Danzig (Poland)|Danzig]], and Hamburg in North [[Germany|Germany]] were portrayed in paintings, etchings, or miniatures, none outstanding.

=== Events, Activities, and Scenes ===
There are very few pictures of events in Mennonite history. In the old Town Hall of Amsterdam there were once six oil paintings by Doove Barend, of the <em>Wederdoperoproer</em> (assault on the town hall by a group of revolutionary Anabaptists in 1535), but they have disappeared. In a number of old books certain sensational scenes are reproduced from early Anabaptist history, e.g., the story of the <em>Naaktloopers</em>, which was depicted again and again. But these pictures are seldom of artistic value, and generally not authentic but merely fantastic.

[[File:ME1-21-2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, vol. 1, photo page 21, no. 2<br />
Martyr scene by Jan Luiken in Martyrs' Mirror'']]
The most extensive use of Mennonite themes was by the noted Dutch etcher [[Luiken, Jan (1649-1712)|Jan Luiken]] (d. 1712), who created the 104 copper engravings used in the second Dutch edition of the<em>[[Martyrs' Mirror]]</em> (1685) later published separately as <em>Theatre des Martyrs</em> (Leyden, 1685?). The original copper plates were extant in [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]] in 1929 and were examined by the writer. They had been used in the Pirmasens (1780) German edition of the <em>Martyrs mirror</em>.

Of great interest are a set of copper engravings from about 1735, representing the ceremonies in Dutch Mennonite churches. In volume VI of <em>The ceremonies and the religious customs of the various nations of the known world </em>(London, 1733-37), also published in French (1736) and in Dutch (1738), the noted French engraver, [[Picart, Bernard (1673–1733)|Bernard Picart]] (1673-1733), and his Dutch associates, who did most of their work in Amsterdam, reproduced two scenes from a Dutch Mennonite [[Communion|communion]] service in the [[Singel Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Holland)|Amsterdam Singel Church]], two engravings of a Mennonite [[Baptism, Age at|baptism]], and two engravings of an Amsterdam Mennonite man in costume, all of 1736 or thereabouts. F. ter Meer painted ([[Krefeld (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Krefeld]], 1845) <em>Die Gehetzten</em>, a scene showing 16th century Krefeld Mennonites worshiping in a barn.

There is a fine engraving of the old Witmarsum church of about 1820, and many good engravings, mostly from the 18th century, of the churches of [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]], [[Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Utrecht]], [[Leiden (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Leiden]], [[Zaandam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Zaandam]], and others. A symbolic engraving by D. Kerkhoff (1792) bears the title <em>Monument van de Doopsgezinden</em>.
[[File:Aruele Robert001.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Preacher visiting a Anabaptist family in the Bernese Jura by Robert Aurèle.</br>Source: S. G. Geiser. Die Taufgesinnten Gemeinden. 2. Auflage. ([Brügg, Poststr. 3, im Selbstverlag], (Vertrieb: Christian Schmutz, Courgenay.) 1971. [front matter p.13]'']]
The copper engraving of 1782, <em>The Mennonite proposal for marriage</em>, by the Danzig artist Daniel Chodowiecky (d. 1801), not a Mennonite, portrays a custom of the Mennonites of that city. The Swiss artist, Aurèle Robert (1805-1871), painted a picture of a Swiss Mennonite family of near Tavannes, Bernese [[Jura Mountains|Jura]], about 1850, which hangs in the Lausanne (Switzerland) Museum (Musée des Beaux-Arts), entitled <em>L'Anabaptiste ou ferme Bernois</em>. The Swiss artist Joseph Reinhard (1749-1829) produced a colored etching of a Mennonite couple at the Johannestor in Basel, entitled <em>Costumes des Anabaptistes Suisses</em>, which was published in his noted work on Swiss costumes ca. 1824. An 18th century gravure by E. Maaskamp depicts a Mennonite couple on the Dutch island of [[Kampen (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Kampen]]. A similar one by Lewicki depicts an Alsatian couple of ca. 1815.

In the [[United States of America|United States]] since the mid-20th century [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] themes have been used. The artists Kiehl and Christian Newswanger of near [[Lancaster (Pennsylvania, USA)| Lancaster]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], produced a number of interesting Pennsylvania Amish portraits, in painting, etching, and drawing, which have been widely exhibited in recent years and are now in the permanent collection of the Library of Congress at Washington, DC. Benjamin Eicholtz's <em>Mennonite woman</em> (early 19th century) is in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Mennonite artist of [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], Indiana, A. L. Sprunger, has made linoleum cuts of Amish figures. [[Schenk, Oliver Wendell "Tom" (1903-1996)|Oliver Wendell Schenk]] (1903-1996), himself a Mennonite student in [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]], at the time, produced in 1933 a pen and ink sketch of the noted Mennonite schoolmaster of the Skippack (Pennsylvania), [[Dock, Christopher (d. 1771)|Christopher Dock]] (d. 1771), at prayer in his schoolroom, as well as a pencil sketch of the [[Doylestown (Pennsylvania, USA)|Doylestown]], Pennsylvania, Mennonite meetinghouse and graveyard. WoIdemar Neufeld (1909-2002), a former Mennonite, painted (ca. 1930) the [[Steinmann Mennonite Church (Baden, Ontario, Canada)|Steinmann Mennonite meetinghouse]] near [[Baden (Ontario, Canada)|Baden]], [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]]. Jakob Sudermann painted the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza, Russia, Mennonite church]] 1932.

If one should include the [[Münster Anabaptists|Münsterites]] of 1534-1535 with the Anabaptists, then reference would have to be made to numerous works portraying episodes, personalities, or scenes from this tragic affair. One of the most notable among these is the series of 30 black and white drawings (one etching and 29 in woodcut style) by the noted modern German artist, Joseph Sattler (1867-1931), published in Berlin in 1895 under the title <em>Die Wiedertäufer</em>.

Max Geisberg has made a special study of the [[Münster Anabaptists|Münster Anabaptists]] in art in his <em>Die münsterischen Wiedertäufer und Aldegrever</em> ... (Strasbourg, 1907).

== The Mennonite Attitude Toward Art ==
=== In Principle ===
The Anabaptist-Mennonites, as more closely related to the Zwinglian-Calvinist phase of the Reformation than to the Lutheran, shared with the former their objection to the use of art in religious worship or in religious activity in any form. With their emphasis upon simplicity, sincerity, and humility, art seemed to them artificial and pretentious, often dangerous and wasteful. Whether their negative attitude was based upon the second commandment, "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image," as asserted by [[Neff, Christian (1863-1946)|Neff]] (<em>ML</em> 1, 221), is not clear. Later this was in part the case, and there is evidence that in [[West Prussia|West Prussia]], as well as in [[Switzerland|Switzerland]], and among the later descendants of both groups, this attitude prevailed. A striking illustration is the case of the Danzig Mennonite portrait-painter, [[Seemann, Enoch, Sr. (1661-?)|Enoch Seemann, Sr]]. (b. 1661 in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]]), who was placed under the [[Ban|ban]] in 1697 by the Danzig [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] Mennonite elder [[Hansen, Georg (d. 1703) |Georg Hansen]] specifically on the ground of violating the second commandment by painting portraits, and was reinstated only after promising to limit himself to landscapes and decorations. (The story is told in Seemann's booklet <em>Offenbahrung und Bestraffung des gergen Hanszens Thorheit</em>, Stoltzenberg, 1697.) The Danzig Flemish congregation thoroughly supported their elder in this action. Even then, and for some time, at least until after 1850, Mennonites of this area were not permitted to be professional artists, only amateur practice being considered tolerable.

Possibly the rural character of these groups and their cultural isolation may account for some of their negativism toward art. In any case it has persisted through the 19th century among all Mennonite groups except those in Holland, the North German cities, and the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]]. It still is rigidly adhered to by the [[Old Order Amish| Old Order Amish]] of the USA and some conservative groups of Russian background in [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Mexico|Mexico]], and in [[Paraguay|Paraguay]] who forbid the hanging of any works of art in their homes, and also the taking of photographs. In the 20th century this attitude gradually disappeared in most Mennonite groups. However, in such a long prevailing negative atmosphere it is not surprising that there have been so few Mennonite artists and that those who wanted to be artists were either expelled or forced to leave.

It is worthy of note that no real art developed among Mennonites except in those groups where there was a close connection with the national culture and in urban areas such as Holland and North Germany. The art of illumination of manuscripts, which was handed down in the Pennsylvania German communities and among the Mennonites of Prussia and [[Russia|Russia]], found a few Mennonite practitioners (e.g., the teacher Christopher Dock of Skippack (d. 1771), preacher John Gross of Deep Run (1814-1903)) but this is a very minor art form. In any case, the Mennonites are known to have practiced only the graphic arts; in the plastic arts they are markedly absent except for some silversmiths in Holland, occasional pottery (e.g., the modern [[Makkum (Friesland, Netherlands)|Makkum]] pottery in Holland), and folk art in such forms as samplers and bed quilts, and some wood carving. In [[North America|North America]], as the Mennonites as a whole began to move out of their cultural isolation and out of a purely rural environment, particularly through the influence of the public elementary and high schools as well as the leadership of their church colleges, a positive attitude toward art gradually replaced the former negative one (but not in the more conservative groups). Departments of art were established in the church colleges, and Mennonites became art teachers and artists in their own right, such as J. P. Klassen of [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton College]] and A. L. Sprunger of Goshen College and Goshen High School. The [[Mennonite Publishing House (Scottdale, Pennsylvania, USA)|Mennonite Publishing House]] at Scottdale began to employ its own Mennonite artists for the art work in its publications, as did also the [[Mennonite Press (Newton, Kansas, USA) |Mennonite Press]] at [[North Newton (Kansas, USA)|North Newton]], Kansas.

There are those, however, who doubt whether much great art can be produced in a group which has a strict standard of Christian morals and a strong sense of separation from the "world," and a relative isolation from the main stream of the national culture, since this might interfere with the freedom required for creative art. There are also those who hold on the other side that the autonomy of art is a danger to a truly profound religious experience and that one or the other must be sacrificed.

The Dutch Mennonites are a noteworthy exception to the general Mennonite pattern in their attitude toward art. First among the Waterlander Mennonites toward the end of the 16th century and then during the 17th century among most of the other groups except the most conservative, all opposition to art faded away and was replaced by a genuine appreciation for and love of art in various forms. This is evidenced not only by the commissions given for portraits, and by the appearance of many Mennonite artists, including both painters and etchers of the first rank, but also by the collections of paintings and other art objects in the homes of the wealthier Mennonites who were frequently friends and even patrons of artists. There have been several outstanding Dutch Mennonite art critics and historians, among them the noted [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]] (1548-1606), whose <em>Schilderboek</em> was the first Dutch history of art.

Something of the love of art among the Dutch Mennonites is also evidenced by the fact that some congregations have valuable and very fine communion cups. Generally they were, like the tankards (jugs) and bread-plates, mostly of pewter, although the congregation of [[Zwolle (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Zwolle]] had silver cups already in the year 1661, the congregation of [[Koog (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Koog]]-Zaandijk also such from the 17th century, [[Leiden (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Leiden]] from 1701, Stavoren from 1745, [[Rotterdam (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Rotterdam]] from 1774, [[Kampen (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Kampen]], [[Giethoorn (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Giethoorn]], and [[Joure (Friesland, Netherlands)|Joure]] from the same time. Those of Kampen, Joure, and Rotterdam are of a high artistic value.

=== Art in Mennonite Homes, especially in Holland; Mennonite Art Collectors ===
During the so-called [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisian]] and [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] quarrels the former accused the latter of giving too much attention and money to the adornment of their houses, and in the year 1659 a meeting of [[Groningen Old Flemish Mennonites|Groninger Old Flemish]] leaders at [[Loppersum (Groningen, Netherlands)|Loppersum]] forbade the use of stained glass windows in the houses and the making of portraits (Blaupot t. C., <em>Friesland</em>, 307-8: see also [[Nonconformity|Nonconformity]]) and even [[Rues, M. Simeon Friedrich (1713-1748)|S. F. Rues]], who visited the Dutch Mennonites in 1742, stated the fact (Rues, <em>Tegenwoordige Staet</em>, Amsterdam, 1745, 27) that the so-called [[Danzig Old Flemish Mennonites|Danzig Old Flemish]] Mennonites excommunicated members who hung oil paintings and other decorations on the walls of their homes, and specially "when they got to the foolishness of having themselves pictured." But the fact that [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]] could be a member even of the very austere Old Flemish congregation of [[Haarlem (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Haarlem]] and also be a painter, proves indisputably that Mennonites as such were no opponents of art, generally speaking. We find pictures and other kinds of art in Mennonite homes, particularly of those Mennonites in [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] and other cities of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] who had grown wealthy during the early 16th century. The picture which H. Sorgh made in 1663 of the Bierens home shows pictures on the wall. Surely we must consider this Bierens interior at Amsterdam as an example of Mennonite life at this time. Later on, and especially in the 18th century, Delft pottery and the valuable chinaware, both cups and large plates, decorated the walls of many Mennonite homes. And this was not only the fact in the more luxurious residences of the province of Holland, but also in the country, as is clear from a report by the Reformed pastor [[Elgersma, Franciscus (1625-1712)|Elgersma]] (of the year 1685) that the Mennonite preacher [[Floris, Foecke (ca. 1650-ca. 1700)|Foecke Floris]] caused the people to take away from their walls, cups, plates, pictures, etc. (Hylkema, <em>Reformateurs</em> II, Haarlem, 1902, 6.)

Though we cannot determine accurately how many art collectors there have been among the Dutch Mennonites, we know that there were some even in the 17th century. From 1625 on [[Theunisz, Jan (ca. 1569-1637?)|Jan Theunisz]] in Amsterdam was the owner of a kind of restaurant, where the men of the world (among whom were many Mennonites!) used to meet and to view his great collection of art objects and curiosities. The Mennonite Hendrik van Uylenburgh was an art dealer and collector about the same time. Jan Pietersz Bruyningh, who was painted with his wife by Rembrandt in 1636, had a small collection of oil-paintings by Lastman, Flinck, de Coninck, and two or three pictures by Rembrandt. There is reason to suppose that there were at this time many Mennonite art collectors. Of Mennonite art collectors of the 18th century we should mention among many others, [[Teyler van der Hulst, Pieter (1702-1778)|Pieter Teyler van der Hulst]] (1702-1778) at Haarlem, who gathered a large collection of valuable books, oil-paintings, drawings, coins and medals, etc. In Rotterdam the brothers Pieter and Jan Bisschop, of whom the first mentioned died in 1758 and the latter in 1771, had a fine collection of precious pictures, drawings of old Dutch and foreign masters, antique vases, splendid miniatures, enamels, gold and silver objects, Japan porcelain of the finest quality, lacquered ware from China, rare shells and other curiosities, which were all packed carefully in large cases. Strangers who visited Rotterdam sought the opportunity of looking at the <em>Kunstcabinet van de oude heer Bisschop</em>. In 1778 the stadtholder of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]], William of Orange, and his spouse, admired the Bisschop collection. Mennonite collectors and collections of the 19th century and today need not be further mentioned.

According to [[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|Kühler]] (II, 1, p. 59), Hendrik van Uylenburgh (1584-1660), the leader of a famous school of art and a well-known art dealer, was a Mennonite, a cousin of Rembrandt's first wife Saskia and a close friend of his. His brother Rombout later lived in Danzig and painted the Mennonite preacher [[Gerrits van Emden, Jan (1561-1617)|Jan Gerrits of Emden]]. His son Gerrit was also an art dealer, though not with the best reputation. -- ''Nanne van der Zijpp''

== The Particular Mennonite Contribution to Art ==
The relationship between Anabaptism-Mennonitism and the Dutch painting of the 16th and 17th centuries (in the broad sense, drawing and etching) will be considered from three aspects: (a) whether there is any fundamental mutual influence or conditioning between Mennonitism in Holland and painting; (b) whether there is in the case of Dutch painters who were Mennonites evidence that their faith found expression in their work; (c) in which of the Dutch painters does one find Mennonites or Mennonite characteristics portrayed.

Does there exist any fundamental influence and limitation between Mennonitism and Dutch painting? One thinks first and usually of [[Calvinism and Mennonitism (Netherlands)|Calvinism]] when one speaks of Dutch Protestantism, but this exclusiveness is by no means correct. The Reformation had numerous adherents in the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] for 40 years before Calvinism from the south in 1566 won its dominant position. This pre-Calvinist period was to a large extent influenced by [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]]; indeed the Reformation and Anabaptism were for a time nearly identical in the Netherlands. (J. G. de Hoop-Scheffer, <em>Geschiedenis der Kerkhervorming in Nederland,</em> 1873, 3.) But the point pertinent to our discussion is this: All that Protestantism has contributed to the cultural life of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] especially with respect to art can be traced in principle and in its essence to this Anabaptistically determined Reformation. In this realm Calvinism could contribute nothing new; it merely took over. Also in the ensuing period it was true that Calvinism was the sole authoritative represen tative of Protestantism, however domineering it may have acted and however domineering it may indeed have been upon the state. Even in the later periods an independent Mennonite share in the cultural fruits of Dutch Protestantism can be assumed -- at any rate so great a scholar as Johan Huizinga does so (<em>Die höllandische Kultur des 17. Jahrhunderts</em>, Jena, 1933).

It is therefore proper, whenever the Protestant element in Dutch painting in its Golden Age is to be considered, to see in it an important aspect of Mennonitism. To be sure, we must guard our selves against the idea that Dutch painting is as such Protestant, especially in contrast to a Catholic art of Flanders, which remained under the dominion of Spain. In the first place there are areas where such a contrast does not exist and many connections can be traced, even between Rubens and Rembrandt. In the second place, the contrast is based not only on creed, but also on political and social conditions, the contrast between the bourgeois North and the courtly South. In the third place, we find already in the old Dutch "old Flemish" art of the 15th century, and still more in the [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] art of the peasant Breughel, tendencies (such as the preference for genre painting, still life and landscape) which became important in later Dutch painting. Finally, many of the motifs of Dutch painting (the peasant pictures of Adriaan van Ostade, the genre pictures of Jan Steen, etc.) hardly fit into any category of Protestantism, especially the Dutch type of Protestantism.

[[File:Isaac Blessing Jacob - Govert Flinck.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Isaac Blesses Jacob by [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]]. <br />
Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_Govert_Flinck.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
We cannot avoid first of all viewing the effect of Protestantism on Dutch painting as a negative force, limiting and impoverishing it, for Protestant ism is responsible first of all for what is lacking in Dutch painting as the nature and motif of its creation. Dutch Protestantism was always extremely hostile to furnishing churches with paintings, and that is as true of [[Calvinism and Mennonitism (Netherlands)|Calvinism]] as of Mennonitism. Thus the church drops out of the picture as an art center. Certain types of painting found in the Middle Ages and in the Catholic countries, such as the crucifixion (with exceptions like Rembrandt), the Virgin, and the saints, no longer are wanted. But there is also a lack of allegorical and mytho logical subjects from antiquity, such as is found in abundance in Italian and Flemish art, chiefly be cause Protestantism, Calvinistic as well as Mennonite, looked upon the depiction of these acts with suspicion. It is certainly an effect of Protestantism that causes the first great Dutch art historian, [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]], himself a Mennonite, to lament, "It is our present want and misfortune [about 1600], that so few figurative subjects can be painted in our Netherlands, whereby an opportunity would be given to our young people and to painters to achieve distinction in the presentation of allegory or in the treatment of the nude. For what there is to paint is mostly pictures according to nature" (i.e., por traits).

On the other hand, though it must be granted that, as Carel van Mander laments, the Protestant influence led to an impoverishment in comparison with the earlier and contemporary work of other countries, nevertheless closer consideration shows that it also had a positive and fruitful effect. With its attitude toward ecclesiastical art, indeed to art in general, Protestantism preserved Dutch painting from becoming a mere appendage to Italian and Flemish art. It made Dutch art independent; renunciation became a gift. It is therefore largely due to Protestantism that portraiture became a fine art among the Dutch, that in Rembrandt it was developed to the point where the man and the man alone stands before his God, strives with God, is reflected in God. But Protestantism, and especially Dutch Protestantism, is a religion of domesticity; even the churches of that time look more like residences than churches. Dutch landscape painting likewise betrays Protestant influence. Its realism presents a sharp contrast to the symbolism of the Middle Ages and the theatrical lightness of contemporary Italian as well as some of the Flemish landscape painting; for the Protestant the world as such is the scene of a reality that is to be taken seriously, with real tasks and duties! When Dutch landscape painting becomes unreal, it becomes dreamy and romantic as with Ruisdael; here too Protestant individualism must not be overlooked!

In short, an examination of Dutch painting reveals many a feature that bears a Protestant stamp. And within the framework of the Mennonite share in the character of Dutch Protestantism, the question concerning a significant influence of Mennonitism upon Dutch art must, upon this evidence, be answered in the affirmative. But is there evidence in the cases of all the many Dutch Mennonite artists, especially of the 17th century, that their confession has found expression in their creations? The answer is only in part affirmative. These Mennonite painters do not fall out of the general framework of Dutch art. Perhaps a direct influence of their religious attitude may be seen most easily in the Biblical subjects painted by [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]], [[Jacobsz, Lambert (ca. 1598-1636)|Lambert Jacobsz]], [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]], and [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt]]. The work of [[Luiken, Jan (1649-1712)|Jan Luiken]] is in sharp dependence upon his religious inclinations -- cf. his illustrations for the <em>Martyrs mirror </em>of [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|Tielemann van Braght]] (Dutch edition of 1685 and German edition of 1780). There is a conspicuous absence of genre painting among all these Mennonite painters. Would it be correct to attribute this lack to their Mennonitism, which was characterized by soundness and good manners? At any rate, it seems that the influence of their faith must be sought in their manner of life rather than in their manner of painting. Houbraken, who usually dwells with pleasure and in detail on the scandals in the lives of the Dutch painters, frequently stresses in the case of the Mennonites their morality, good manners, and piety, as in the case of David Joris, van Mierevelt, Flinck, van der Heyden, and Luiken. With a few exceptions, however, such as van [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Mander]] and Jacobsz, the artists were not active in religious matters. -- ''Dirk Kossen''

== Mennonite Artists ==
=== Anabaptists ===
The only artist among the early Anabaptists was David Joris (1501-56), an early Dutch convert baptized and ordained by [[Obbe Philips (ca. 1500-1568)|Obbe Philips]] in 1535 or 1536 who soon turned radical mystic, left the brotherhood, also was bitterly opposed by Menno Simons, and lived under a pseudonym in Basel as a wealthy merchant the last 12 years of his life. He was a capable glass painter and a sketcher of Biblical scenes; one of his sketches is in the Vienna Albertina Museum. Some of his preliminary drawings for the glass paintings are preserved in England. Other Anabaptist glass-painters (<em>glas-schrijver, glasgraveur</em>) are mentioned among the Dutch martyrs, such as [[Jan Woutersz van Cuyck (d. 1572)|Jan Woutersz van Cuyck]] who is called <em>schildersartist en glasgraveur</em>, and a certain Rommeken.

=== Netherlands ===
A considerable number of the best Dutch artists have been Mennonites, particularly in the golden age of Dutch art, the 17th century, a few of them Mennonite preachers. It has sometimes been asserted that the greatest of all Dutch painters, [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt van Rijn]] (1607-1669), was a Mennonite. [[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|Kühler]] calls him a Mennonite (<em>Geschiedenis</em> II, 1, p. 58), as does Hendrik van Loon in his biography of Rembrandt. However, the best and most recent scholarship hesitates to claim this with finality, holding as to actual [[Church Membership|church membership]] only that "it is probable that Rembrandt at the end of the 1650's either belonged to or stood close to a freer circle of [[Waterlanders|Waterlander Mennonites]] which stood under [[Collegiants|Collegiant]] domination" (H. M. Rotermund, <em>Rembrandt und die religiösen Laienbewegungen in den Niederlanden im 17. Jahrhundert</em>, 1952). In any case Rembrandt's religion was in its deepest essence Mennonite, formed by Mennonite influences, and his essential spirit and expression were Mennonite in character. This is asserted not only by Rotermund, but also by other scholars, most recently by L. Venturi in <em>Painting and painters</em> (N.Y., 1948), and Jacob Rosenberg in <em>Rembrandt</em> (Cambridge, 1948). The great Rembrandt scholar, F. Schmidt-Degener, says that Rembrandt was "the obvious product of Mennonite environment."

[[File:Isaac%20Newton%20by%20Enoch%20Seeman%201725.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''"Sir Isaac Newton" by [[Seemann, Enoch, Jr. (1694-1744)|Enoch Seemann]], 1725'']]
The first Dutch Mennonite painter, coming before the 17th century, was [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]] (1548-1606), of the stricter Old Flemish group. Among the leading Dutch painters of the golden age were [[Mierevelt, Michiel Janszn van (1567-1641)|Michiel J. van Mierevelt]] (1567-1641; [[Jacobsz, Lambert (ca. 1598-1636)|Lambert Jacobsz]] (ca. 1598-1636); [[Backer, Jacob Adriaensz (1608-1651)|Jacob Adriaensz Backer]] (1608-1651); Rembrandt's close friend and pupil [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]] (1614-1660); Salomon [[Ruisdael, van, family|van Ruysdael]] (1605-1670), and his famous nephew Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-1682); [[Hoogstraten, Samuel van (1627-1678)|Samuel van Hoogstraten]] (1627-1678); [[Tempel, Abraham van den (1622-1672)|Abraham van den Tempel]] (1622-1672), the son of Lambert Jacobsz; and [[Heyden, Jan van der (1637-1712)|Jan van der Heyden]] (1637-1712). There was also the noted copperplate-engraver [[Luiken, Jan (1649-1712)|Jan Luiken]] (1649-1712) who was a Mennonite for only a few years, 1673-1675. Dutch Mennonite artists of later times include: [[Mauve, Anton (1838-1888)|Anton Mauve (1838-1888)]], Hendrik Willem Mesdag (1831-1915), and Sientje Mesdag van Houten (1834-1909). Except for Carel van a Mander and Lambert Jacobsz, the Dutch Mennonite artists were not prominent in church life.

[[File:Balthasar Denner 003.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Porträt einer alten Frau by [[Denner, Balthasar (1685-1749)|Balthasar Denner]]<br />
Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Balthasar_Denner_003.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
<h4>Germany</h4> In [[Germany|Germany]] the two Hamburg painters, Jakob called [[Denner, Balthasar (1685-1749)|Balthasar Denner]] (1685-1749) and [[Smissen, Dominicus van der (1704-1760)|Dominicus van der Smissen]] (1704-1760), contributed a great deal to art; paintings by the former are found in all of the more important European art galleries. [[Seemann, Enoch, Jr. (1694-1744)|Enoch Seemann, Jr.]] (b. 1694 in Elbing, d. 1744 in London), a talented painter and engraver, was a member of the [[Danzig Mennonite Church (Gdansk, Poland)|Danzig Mennonite Church]]. In the 19th century Berend Goos (1815-1885) won recognition for his paintings of animals and landscapes. The same is true of the sculptor Emil Heinrich Wurtz, who immigrated to America and lost his life in his prime in the wreck of the <em>S.S. Burgoyne</em> on 4 July 1898 at the age of 42 (<em>[[Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender (Periodical)|Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender]]</em> 1905, 45 ff.). There are also the [[Krefeld (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Krefeld]] painters, Moritz von Beckerath (1836-96), painter of historical scenes, and Willy von Beckerath (b. 1868 ), painter and art dealer, and the Danzigers Heinrich Zimmermann (1804-1845), Richard Loewens (1856-1885), and Hans Mekelburger (1884-1915) who fell on the field of battle in [[Poland|Poland]] in 1915 at the age of 30 at the beginning of a promising career; the Königsbergers Johann Wientz (years 1781-1849) and Franz Theodor Zimmermann (1807-1877?). South German Mennonites have produced one good artist, [[Wohlgemuth, Daniel (1876-1967)|Daniel Wohlgemuth]] (1875-1967) of the [[Weierhof (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Weierhof]] ([[Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Palatinate]]) community living in 1950 at Gundersheim near Worms. Of lesser rank is Fritz Mosimann of Mulhouse, [[Alsace (France)|Alsace]] (since 1914 French territory), member of the Pfastatt congregation, who painted local Alsatian landscapes and scenes. The outstanding modern artist of the West Prussian Mennonites, however, was Marie Birckholtz-Bestvater (b. 1888 at Preussisch-Konigsdorf, near Danzig, West Prussia) studied in [[Berlin (Germany)|Berlin]] and [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]] 1908-1913, and lived in the Danzig-Zoppot area, where she had her studio until 1945. After living in Berlin 1945-1947, she immigrated to [[Buenos Aires (Argentina)|Buenos Aires]] in 1947, where she was employed in the ceramics firm "Tadeco." Mrs. Birckholtz's mediums were oil and watercolor, her themes landscapes (earlier largely West Prussian) and figure sketches. She had numerous one-woman shows. Most of her works were destroyed or lost in [[West Prussia|West Prussia]] during the war, a few taken along to [[Argentina|Argentina]]. Mention should also be made of [[Beckerath, Wolf von (1896-1944)|Wolf von Beckerath]] (1896-1944) of Krefeld, and the sculptor Heinrich Mekelburger.

=== Russia ===
[[Janzen, Johannes Heinrich (1868-1917)|Johannes Heinrich Janzen]] (1868-1917), teacher and preacher of Gnadenfeld in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna]], South [[Russia|Russia]], was the first able artist among the Russian Mennonites. Although he had no formal training, his drawings and oil paintings were of good quality. His favorite theme was the Molotschna landscape. Six of his oil paintings have been brought to America, the best being: "Peace on the Molotschna" (A Russian Mennonite farmstead) and "The Thunderstorm," both in the possession of the family of his late brother, [[Janzen, Jacob H. (1878-1950)|Elder Jacob H. Janzen]] (1878-1950) of Waterloo, Ontario. One of Janzen's finest products was <em>Das Märchen vom Weihnachtsmann</em>, his own version of the Christmas story, richly illustrated in colors with his own drawings. He also did the illustrations for his brother Jacob H. Janzen's (Zenian), <em>Denn meine Augen haben Deinen Heiland gesehen</em> (Hamburg, v.d. Höhe, ca. 1924).

Hans Janzen (1893-1967), son of the above Johannes Heinrich, was the outstanding Mennonite artist in Russia. His favorite theme was also the Molotschna landscape, although he painted portraits as well. He was educated in [[Moscow (Russia)|Moscow]], and then taught mathematics, physics, and art at the [[Ohrloff Mennonitische Zentralschule (Ohrloff, Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Mennonite Zentralschule]] at Orloff in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna colony]]. He remained in the Soviet Union, reportedly dying in the [[Caucasus|Caucasus]] Region on September 24 or 25, 1967. Twelve of his paintings were brought to America. Hans Janzen copied in black and white his father's illustrations for a mimeographed edition of <em>Das Märchen vom Weihnachtsmann</em>, which was published by his uncle, Elder [[Janzen, Jacob H. (1878-1950)|Jacob H. Janzen]], in Canada.

Perhaps a still finer artist of Russian Mennonite background is [[Neufeld, Woldemar Heinrich (1909-2002)|Woldemar Neufeld]], stepson of Elder [[Janzen, Jacob H. (1878-1950)|Jacob Janzen]] (Waterloo), b. 1909 at Waldheim, Molotschna, who was a student of Hans Janzen in the Orloff school and came to [[Canada|Canada]] in 1924. He is therefore properly considered an American artist. After study at Waterloo College, Neufeld attended the Cleveland School of Art (1935-39) and then set up the Neufeld Studios in New York City and New Preston, Connecticut (1949). He held one-man shows in [[Cleveland (Ohio, USA)|Cleveland]], [[Chicago (Illinois, USA)|Chicago]], New York, [[Toronto (Ontario, Canada)|Toronto]], and elsewhere. He specialized in color prints and in watercolor, and painted numerous [[Waterloo County (Ontario, Canada)|Waterloo County]] landscapes. The Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, the Cleveland Museum of Public Art, and many private collectors own his color prints. (See <em>American artist</em>, XVI, Jan. 1952, "Presenting Woldemar Neufeld," 48 ff.

John P. Klassen (b. 1888), born in [[Kronsgarten (Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsgarten]], [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza]], received professional art training at the Universities of Berlin and [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]], and taught art in the [[Chortitza Zentralschule (Chortitza, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza Zentralschule]] in [[Russia|Russia]] before coming to the [[United States of America|United States]] in 1924. He became professor of art at [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton College]] in 1924, his own specialty being small sculpture, including bas-relief and plaques. Among his works are a bust of Menno Simons and one of N. C. Hirschy (d. 1916), first president of Bluffton College.

J. Sudermann, born ca. 1900 in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]], educated in Russia and Germany, was an outstanding artist, poet, and teacher among the Mennonites of the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]], last heard of in a concentration camp in Siberia. His favorite themes in oil and watercolor were the landscapes and buildings in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza]] area, among them the [[Chortitza Mennonite Church (Chortitza, Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza Mennonite Church]] painted in 1932. A number of his works were brought by relatives to Canada 1947 ff. Johann Funk, formerly a teacher in [[Arkadak (Saratov Oblast, Russia)|Arkadak]], Barstow, since 1930 in Paraguay, deserves passing mention.

Alexander Harder, a son of preacher Bernhard Harder, and brother of novelist [[Harder, Johannes "Hans" (1903-1987)|Hans Harder]], born and reared in the [[Alexandertal Mennonite Settlement (Samara Oblast, Russia)|Alexandertal settlement near Samara]] on the Volga River, Russia, but living in Germany after 1924, at Hanau near Frankfurt, painted many Russian scenes and landscapes. He is known also for his oil painting of Menno Simons, done for the 1936 Mennonite World Conference.

=== United States and Canada ===
The chief North American Mennonite artists of native stock are Arthur L. Sprunger (b. 1897) of Goshen, Indiana, of Swiss background, and [[Schenk, Oliver Wendell "Tom" (1903-1996)|Oliver Wendell Schenk]] (1903-1996) of an old Virginia-Ohio Mennonite family. Of immigrant Russian Mennonite stock are Hans Bartsch (b. 1884) born at [[Tashkent (Toshkent Province, Uzbekistan)|Tashkent]], [[Turkestan|Turkestan]], immigrated to [[Newton (Kansas, USA)|Newton]], [[Kansas (USA)|Kansas]], 1893-4, now resident in New York City; J. P. Klassen (b. 1888) born in Kronsgarten, Chortitza, Russia, immigrated to [[Bluffton (Ohio, USA)|Bluffton, Ohio]], 1924 and since then resident there; Woldemar Neufeld (b. 1909) born at Waldheim, [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna]], immigrated to Waterloo, Ontario, in 1924, later resident in New Preston, Conn.; and D. G. Rempel, born in Russia, immigrated to Bluffton, Ohio, in 1922, student of J. P. Klassen at Bluffton, then in Akron, Ohio, as a designer and manufacturer of toys, known for his fine small sculpture "The Fallen Horseman," now in the [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton College Library]], relating an incident in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] in 1919. Elder Johannes Janzen, formerly a teacher in the [[Turkestan|Turkestan]] (Russian) Mennonite settlement, resident in the [[Stoltz Plateau (Santa Catarina, Brazil)|Stoltz Plateau]] colony in Santa Catharina, Brazil, from 1930 until recently, now located in the new settlement at [[Witmarsum Colony (Paraná State, Brazil)|Witmarsum]] in [[Paraná (Brazil)|Paraná]], painted numerous scenes in the [[Krauel Colony (Alto Krauel District, Santa Catarina, Brazil)|Krauel Colony]] (Santa Catharina) in oil. -- ''Harold S. Bender''
= Bibliography =
Boekenoogen, G. J. "De Portretten van Menno Simons." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em> (1916): 33-106. With images.

Cate, Steven Blaupot ten. <em>Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland</em>. Leeuwarden: W. Eekhoff, 1839: 307-308.

<em>Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender</em> (1905): 45 ff.

Geisberg, Max. <em>Die münsterischen Wiedertäufer und Aldegrever: eine ikonographische und numismatische Studie</em>. Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, Heft 76. Baden-Baden: V. Koerner, 1977.

Gomersall, R. "A Father and Son Paint" (on the Newswangers and their Amish etchings). <em>American-German Review</em> 17 (1950): 10-13.

GRANDMA (The <strong>G</strong>enealogical <strong>R</strong>egistry <strong>an</strong>d <strong>D</strong>atabase of <strong>M</strong>ennonite <strong>A</strong>ncestry) Database, 4.19 ed. Fresno, CA: <span class="link-external">[http://calmenno.org/index.htm California Mennonite Historical Society]</span>, 2021: #476829 Johann J. "Hans" Janzen.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 221; v. II, 241-243.

Houbraken, Arnold. <em>De Groote Schouburgh der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Schilderessen</em>, 3 vols. Amsterdam, 1718 and 1719.

Huizinga, Johan. <em>Holländische kultur des siebzehnten jahrhunderts : ihre sozialen grundlagen und nationale</em>. Jena : E. Diederichs, 1933.

Hylkema, C. B. <em>Reformateurs: Beschiedkundige studiën over de godsdienstige bewegingen uit de nadagen onzer Gouden Eeuw</em>, 2 vols. in 1. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink en Zoon, 1900: v.II, 6

Klassen, J. P. "Mennonite Ideals in Art." <em>Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Mennonite Cultural Problems.</em> North Newton, 1945: 135-145.

Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes. <em>Geschiedenis van de Doopsgezinden in Nederland II. 1600-1735 Eerste Helft</em>. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon n.v., 1940: 58-59.

Mander, Carel van. <em>Het schilderboek: het leven van de doorluchtige Nederlandse en Hoogduitse schilders</em>. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 1995.

<em>Mennonite life</em> containing the following articles: S. Smeding. "The Portraits of Menno Simons." (July 1948): 16-19; K. Kauenhoven. "Mennonite Artists -- Danzig and Koenigsberg." (July 1949): 17-23; C. Krahn, "Rembrandt. the Bible, and the Mennonites." (1952): 3-6; H. M. Rotermund. "Rembrandt and the Mennonites." (1952): 7-10; A. Sudermann. "Traum und Wirklichkeit" (on J. Sudermann)." (1953): 17-23.

<em>Mitteilungen des Sippenverbandes der Danziger Menn.-Familien Epp-Kauenhoven-Zimmerman</em>, containing the following articles by Kurt Kauenhoven: "Wie trugen sich unsere mennonitische Vorfahren." VI, 1940: 62-4 and 94-5; "Die gottesdienstlichen Gebräuche unserer mennonitischen Vorfahren (Aus den Bildern von Bernard Picart);" "Die Abendmahlsfeier." VI: 98-101; "Die Taufe." VI: 129-32; "Die erste gedruckte Erwähnung der Danziger Kauenhoven 1697." VI: 111-16, referring to Enoch Seemann, Sr., with bibliographical references.

"Presenting Woldemar Neufeld." <em>American Artist</em> 16 (January 1952): 48 ff.

Rosenberg, Jakob. <em>Rembrandt: Life & Work</em>. [London]: Phaidon Publishers, 1964.

Rotermund, H. -M. <em>Rembrandt und die religiösen Laienbewegungen in den Niederlanden seiner Zeit</em>. Bussum: Nederlands kunsthistorisch Jaarboek, 1953.

Rues, Simeon Friderich. <em>Tegenwoordige staet der Doopsgezinden of Mennoniten, in de Vereenigde Nederlanden: waeragter komt een berigt van de Rynsburgers of Collegianten</em>. T' Amsterdam: By F. Houttuyn, 1745: 27.

Scheffer, Jacob Gijsbert de Hoop. <em>Geschiedenis der kerkhervorming in Nederland van haar ontstaan tot 1531</em>. Amsterdam: G.L. Funke, 1873: 3.

Schmidt Degener, F. "Menniste Portretten." <em>Onze Kunst</em> I (1914): 1 ff.

Smeding, S. "The Portraits of Menno Simons." <em>Mennonite Life</em> (July 1948): 16-19.

Venturi, Lionello. <em>Painting and painters; how to look at a picture, from Giotto to Chagall.</em> New York, C. Scribner’s sons, [1945]

Two American Mennonite periodicals have given attention to reproducing the work of Mennonite artists, <em>Die Mennonitische Warte</em> (Steinbach, Man., 1935-38) and <em>Mennonite life</em> (North Newton, Kans., 1946 The former published a few watercolors and pen-and-ink sketches by the Russian-American artists J. P. Klassen ([[Bluffton (Ohio, USA)|Bluffton]]), John Funk (Saskatoon), and [[Dyck, Arnold (Abram Bernhard) (1889-1970)|Arnold Dyck]] (Steinbach-Winnipeg). Dyck, who studied art in [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]], though more active as a writer than an artist, has illustrated some of his own writings with human-interest figure sketches. <em>Mennonite life</em> has covered a broad scope in its reproductions. Articles or reproductions have dealt with the following: A. L. Sprunger, J. P. Klassen, Aurèle Robert, J. Sudermann, Alexander Harder, E. Seemann, H. Zimmermann, F. T. Zimmermann, J. Wientz, Rembrandt, A. Hendriks and the earlier Menno Simons portraits, D. Chodowiecky, D. Wohlgemuth, Heinrich Mekelburger, M. Birckholtz-Bestvater.
{{GAMEO_footer-3|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 165-172|date=1955|a1_last=Zijpp|a1_first=Nanne van der|a2_last=Kossen|a2_first=Dirk|a3_last=Bender|a3_first=Harold S.}}

Art (1955)

2026-04-14T16:18:18Z

RichardThiessen:

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== Introduction ==
The following treatment of the theme is limited basically to the graphic arts, in particular painting, drawing, and etching. For treatment of other forms of art and related topics and for analysis from the 1980s see [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts,]] [[Filmmaking|Filmmaking]], [[Fraktur (Illuminated Drawing)|Fraktur]], [[Literature, Mennonites in -- United States and Canada (English, 1895-1980s)|Literature]], [[Music, North America|Music]]. The article is subdivided as follows: (1) The Mennonite Theme in Art, (2) The Mennonite Attitude Toward Art, (3) The Mennonite Contribution to Art, (4) Mennonite Artists.

== The Mennonite Theme in Art ==
=== Persons ===
Seldom have major artists used Mennonite themes in any form of great art, although Mennonite subjects were frequently portrayed by able Dutch painters and etchers. The chief instance is the great Dutch master [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt]], who painted, etched, and drew the [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] Mennonite preacher [[Anslo, Cornelis Claesz (1592-1646)|C. C. Anslo]], a [[Waterlanders|Waterlander]] leader. His oil painting of Anslo and his wife hangs in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in [[Berlin (Germany)|Berlin]]; an original copy of the etching is in the Art Institute of Chicago; both were done in 1641. A copy of Rembrandt's etching of Anslo alone is in the Fogg Museum of Art at Harvard University. Rembrandt also painted or etched various other Waterlander Mennonites. His portrait of Trijn Jans (Catrina Hoogsaet), the wife of preacher Hendrick Jacobsz Rooleeuw, made in 1657, is now in the Lord Penrhyn Collection in England. Several members of the Amsterdam Mennonite Bruyningh family were also painted by Rembrandt, e.g., Nicolaas Bruyningh, whose portrait of 1652 is now in the Gemälde-Galerie at Cassel, [[Germany|Germany]]. Rembrandt's painting of Lieven Willemsz van Coppenol is in the Edward S. Harkness Collection in [[New York (USA)|New York]]. Van Coppenol was a noted Mennonite teacher. H. F. Wijman has shown that the portrait by Rembrandt once assumed to be [[Alenson, Hans Arentsz (d. 1644)|Hans Alenson]] is actually one of the English clergyman John Ellison.

[[File:Rembrandt - The Mennonite Preacher Anslo and his Wife - Google.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|''"Portrait of the Mennonite preacher Cornelius Claesz Anslo and his wife Aeltje Gerritsdr Schouten" by [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt]], 1641.<br />
Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.<br />
Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Mennonite_Preacher_Anslo_and_his_Wife_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Wikimedia Commons].'']]
Other outstanding Dutch artists produced portraits of Mennonite preachers, among them being the Mennonite artist [[Mierevelt, Michiel Janszn van (1567-1641)|M. J. van Mierevelt]] (d. 1641), who painted [[Ries, Hans de (1553–1638)|Hans de Ries]] (d. 1638), the great leader of the Waterlanders, and also produced a portrait of the prominent preacher [[Gerritsz, Lubbert (1534-1612)|Lubbert Gerritsz]] (d. 1612), which hangs in the [[Amsterdam, University of (Amsterdam, Netherlands)|University of Amsterdam]]; and the artist [[Jacobsz, Lambert (ca. 1598-1636)|Lambert Jacobsz]] (ca. 1598-1636), himself a Waterlander preacher, who painted his fellow preacher, [[Ring, Yeme Jacobsz de (1574-1627)|Jeme de Ring]]. There is a portrait, formerly ascribed to Rembrandt but actually by his Mennonite pupil [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]] (1615-1660), of Gozen Centen, a regent (member of the board of directors) of the Amsterdam Mennonite old people's home called [[Rijpenhofje (Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Rijpenhofje]]. Two other Mennonite regents of the Rijpenhofje, Gozewijn Centen (with family) and Job Sieuwerts, were painted by the Dutch artist Christoffel Lubienietzki in the years 1721 and 1713 respectively. Both pictures, though the property of the Amsterdam Mennonite Church, now hang in the Rijksmuseum. The well-known elder, [[Gerrits van Emden, Jan (1561-1617)|Jan Gerrits van Emden]] (d. 1617), was painted by Rombout Uylenburch. The prominent Mennonite preacher of Amsterdam, [[Deknatel, Jeme (Joannes) (1698-1759)|Johannes Deknatel]] (d. 1759), also co-founder of the[[Amsterdam Mennonite Library (Bibliotheek en Archief van de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente te Amsterdam)| Amsterdam Mennonite Seminary]], was painted in a miniature, which is now in the possession of the [[Mennonite Historical Library (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Mennonite Historical library]] of [[Goshen College (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Goshen College]]. A bust of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]] and one of [[Hirschy, Noah Calvin (1867-1925)|N. C. Hirschy]] (d. 1925), first president of [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton (Ohio) University]], both done by the Mennonite artist [[Klassen, Johann Peter (1868-1947)|J. P. Klassen]], are in the Bluffton University Library.

[[File:Jan-van-Leiden-by-Aldegreve.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Jan Beukelszoon (John of Leyden)<br />
Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jan_van_Leiden_by_Aldegrever.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
Many wealthy Mennonites had their portraits painted by noted Dutch artists. F. Schmidt Degener has made a thorough study of this in his article "Menniste Portretten" in the magazine <em>Onze Kunst</em> (1914, I, 1 ff.). Hendrik Sorgh (1611-1670) depicted the Jacob Abrahamsz Bierens family in Amsterdam in 1663. Lucas de Clercq and his wife, both Mennonites, had their portraits made by the renowned painter Frans Hals in 1635. Jan van Hoeck, a member of a well-known Amsterdam Mennonite family, had his picture made by Cornelis van der Voort. If one may include the revolutionary [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] here, then it should be noted that [[Beukelszoon, Jan (ca. 1509-1536)|Jan van Leyden]] (d. 1535) was painted several times and that H. Aldegrever made a fine copper-engraving of him in 1536. A good oil painting of him by Herman tom Ring now hangs in the Grandducal Museum at Schwerin, Germany. Of [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]] there is a portrait by the Dutch painter Jan van Scorel, now in the <em>Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung</em> at [[Basel (Switzerland)|Basel]], [[Switzerland|Switzerland]]. The greatest Dutch poet, [[Vondel, Joost van den (1587-1679)|Joost van den Vondel]] (1587-1679), who was a Mennonite (for a time deacon) for many years until his [[Conversion|conversion]] to Catholicism, was often pictured, as for instance by [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]] and Philip de Koninck.

Of the various extant portraits of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]], none historical, possibly only three have much artistic value, the one of 1683 by Jakob Burkhardt of Hamburg-Altona, that by Jan Luiken of 1743, and the etching of 1949 by the gifted contemporary Dutch etcher, Arent Hendriks. (See the authoritative article by G. J. Bockenoogen, "De Portretten van Menno Simons," in <em>DB</em> 1916, 33-106, with reproductions of all then extant portraits, also "The portraits of Menno Simons," by S. Smeding in <em>Menn. Life</em>, July 1948, 16-19.) In 1743 a collection of 30 portraits of Dutch Mennonite leaders from Menno Simons on down appeared in book form in [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] under the title <em>Versaameling van de afbeeldingen van veele voornaame Mannen en leeraaren, die zoo met het begin der Reformatie als ook in laater tijd het leeraars ampt onder de Doopsgezinde Christenen bedient hebben. Alle op nieuws na de originele, door bekwaame meesters in 't koper gebragt</em>. In 1677 at Middelburg appeared a collection of etchings by C. van Sichem, <em>Het Tooneel der Hooftketteren bestaande in verscheyde afbeeltsels van valsche Propheten, naekt-loopers</em>, etc., which included Menno Simons and David Joris among its pictures of archheretics. The 1608 <em>Historische Beschrijuinge Ende Affbeeldinge der voornaemste Hooft Ketteren</em> contains 15 large engraved portraits by van Sichem, among them [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Balthasar Hubmaier]], [[Adam Pastor (d. 1560/70)|Adam Pastor]], [[Rinck, Melchior (1494-After 1545)|Melchior Rinck]], [[Hut, Hans (d. 1527)|Hans Hut]], [[Haetzer, Ludwig (1500-1529)|Ludwig Haetzer]], [[Hoffman, Melchior (ca. 1495-1544?) |Melchior Hoffman]], and the Münsterite leaders, but not the van Sichem portrait of [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]], which was printed as a separate sheet already in 1605 or earlier. Most of these were reproduced in smaller size also in 1608 in <em>Apocalypsis Insignium Aliquot Heresiarcharum</em>. The larger collection was reproduced in several editions with varying content, finally in the 1677 edition.

It was very common in the 16th and particularly in the 18th century to hang portraits of the regents, usually painted as a group, in the board rooms of Dutch [[Orphanages|orphanages]] and old people's homes. Some Mennonite charitable institutions have pictures of their regents, but they are not so common nor of such an early time.

Outside of Holland, Mennonite preachers and wealthy lay members of [[Emden (Niedersachsen, Germany)|Emden]], [[Danzig (Poland)|Danzig]], and Hamburg in North [[Germany|Germany]] were portrayed in paintings, etchings, or miniatures, none outstanding.

== Events, Activities, and Scenes ==
There are very few pictures of events in Mennonite history. In the old Town Hall of Amsterdam there were once six oil paintings by Doove Barend, of the <em>Wederdoperoproer</em> (assault on the town hall by a group of revolutionary Anabaptists in 1535), but they have disappeared. In a number of old books certain sensational scenes are reproduced from early Anabaptist history, e.g., the story of the <em>Naaktloopers</em>, which was depicted again and again. But these pictures are seldom of artistic value, and generally not authentic but merely fantastic.

[[File:ME1-21-2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, vol. 1, photo page 21, no. 2<br />
Martyr scene by Jan Luiken in Martyrs' Mirror'']]
The most extensive use of Mennonite themes was by the noted Dutch etcher [[Luiken, Jan (1649-1712)|Jan Luiken]] (d. 1712), who created the 104 copper engravings used in the second Dutch edition of the<em>[[Martyrs' Mirror]]</em> (1685) later published separately as <em>Theatre des Martyrs</em> (Leyden, 1685?). The original copper plates were extant in [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]] in 1929 and were examined by the writer. They had been used in the Pirmasens (1780) German edition of the <em>Martyrs mirror</em>.

Of great interest are a set of copper engravings from about 1735, representing the ceremonies in Dutch Mennonite churches. In volume VI of <em>The ceremonies and the religious customs of the various nations of the known world </em>(London, 1733-37), also published in French (1736) and in Dutch (1738), the noted French engraver, [[Picart, Bernard (1673–1733)|Bernard Picart]] (1673-1733), and his Dutch associates, who did most of their work in Amsterdam, reproduced two scenes from a Dutch Mennonite [[Communion|communion]] service in the [[Singel Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Holland)|Amsterdam Singel Church]], two engravings of a Mennonite [[Baptism, Age at|baptism]], and two engravings of an Amsterdam Mennonite man in costume, all of 1736 or thereabouts. F. ter Meer painted ([[Krefeld (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Krefeld]], 1845) <em>Die Gehetzten</em>, a scene showing 16th century Krefeld Mennonites worshiping in a barn.

There is a fine engraving of the old Witmarsum church of about 1820, and many good engravings, mostly from the 18th century, of the churches of [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]], [[Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Utrecht]], [[Leiden (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Leiden]], [[Zaandam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Zaandam]], and others. A symbolic engraving by D. Kerkhoff (1792) bears the title <em>Monument van de Doopsgezinden</em>.
[[File:Aruele Robert001.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Preacher visiting a Anabaptist family in the Bernese Jura by Robert Aurèle.</br>Source: S. G. Geiser. Die Taufgesinnten Gemeinden. 2. Auflage. ([Brügg, Poststr. 3, im Selbstverlag], (Vertrieb: Christian Schmutz, Courgenay.) 1971. [front matter p.13]'']]
The copper engraving of 1782, <em>The Mennonite proposal for marriage</em>, by the Danzig artist Daniel Chodowiecky (d. 1801), not a Mennonite, portrays a custom of the Mennonites of that city. The Swiss artist, Aurèle Robert (1805-1871), painted a picture of a Swiss Mennonite family of near Tavannes, Bernese [[Jura Mountains|Jura]], about 1850, which hangs in the Lausanne (Switzerland) Museum (Musée des Beaux-Arts), entitled <em>L'Anabaptiste ou ferme Bernois</em>. The Swiss artist Joseph Reinhard (1749-1829) produced a colored etching of a Mennonite couple at the Johannestor in Basel, entitled <em>Costumes des Anabaptistes Suisses</em>, which was published in his noted work on Swiss costumes ca. 1824. An 18th century gravure by E. Maaskamp depicts a Mennonite couple on the Dutch island of [[Kampen (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Kampen]]. A similar one by Lewicki depicts an Alsatian couple of ca. 1815.

In the [[United States of America|United States]] since the mid-20th century [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] themes have been used. The artists Kiehl and Christian Newswanger of near [[Lancaster (Pennsylvania, USA)| Lancaster]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], produced a number of interesting Pennsylvania Amish portraits, in painting, etching, and drawing, which have been widely exhibited in recent years and are now in the permanent collection of the Library of Congress at Washington, DC. Benjamin Eicholtz's <em>Mennonite woman</em> (early 19th century) is in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Mennonite artist of [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], Indiana, A. L. Sprunger, has made linoleum cuts of Amish figures. [[Schenk, Oliver Wendell "Tom" (1903-1996)|Oliver Wendell Schenk]] (1903-1996), himself a Mennonite student in [[Goshen (Indiana, USA)|Goshen]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]], at the time, produced in 1933 a pen and ink sketch of the noted Mennonite schoolmaster of the Skippack (Pennsylvania), [[Dock, Christopher (d. 1771)|Christopher Dock]] (d. 1771), at prayer in his schoolroom, as well as a pencil sketch of the [[Doylestown (Pennsylvania, USA)|Doylestown]], Pennsylvania, Mennonite meetinghouse and graveyard. WoIdemar Neufeld (1909-2002), a former Mennonite, painted (ca. 1930) the [[Steinmann Mennonite Church (Baden, Ontario, Canada)|Steinmann Mennonite meetinghouse]] near [[Baden (Ontario, Canada)|Baden]], [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]]. Jakob Sudermann painted the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza, Russia, Mennonite church]] 1932.

If one should include the [[Münster Anabaptists|Münsterites]] of 1534-1535 with the Anabaptists, then reference would have to be made to numerous works portraying episodes, personalities, or scenes from this tragic affair. One of the most notable among these is the series of 30 black and white drawings (one etching and 29 in woodcut style) by the noted modern German artist, Joseph Sattler (1867-1931), published in Berlin in 1895 under the title <em>Die Wiedertäufer</em>.

Max Geisberg has made a special study of the [[Münster Anabaptists|Münster Anabaptists]] in art in his <em>Die münsterischen Wiedertäufer und Aldegrever</em> ... (Strasbourg, 1907).

== The Mennonite Attitude Toward Art ==
=== In Principle ===
The Anabaptist-Mennonites, as more closely related to the Zwinglian-Calvinist phase of the Reformation than to the Lutheran, shared with the former their objection to the use of art in religious worship or in religious activity in any form. With their emphasis upon simplicity, sincerity, and humility, art seemed to them artificial and pretentious, often dangerous and wasteful. Whether their negative attitude was based upon the second commandment, "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image," as asserted by [[Neff, Christian (1863-1946)|Neff]] (<em>ML</em> 1, 221), is not clear. Later this was in part the case, and there is evidence that in [[West Prussia|West Prussia]], as well as in [[Switzerland|Switzerland]], and among the later descendants of both groups, this attitude prevailed. A striking illustration is the case of the Danzig Mennonite portrait-painter, [[Seemann, Enoch, Sr. (1661-?)|Enoch Seemann, Sr]]. (b. 1661 in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]]), who was placed under the [[Ban|ban]] in 1697 by the Danzig [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] Mennonite elder [[Hansen, Georg (d. 1703) |Georg Hansen]] specifically on the ground of violating the second commandment by painting portraits, and was reinstated only after promising to limit himself to landscapes and decorations. (The story is told in Seemann's booklet <em>Offenbahrung und Bestraffung des gergen Hanszens Thorheit</em>, Stoltzenberg, 1697.) The Danzig Flemish congregation thoroughly supported their elder in this action. Even then, and for some time, at least until after 1850, Mennonites of this area were not permitted to be professional artists, only amateur practice being considered tolerable.

Possibly the rural character of these groups and their cultural isolation may account for some of their negativism toward art. In any case it has persisted through the 19th century among all Mennonite groups except those in Holland, the North German cities, and the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]]. It still is rigidly adhered to by the [[Old Order Amish| Old Order Amish]] of the USA and some conservative groups of Russian background in [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Mexico|Mexico]], and in [[Paraguay|Paraguay]] who forbid the hanging of any works of art in their homes, and also the taking of photographs. In the 20th century this attitude gradually disappeared in most Mennonite groups. However, in such a long prevailing negative atmosphere it is not surprising that there have been so few Mennonite artists and that those who wanted to be artists were either expelled or forced to leave.

It is worthy of note that no real art developed among Mennonites except in those groups where there was a close connection with the national culture and in urban areas such as Holland and North Germany. The art of illumination of manuscripts, which was handed down in the Pennsylvania German communities and among the Mennonites of Prussia and [[Russia|Russia]], found a few Mennonite practitioners (e.g., the teacher Christopher Dock of Skippack (d. 1771), preacher John Gross of Deep Run (1814-1903)) but this is a very minor art form. In any case, the Mennonites are known to have practiced only the graphic arts; in the plastic arts they are markedly absent except for some silversmiths in Holland, occasional pottery (e.g., the modern [[Makkum (Friesland, Netherlands)|Makkum]] pottery in Holland), and folk art in such forms as samplers and bed quilts, and some wood carving. In [[North America|North America]], as the Mennonites as a whole began to move out of their cultural isolation and out of a purely rural environment, particularly through the influence of the public elementary and high schools as well as the leadership of their church colleges, a positive attitude toward art gradually replaced the former negative one (but not in the more conservative groups). Departments of art were established in the church colleges, and Mennonites became art teachers and artists in their own right, such as J. P. Klassen of [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton College]] and A. L. Sprunger of Goshen College and Goshen High School. The [[Mennonite Publishing House (Scottdale, Pennsylvania, USA)|Mennonite Publishing House]] at Scottdale began to employ its own Mennonite artists for the art work in its publications, as did also the [[Mennonite Press (Newton, Kansas, USA) |Mennonite Press]] at [[North Newton (Kansas, USA)|North Newton]], Kansas.

There are those, however, who doubt whether much great art can be produced in a group which has a strict standard of Christian morals and a strong sense of separation from the "world," and a relative isolation from the main stream of the national culture, since this might interfere with the freedom required for creative art. There are also those who hold on the other side that the autonomy of art is a danger to a truly profound religious experience and that one or the other must be sacrificed.

The Dutch Mennonites are a noteworthy exception to the general Mennonite pattern in their attitude toward art. First among the Waterlander Mennonites toward the end of the 16th century and then during the 17th century among most of the other groups except the most conservative, all opposition to art faded away and was replaced by a genuine appreciation for and love of art in various forms. This is evidenced not only by the commissions given for portraits, and by the appearance of many Mennonite artists, including both painters and etchers of the first rank, but also by the collections of paintings and other art objects in the homes of the wealthier Mennonites who were frequently friends and even patrons of artists. There have been several outstanding Dutch Mennonite art critics and historians, among them the noted [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]] (1548-1606), whose <em>Schilderboek</em> was the first Dutch history of art.

Something of the love of art among the Dutch Mennonites is also evidenced by the fact that some congregations have valuable and very fine communion cups. Generally they were, like the tankards (jugs) and bread-plates, mostly of pewter, although the congregation of [[Zwolle (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Zwolle]] had silver cups already in the year 1661, the congregation of [[Koog (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Koog]]-Zaandijk also such from the 17th century, [[Leiden (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Leiden]] from 1701, Stavoren from 1745, [[Rotterdam (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Rotterdam]] from 1774, [[Kampen (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Kampen]], [[Giethoorn (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Giethoorn]], and [[Joure (Friesland, Netherlands)|Joure]] from the same time. Those of Kampen, Joure, and Rotterdam are of a high artistic value.

=== Art in Mennonite Homes, especially in Holland; Mennonite Art Collectors ===
During the so-called [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisian]] and [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] quarrels the former accused the latter of giving too much attention and money to the adornment of their houses, and in the year 1659 a meeting of [[Groningen Old Flemish Mennonites|Groninger Old Flemish]] leaders at [[Loppersum (Groningen, Netherlands)|Loppersum]] forbade the use of stained glass windows in the houses and the making of portraits (Blaupot t. C., <em>Friesland</em>, 307-8: see also [[Nonconformity|Nonconformity]]) and even [[Rues, M. Simeon Friedrich (1713-1748)|S. F. Rues]], who visited the Dutch Mennonites in 1742, stated the fact (Rues, <em>Tegenwoordige Staet</em>, Amsterdam, 1745, 27) that the so-called [[Danzig Old Flemish Mennonites|Danzig Old Flemish]] Mennonites excommunicated members who hung oil paintings and other decorations on the walls of their homes, and specially "when they got to the foolishness of having themselves pictured." But the fact that [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]] could be a member even of the very austere Old Flemish congregation of [[Haarlem (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Haarlem]] and also be a painter, proves indisputably that Mennonites as such were no opponents of art, generally speaking. We find pictures and other kinds of art in Mennonite homes, particularly of those Mennonites in [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] and other cities of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] who had grown wealthy during the early 16th century. The picture which H. Sorgh made in 1663 of the Bierens home shows pictures on the wall. Surely we must consider this Bierens interior at Amsterdam as an example of Mennonite life at this time. Later on, and especially in the 18th century, Delft pottery and the valuable chinaware, both cups and large plates, decorated the walls of many Mennonite homes. And this was not only the fact in the more luxurious residences of the province of Holland, but also in the country, as is clear from a report by the Reformed pastor [[Elgersma, Franciscus (1625-1712)|Elgersma]] (of the year 1685) that the Mennonite preacher [[Floris, Foecke (ca. 1650-ca. 1700)|Foecke Floris]] caused the people to take away from their walls, cups, plates, pictures, etc. (Hylkema, <em>Reformateurs</em> II, Haarlem, 1902, 6.)

Though we cannot determine accurately how many art collectors there have been among the Dutch Mennonites, we know that there were some even in the 17th century. From 1625 on [[Theunisz, Jan (ca. 1569-1637?)|Jan Theunisz]] in Amsterdam was the owner of a kind of restaurant, where the men of the world (among whom were many Mennonites!) used to meet and to view his great collection of art objects and curiosities. The Mennonite Hendrik van Uylenburgh was an art dealer and collector about the same time. Jan Pietersz Bruyningh, who was painted with his wife by Rembrandt in 1636, had a small collection of oil-paintings by Lastman, Flinck, de Coninck, and two or three pictures by Rembrandt. There is reason to suppose that there were at this time many Mennonite art collectors. Of Mennonite art collectors of the 18th century we should mention among many others, [[Teyler van der Hulst, Pieter (1702-1778)|Pieter Teyler van der Hulst]] (1702-1778) at Haarlem, who gathered a large collection of valuable books, oil-paintings, drawings, coins and medals, etc. In Rotterdam the brothers Pieter and Jan Bisschop, of whom the first mentioned died in 1758 and the latter in 1771, had a fine collection of precious pictures, drawings of old Dutch and foreign masters, antique vases, splendid miniatures, enamels, gold and silver objects, Japan porcelain of the finest quality, lacquered ware from China, rare shells and other curiosities, which were all packed carefully in large cases. Strangers who visited Rotterdam sought the opportunity of looking at the <em>Kunstcabinet van de oude heer Bisschop</em>. In 1778 the stadtholder of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]], William of Orange, and his spouse, admired the Bisschop collection. Mennonite collectors and collections of the 19th century and today need not be further mentioned.

According to [[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|Kühler]] (II, 1, p. 59), Hendrik van Uylenburgh (1584-1660), the leader of a famous school of art and a well-known art dealer, was a Mennonite, a cousin of Rembrandt's first wife Saskia and a close friend of his. His brother Rombout later lived in Danzig and painted the Mennonite preacher [[Gerrits van Emden, Jan (1561-1617)|Jan Gerrits of Emden]]. His son Gerrit was also an art dealer, though not with the best reputation. -- ''Nanne van der Zijpp''

== The Particular Mennonite Contribution to Art ==
The relationship between Anabaptism-Mennonitism and the Dutch painting of the 16th and 17th centuries (in the broad sense, drawing and etching) will be considered from three aspects: (a) whether there is any fundamental mutual influence or conditioning between Mennonitism in Holland and painting; (b) whether there is in the case of Dutch painters who were Mennonites evidence that their faith found expression in their work; (c) in which of the Dutch painters does one find Mennonites or Mennonite characteristics portrayed.

Does there exist any fundamental influence and limitation between Mennonitism and Dutch painting? One thinks first and usually of [[Calvinism and Mennonitism (Netherlands)|Calvinism]] when one speaks of Dutch Protestantism, but this exclusiveness is by no means correct. The Reformation had numerous adherents in the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] for 40 years before Calvinism from the south in 1566 won its dominant position. This pre-Calvinist period was to a large extent influenced by [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]]; indeed the Reformation and Anabaptism were for a time nearly identical in the Netherlands. (J. G. de Hoop-Scheffer, <em>Geschiedenis der Kerkhervorming in Nederland,</em> 1873, 3.) But the point pertinent to our discussion is this: All that Protestantism has contributed to the cultural life of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] especially with respect to art can be traced in principle and in its essence to this Anabaptistically determined Reformation. In this realm Calvinism could contribute nothing new; it merely took over. Also in the ensuing period it was true that Calvinism was the sole authoritative represen tative of Protestantism, however domineering it may have acted and however domineering it may indeed have been upon the state. Even in the later periods an independent Mennonite share in the cultural fruits of Dutch Protestantism can be assumed -- at any rate so great a scholar as Johan Huizinga does so (<em>Die höllandische Kultur des 17. Jahrhunderts</em>, Jena, 1933).

It is therefore proper, whenever the Protestant element in Dutch painting in its Golden Age is to be considered, to see in it an important aspect of Mennonitism. To be sure, we must guard our selves against the idea that Dutch painting is as such Protestant, especially in contrast to a Catholic art of Flanders, which remained under the dominion of Spain. In the first place there are areas where such a contrast does not exist and many connections can be traced, even between Rubens and Rembrandt. In the second place, the contrast is based not only on creed, but also on political and social conditions, the contrast between the bourgeois North and the courtly South. In the third place, we find already in the old Dutch "old Flemish" art of the 15th century, and still more in the [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] art of the peasant Breughel, tendencies (such as the preference for genre painting, still life and landscape) which became important in later Dutch painting. Finally, many of the motifs of Dutch painting (the peasant pictures of Adriaan van Ostade, the genre pictures of Jan Steen, etc.) hardly fit into any category of Protestantism, especially the Dutch type of Protestantism.

[[File:Isaac Blessing Jacob - Govert Flinck.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Isaac Blesses Jacob by [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]]. <br />
Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_Govert_Flinck.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
We cannot avoid first of all viewing the effect of Protestantism on Dutch painting as a negative force, limiting and impoverishing it, for Protestant ism is responsible first of all for what is lacking in Dutch painting as the nature and motif of its creation. Dutch Protestantism was always extremely hostile to furnishing churches with paintings, and that is as true of [[Calvinism and Mennonitism (Netherlands)|Calvinism]] as of Mennonitism. Thus the church drops out of the picture as an art center. Certain types of painting found in the Middle Ages and in the Catholic countries, such as the crucifixion (with exceptions like Rembrandt), the Virgin, and the saints, no longer are wanted. But there is also a lack of allegorical and mytho logical subjects from antiquity, such as is found in abundance in Italian and Flemish art, chiefly be cause Protestantism, Calvinistic as well as Mennonite, looked upon the depiction of these acts with suspicion. It is certainly an effect of Protestantism that causes the first great Dutch art historian, [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]], himself a Mennonite, to lament, "It is our present want and misfortune [about 1600], that so few figurative subjects can be painted in our Netherlands, whereby an opportunity would be given to our young people and to painters to achieve distinction in the presentation of allegory or in the treatment of the nude. For what there is to paint is mostly pictures according to nature" (i.e., por traits).

On the other hand, though it must be granted that, as Carel van Mander laments, the Protestant influence led to an impoverishment in comparison with the earlier and contemporary work of other countries, nevertheless closer consideration shows that it also had a positive and fruitful effect. With its attitude toward ecclesiastical art, indeed to art in general, Protestantism preserved Dutch painting from becoming a mere appendage to Italian and Flemish art. It made Dutch art independent; renunciation became a gift. It is therefore largely due to Protestantism that portraiture became a fine art among the Dutch, that in Rembrandt it was developed to the point where the man and the man alone stands before his God, strives with God, is reflected in God. But Protestantism, and especially Dutch Protestantism, is a religion of domesticity; even the churches of that time look more like residences than churches. Dutch landscape painting likewise betrays Protestant influence. Its realism presents a sharp contrast to the symbolism of the Middle Ages and the theatrical lightness of contemporary Italian as well as some of the Flemish landscape painting; for the Protestant the world as such is the scene of a reality that is to be taken seriously, with real tasks and duties! When Dutch landscape painting becomes unreal, it becomes dreamy and romantic as with Ruisdael; here too Protestant individualism must not be overlooked!

In short, an examination of Dutch painting reveals many a feature that bears a Protestant stamp. And within the framework of the Mennonite share in the character of Dutch Protestantism, the question concerning a significant influence of Mennonitism upon Dutch art must, upon this evidence, be answered in the affirmative. But is there evidence in the cases of all the many Dutch Mennonite artists, especially of the 17th century, that their confession has found expression in their creations? The answer is only in part affirmative. These Mennonite painters do not fall out of the general framework of Dutch art. Perhaps a direct influence of their religious attitude may be seen most easily in the Biblical subjects painted by [[David Joris (ca. 1501-1556)|David Joris]], [[Jacobsz, Lambert (ca. 1598-1636)|Lambert Jacobsz]], [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]], and [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt]]. The work of [[Luiken, Jan (1649-1712)|Jan Luiken]] is in sharp dependence upon his religious inclinations -- cf. his illustrations for the <em>Martyrs mirror </em>of [[Braght, Tieleman Jansz van (1625-1664)|Tielemann van Braght]] (Dutch edition of 1685 and German edition of 1780). There is a conspicuous absence of genre painting among all these Mennonite painters. Would it be correct to attribute this lack to their Mennonitism, which was characterized by soundness and good manners? At any rate, it seems that the influence of their faith must be sought in their manner of life rather than in their manner of painting. Houbraken, who usually dwells with pleasure and in detail on the scandals in the lives of the Dutch painters, frequently stresses in the case of the Mennonites their morality, good manners, and piety, as in the case of David Joris, van Mierevelt, Flinck, van der Heyden, and Luiken. With a few exceptions, however, such as van [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Mander]] and Jacobsz, the artists were not active in religious matters. -- ''Dirk Kossen''

== Mennonite Artists ==
=== Anabaptists ===
The only artist among the early Anabaptists was David Joris (1501-56), an early Dutch convert baptized and ordained by [[Obbe Philips (ca. 1500-1568)|Obbe Philips]] in 1535 or 1536 who soon turned radical mystic, left the brotherhood, also was bitterly opposed by Menno Simons, and lived under a pseudonym in Basel as a wealthy merchant the last 12 years of his life. He was a capable glass painter and a sketcher of Biblical scenes; one of his sketches is in the Vienna Albertina Museum. Some of his preliminary drawings for the glass paintings are preserved in England. Other Anabaptist glass-painters (<em>glas-schrijver, glasgraveur</em>) are mentioned among the Dutch martyrs, such as [[Jan Woutersz van Cuyck (d. 1572)|Jan Woutersz van Cuyck]] who is called <em>schildersartist en glasgraveur</em>, and a certain Rommeken.

=== Netherlands ===
A considerable number of the best Dutch artists have been Mennonites, particularly in the golden age of Dutch art, the 17th century, a few of them Mennonite preachers. It has sometimes been asserted that the greatest of all Dutch painters, [[Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1607-1669)|Rembrandt van Rijn]] (1607-1669), was a Mennonite. [[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|Kühler]] calls him a Mennonite (<em>Geschiedenis</em> II, 1, p. 58), as does Hendrik van Loon in his biography of Rembrandt. However, the best and most recent scholarship hesitates to claim this with finality, holding as to actual [[Church Membership|church membership]] only that "it is probable that Rembrandt at the end of the 1650's either belonged to or stood close to a freer circle of [[Waterlanders|Waterlander Mennonites]] which stood under [[Collegiants|Collegiant]] domination" (H. M. Rotermund, <em>Rembrandt und die religiösen Laienbewegungen in den Niederlanden im 17. Jahrhundert</em>, 1952). In any case Rembrandt's religion was in its deepest essence Mennonite, formed by Mennonite influences, and his essential spirit and expression were Mennonite in character. This is asserted not only by Rotermund, but also by other scholars, most recently by L. Venturi in <em>Painting and painters</em> (N.Y., 1948), and Jacob Rosenberg in <em>Rembrandt</em> (Cambridge, 1948). The great Rembrandt scholar, F. Schmidt-Degener, says that Rembrandt was "the obvious product of Mennonite environment."

[[File:Isaac%20Newton%20by%20Enoch%20Seeman%201725.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''"Sir Isaac Newton" by [[Seemann, Enoch, Jr. (1694-1744)|Enoch Seemann]], 1725'']]
The first Dutch Mennonite painter, coming before the 17th century, was [[Mander, Karel van (1548-1606)|Carel van Mander]] (1548-1606), of the stricter Old Flemish group. Among the leading Dutch painters of the golden age were [[Mierevelt, Michiel Janszn van (1567-1641)|Michiel J. van Mierevelt]] (1567-1641; [[Jacobsz, Lambert (ca. 1598-1636)|Lambert Jacobsz]] (ca. 1598-1636); [[Backer, Jacob Adriaensz (1608-1651)|Jacob Adriaensz Backer]] (1608-1651); Rembrandt's close friend and pupil [[Flinck, Govert (1615-1660)|Govert Flinck]] (1614-1660); Salomon [[Ruisdael, van, family|van Ruysdael]] (1605-1670), and his famous nephew Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-1682); [[Hoogstraten, Samuel van (1627-1678)|Samuel van Hoogstraten]] (1627-1678); [[Tempel, Abraham van den (1622-1672)|Abraham van den Tempel]] (1622-1672), the son of Lambert Jacobsz; and [[Heyden, Jan van der (1637-1712)|Jan van der Heyden]] (1637-1712). There was also the noted copperplate-engraver [[Luiken, Jan (1649-1712)|Jan Luiken]] (1649-1712) who was a Mennonite for only a few years, 1673-1675. Dutch Mennonite artists of later times include: [[Mauve, Anton (1838-1888)|Anton Mauve (1838-1888)]], Hendrik Willem Mesdag (1831-1915), and Sientje Mesdag van Houten (1834-1909). Except for Carel van a Mander and Lambert Jacobsz, the Dutch Mennonite artists were not prominent in church life.

[[File:Balthasar Denner 003.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Porträt einer alten Frau by [[Denner, Balthasar (1685-1749)|Balthasar Denner]]<br />
Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Balthasar_Denner_003.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
<h4>Germany</h4> In [[Germany|Germany]] the two Hamburg painters, Jakob called [[Denner, Balthasar (1685-1749)|Balthasar Denner]] (1685-1749) and [[Smissen, Dominicus van der (1704-1760)|Dominicus van der Smissen]] (1704-1760), contributed a great deal to art; paintings by the former are found in all of the more important European art galleries. [[Seemann, Enoch, Jr. (1694-1744)|Enoch Seemann, Jr.]] (b. 1694 in Elbing, d. 1744 in London), a talented painter and engraver, was a member of the [[Danzig Mennonite Church (Gdansk, Poland)|Danzig Mennonite Church]]. In the 19th century Berend Goos (1815-1885) won recognition for his paintings of animals and landscapes. The same is true of the sculptor Emil Heinrich Wurtz, who immigrated to America and lost his life in his prime in the wreck of the <em>S.S. Burgoyne</em> on 4 July 1898 at the age of 42 (<em>[[Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender (Periodical)|Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender]]</em> 1905, 45 ff.). There are also the [[Krefeld (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany)|Krefeld]] painters, Moritz von Beckerath (1836-96), painter of historical scenes, and Willy von Beckerath (b. 1868 ), painter and art dealer, and the Danzigers Heinrich Zimmermann (1804-1845), Richard Loewens (1856-1885), and Hans Mekelburger (1884-1915) who fell on the field of battle in [[Poland|Poland]] in 1915 at the age of 30 at the beginning of a promising career; the Königsbergers Johann Wientz (years 1781-1849) and Franz Theodor Zimmermann (1807-1877?). South German Mennonites have produced one good artist, [[Wohlgemuth, Daniel (1876-1967)|Daniel Wohlgemuth]] (1875-1967) of the [[Weierhof (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Weierhof]] ([[Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Palatinate]]) community living in 1950 at Gundersheim near Worms. Of lesser rank is Fritz Mosimann of Mulhouse, [[Alsace (France)|Alsace]] (since 1914 French territory), member of the Pfastatt congregation, who painted local Alsatian landscapes and scenes. The outstanding modern artist of the West Prussian Mennonites, however, was Marie Birckholtz-Bestvater (b. 1888 at Preussisch-Konigsdorf, near Danzig, West Prussia) studied in [[Berlin (Germany)|Berlin]] and [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]] 1908-1913, and lived in the Danzig-Zoppot area, where she had her studio until 1945. After living in Berlin 1945-1947, she immigrated to [[Buenos Aires (Argentina)|Buenos Aires]] in 1947, where she was employed in the ceramics firm "Tadeco." Mrs. Birckholtz's mediums were oil and watercolor, her themes landscapes (earlier largely West Prussian) and figure sketches. She had numerous one-woman shows. Most of her works were destroyed or lost in [[West Prussia|West Prussia]] during the war, a few taken along to [[Argentina|Argentina]]. Mention should also be made of [[Beckerath, Wolf von (1896-1944)|Wolf von Beckerath]] (1896-1944) of Krefeld, and the sculptor Heinrich Mekelburger.

=== Russia ===
[[Janzen, Johannes Heinrich (1868-1917)|Johannes Heinrich Janzen]] (1868-1917), teacher and preacher of Gnadenfeld in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna]], South [[Russia|Russia]], was the first able artist among the Russian Mennonites. Although he had no formal training, his drawings and oil paintings were of good quality. His favorite theme was the Molotschna landscape. Six of his oil paintings have been brought to America, the best being: "Peace on the Molotschna" (A Russian Mennonite farmstead) and "The Thunderstorm," both in the possession of the family of his late brother, [[Janzen, Jacob H. (1878-1950)|Elder Jacob H. Janzen]] (1878-1950) of Waterloo, Ontario. One of Janzen's finest products was <em>Das Märchen vom Weihnachtsmann</em>, his own version of the Christmas story, richly illustrated in colors with his own drawings. He also did the illustrations for his brother Jacob H. Janzen's (Zenian), <em>Denn meine Augen haben Deinen Heiland gesehen</em> (Hamburg, v.d. Höhe, ca. 1924).

Hans Janzen (1893-1967), son of the above Johannes Heinrich, was the outstanding Mennonite artist in Russia. His favorite theme was also the Molotschna landscape, although he painted portraits as well. He was educated in [[Moscow (Russia)|Moscow]], and then taught mathematics, physics, and art at the [[Ohrloff Mennonitische Zentralschule (Ohrloff, Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Mennonite Zentralschule]] at Orloff in the [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna colony]]. He remained in the Soviet Union, reportedly dying in the [[Caucasus|Caucasus]] Region on September 24 or 25, 1967. Twelve of his paintings were brought to America. Hans Janzen copied in black and white his father's illustrations for a mimeographed edition of <em>Das Märchen vom Weihnachtsmann</em>, which was published by his uncle, Elder [[Janzen, Jacob H. (1878-1950)|Jacob H. Janzen]], in Canada.

Perhaps a still finer artist of Russian Mennonite background is [[Neufeld, Woldemar Heinrich (1909-2002)|Woldemar Neufeld]], stepson of Elder [[Janzen, Jacob H. (1878-1950)|Jacob Janzen]] (Waterloo), b. 1909 at Waldheim, Molotschna, who was a student of Hans Janzen in the Orloff school and came to [[Canada|Canada]] in 1924. He is therefore properly considered an American artist. After study at Waterloo College, Neufeld attended the Cleveland School of Art (1935-39) and then set up the Neufeld Studios in New York City and New Preston, Connecticut (1949). He held one-man shows in [[Cleveland (Ohio, USA)|Cleveland]], [[Chicago (Illinois, USA)|Chicago]], New York, [[Toronto (Ontario, Canada)|Toronto]], and elsewhere. He specialized in color prints and in watercolor, and painted numerous [[Waterloo County (Ontario, Canada)|Waterloo County]] landscapes. The Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, the Cleveland Museum of Public Art, and many private collectors own his color prints. (See <em>American artist</em>, XVI, Jan. 1952, "Presenting Woldemar Neufeld," 48 ff.

John P. Klassen (b. 1888), born in [[Kronsgarten (Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine)|Kronsgarten]], [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza]], received professional art training at the Universities of Berlin and [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]], and taught art in the [[Chortitza Zentralschule (Chortitza, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza Zentralschule]] in [[Russia|Russia]] before coming to the [[United States of America|United States]] in 1924. He became professor of art at [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton College]] in 1924, his own specialty being small sculpture, including bas-relief and plaques. Among his works are a bust of Menno Simons and one of N. C. Hirschy (d. 1916), first president of Bluffton College.

J. Sudermann, born ca. 1900 in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza settlement]], educated in Russia and Germany, was an outstanding artist, poet, and teacher among the Mennonites of the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]], last heard of in a concentration camp in Siberia. His favorite themes in oil and watercolor were the landscapes and buildings in the [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza]] area, among them the [[Chortitza Mennonite Church (Chortitza, Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza Mennonite Church]] painted in 1932. A number of his works were brought by relatives to Canada 1947 ff. Johann Funk, formerly a teacher in [[Arkadak (Saratov Oblast, Russia)|Arkadak]], Barstow, since 1930 in Paraguay, deserves passing mention.

Alexander Harder, a son of preacher Bernhard Harder, and brother of novelist [[Harder, Johannes "Hans" (1903-1987)|Hans Harder]], born and reared in the [[Alexandertal Mennonite Settlement (Samara Oblast, Russia)|Alexandertal settlement near Samara]] on the Volga River, Russia, but living in Germany after 1924, at Hanau near Frankfurt, painted many Russian scenes and landscapes. He is known also for his oil painting of Menno Simons, done for the 1936 Mennonite World Conference.

=== United States and Canada ===
The chief North American Mennonite artists of native stock are Arthur L. Sprunger (b. 1897) of Goshen, Indiana, of Swiss background, and [[Schenk, Oliver Wendell "Tom" (1903-1996)|Oliver Wendell Schenk]] (1903-1996) of an old Virginia-Ohio Mennonite family. Of immigrant Russian Mennonite stock are Hans Bartsch (b. 1884) born at [[Tashkent (Toshkent Province, Uzbekistan)|Tashkent]], [[Turkestan|Turkestan]], immigrated to [[Newton (Kansas, USA)|Newton]], [[Kansas (USA)|Kansas]], 1893-4, now resident in New York City; J. P. Klassen (b. 1888) born in Kronsgarten, Chortitza, Russia, immigrated to [[Bluffton (Ohio, USA)|Bluffton, Ohio]], 1924 and since then resident there; Woldemar Neufeld (b. 1909) born at Waldheim, [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna]], immigrated to Waterloo, Ontario, in 1924, later resident in New Preston, Conn.; and D. G. Rempel, born in Russia, immigrated to Bluffton, Ohio, in 1922, student of J. P. Klassen at Bluffton, then in Akron, Ohio, as a designer and manufacturer of toys, known for his fine small sculpture "The Fallen Horseman," now in the [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton College Library]], relating an incident in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] in 1919. Elder Johannes Janzen, formerly a teacher in the [[Turkestan|Turkestan]] (Russian) Mennonite settlement, resident in the [[Stoltz Plateau (Santa Catarina, Brazil)|Stoltz Plateau]] colony in Santa Catharina, Brazil, from 1930 until recently, now located in the new settlement at [[Witmarsum Colony (Paraná State, Brazil)|Witmarsum]] in [[Paraná (Brazil)|Paraná]], painted numerous scenes in the [[Krauel Colony (Alto Krauel District, Santa Catarina, Brazil)|Krauel Colony]] (Santa Catharina) in oil. -- ''Harold S. Bender''
= Bibliography =
Boekenoogen, G. J. "De Portretten van Menno Simons." <em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em> (1916): 33-106. With images.

Cate, Steven Blaupot ten. <em>Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland</em>. Leeuwarden: W. Eekhoff, 1839: 307-308.

<em>Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender</em> (1905): 45 ff.

Geisberg, Max. <em>Die münsterischen Wiedertäufer und Aldegrever: eine ikonographische und numismatische Studie</em>. Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, Heft 76. Baden-Baden: V. Koerner, 1977.

Gomersall, R. "A Father and Son Paint" (on the Newswangers and their Amish etchings). <em>American-German Review</em> 17 (1950): 10-13.

GRANDMA (The <strong>G</strong>enealogical <strong>R</strong>egistry <strong>an</strong>d <strong>D</strong>atabase of <strong>M</strong>ennonite <strong>A</strong>ncestry) Database, 4.19 ed. Fresno, CA: <span class="link-external">[http://calmenno.org/index.htm California Mennonite Historical Society]</span>, 2021: #476829 Johann J. "Hans" Janzen.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 221; v. II, 241-243.

Houbraken, Arnold. <em>De Groote Schouburgh der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Schilderessen</em>, 3 vols. Amsterdam, 1718 and 1719.

Huizinga, Johan. <em>Holländische kultur des siebzehnten jahrhunderts : ihre sozialen grundlagen und nationale</em>. Jena : E. Diederichs, 1933.

Hylkema, C. B. <em>Reformateurs: Beschiedkundige studiën over de godsdienstige bewegingen uit de nadagen onzer Gouden Eeuw</em>, 2 vols. in 1. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink en Zoon, 1900: v.II, 6

Klassen, J. P. "Mennonite Ideals in Art." <em>Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Mennonite Cultural Problems.</em> North Newton, 1945: 135-145.

Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes. <em>Geschiedenis van de Doopsgezinden in Nederland II. 1600-1735 Eerste Helft</em>. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon n.v., 1940: 58-59.

Mander, Carel van. <em>Het schilderboek: het leven van de doorluchtige Nederlandse en Hoogduitse schilders</em>. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 1995.

<em>Mennonite life</em> containing the following articles: S. Smeding. "The Portraits of Menno Simons." (July 1948): 16-19; K. Kauenhoven. "Mennonite Artists -- Danzig and Koenigsberg." (July 1949): 17-23; C. Krahn, "Rembrandt. the Bible, and the Mennonites." (1952): 3-6; H. M. Rotermund. "Rembrandt and the Mennonites." (1952): 7-10; A. Sudermann. "Traum und Wirklichkeit" (on J. Sudermann)." (1953): 17-23.

<em>Mitteilungen des Sippenverbandes der Danziger Menn.-Familien Epp-Kauenhoven-Zimmerman</em>, containing the following articles by Kurt Kauenhoven: "Wie trugen sich unsere mennonitische Vorfahren." VI, 1940: 62-4 and 94-5; "Die gottesdienstlichen Gebräuche unserer mennonitischen Vorfahren (Aus den Bildern von Bernard Picart);" "Die Abendmahlsfeier." VI: 98-101; "Die Taufe." VI: 129-32; "Die erste gedruckte Erwähnung der Danziger Kauenhoven 1697." VI: 111-16, referring to Enoch Seemann, Sr., with bibliographical references.

"Presenting Woldemar Neufeld." <em>American Artist</em> 16 (January 1952): 48 ff.

Rosenberg, Jakob. <em>Rembrandt: Life & Work</em>. [London]: Phaidon Publishers, 1964.

Rotermund, H. -M. <em>Rembrandt und die religiösen Laienbewegungen in den Niederlanden seiner Zeit</em>. Bussum: Nederlands kunsthistorisch Jaarboek, 1953.

Rues, Simeon Friderich. <em>Tegenwoordige staet der Doopsgezinden of Mennoniten, in de Vereenigde Nederlanden: waeragter komt een berigt van de Rynsburgers of Collegianten</em>. T' Amsterdam: By F. Houttuyn, 1745: 27.

Scheffer, Jacob Gijsbert de Hoop. <em>Geschiedenis der kerkhervorming in Nederland van haar ontstaan tot 1531</em>. Amsterdam: G.L. Funke, 1873: 3.

Schmidt Degener, F. "Menniste Portretten." <em>Onze Kunst</em> I (1914): 1 ff.

Smeding, S. "The Portraits of Menno Simons." <em>Mennonite Life</em> (July 1948): 16-19.

Venturi, Lionello. <em>Painting and painters; how to look at a picture, from Giotto to Chagall.</em> New York, C. Scribner’s sons, [1945]

Two American Mennonite periodicals have given attention to reproducing the work of Mennonite artists, <em>Die Mennonitische Warte</em> (Steinbach, Man., 1935-38) and <em>Mennonite life</em> (North Newton, Kans., 1946 The former published a few watercolors and pen-and-ink sketches by the Russian-American artists J. P. Klassen ([[Bluffton (Ohio, USA)|Bluffton]]), John Funk (Saskatoon), and [[Dyck, Arnold (Abram Bernhard) (1889-1970)|Arnold Dyck]] (Steinbach-Winnipeg). Dyck, who studied art in [[Munich (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Munich]], though more active as a writer than an artist, has illustrated some of his own writings with human-interest figure sketches. <em>Mennonite life</em> has covered a broad scope in its reproductions. Articles or reproductions have dealt with the following: A. L. Sprunger, J. P. Klassen, Aurèle Robert, J. Sudermann, Alexander Harder, E. Seemann, H. Zimmermann, F. T. Zimmermann, J. Wientz, Rembrandt, A. Hendriks and the earlier Menno Simons portraits, D. Chodowiecky, D. Wohlgemuth, Heinrich Mekelburger, M. Birckholtz-Bestvater.
{{GAMEO_footer-3|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 165-172|date=1955|a1_last=Zijpp|a1_first=Nanne van der|a2_last=Kossen|a2_first=Dirk|a3_last=Bender|a3_first=Harold S.}}

Danzig (Poland)

2026-04-14T16:11:10Z

RichardThiessen: /* Church records */

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=Beginnings=
The date of the earliest [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] or Mennonite presence in Danzig/Gdańsk is not known. Danzig was a major trading center, a Hanseatic city, and closely connected with the [[Netherlands]]. In the second quarter of the 16th century, there may have been groups or individuals present in the region who were generic religious dissidents but could not be clearly categorized as Anabaptists. Well-established trade routes brought immigrants from the Netherlands, but there were also immigrants to the Vistula Delta from other regions, such as [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] to the south. It is likely that the Anabaptists of Danzig and its region drew on both immigrants and local residents, although the longer-term orientation was strongly towards the Dutch immigrant element. The lack of organized persecution of Anabaptists in the Danzig region (in contrast to other areas of Europe) means that documentation about the early years is quite sparse. Danzig and other Hanseatic cities issued statements against Anabaptists during the Anabaptist occupation of [[Münster Anabaptists|Münster]] in 1534-1535 but it seems likely that these were driven not by the actual presence of Anabaptists in Danzig but by imagined fears of a Münster contagion.

Anabaptist and Mennonite presence in the Danzig region was facilitated by the diversity of jurisdictions over different areas in the immediate area of the city and even within the city. The regional Catholic bishop had authority over land that ran up to the city walls, and other church organizations, such as monasteries, had authority over certain properties. The city itself had authority over fairly large areas of rural land outside the city walls. The Polish crown had authority over certain pieces of land. Farther out in the countryside, other cities, towns, church institutions, and occasionally nobles had control over certain areas. The economic and political interests of these various authorities were never well aligned, so Mennonites could find niches in which they would be tolerated, and could often find defenders against harassment whose interests temporarily aligned with theirs or who had common opponents.

One of the earliest concrete indications of an Anabaptist presence in Danzig is [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]]’ letter of 1549 to followers in the region. In the letter, Menno refers to at least one earlier visit there. By this time there seems to have been an organized congregation in existence. At some point after the middle of the 16th century, [[Dirk Philips (1504-1568)|Dirk Philips]] came to Danzig from the Netherlands. He is considered the first elder of the Danzig congregation. Dirk also came to be tangled up in the Flemish-Frisian division that defined the Mennonite organizational landscape for the next few centuries.

Flemish Anabaptist refugees had settled in [[Friesland (Netherlands)|Friesland]] and differences arose between the refugees and the local Anabaptists. The two groups formally split in 1566. Dirk Philips had been called from Danzig to mediate and ended up taking sides with the Flemish, even though he himself was from Friesland geographically. He died in Friesland and never returned to Danzig. The labels [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] and [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisian]] quickly became partisan categories rather than references to actual geographic origin, as Dirk’s case shows. Both parties quickly split into numerous smaller splinter groups among themselves. In the Netherlands, this division gradually faded away over the next century and was superseded by other divisions. In the Vistula Delta, where congregations had tended to adhere to the more hard-line splinter groups, the division remained alive into the 19th century.

Despite Dirk Philips’ participation, the Danzig congregation seems to have resisted for some years being pulled into the partisan camps. The elder after Dirk Philips, Quirin Vermeulen, kept the congregation together for an extended time after the split took place in the Netherlands. In 1588, the elder from the Frisian congregation at [[Montau (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Montau]], Hilchen Schmidt, arranged to have Vermeulen deposed, and this led to the formation of separate Frisian and Flemish congregations in Danzig. The Flemish were colloquially known as “fine” (''fein'') or “clear” (''klar''). The Frisians were “coarse” (''grob'') or “worried” (''bekümmert''). The origin and logic of these nicknames “klar” and “bekümmert” is not known. The Frisians remained the smaller group numerically throughout the course of their existence. Vermeulen continued to be active after being deposed as elder and is remembered for arranging for the publication of a Dutch-language Bible in the suburb of Schottland in 1598.

Where the congregations met in the early decades is not known. In late 1638 a member of the Frisian congregation purchased a lot outside the Neugarten gate for a church building and poor house. Ten years later, in 1648, a Flemish member purchased a lot in the city for its building and poor house. These properties technically remained in the ownership of individual members because the congregations had no legal existence in themselves. In 1713 the Frisian property fell outside of congregational ownership through inheritance by a non-Mennonite heir and had to be re-purchased by a member. There is some documentation that in late 1732 the Flemish were able to purchase their property in the city, but it is unclear whether this was simply some kind transaction among individuals or whether the congregation was given some kind of corporate status under city law at the time.

=Congregational life in the 17th and 18th centuries=
[[File:gdansk_mennonici_02_137.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Danzig Mennonite Church and Parsonage, ca. 1890.<br />
Source: [http://www.marienburg.pl/viewtopic.php Forum Marienburg.pl]'']]
[[File:danzig_mennonite_church_in_ruins_after_world_war_ii_december_11_1946b_373.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Danzig Mennonite Church in ruins after World War II, 11 December 1946.<br />
Source: [http://www.marienburg.pl/viewtopic.php Forum Marienburg.pl].'']]
[[File:Gdańsk, Kościół Zielonoświątkowy - fotopolska.eu.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|''Former Danzig Mennonite Church, 2011.<br />
Photo by Yanek.<br />
Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gda%C5%84sk,_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Zielono%C5%9Bwi%C4%85tkowy_-_fotopolska.eu.jpg Wikimedia Commons]''.]]
With much Mennonite residence and business activity concentrated in areas immediately outside the city walls, they received repeated setbacks and economic damage with frequent military conflicts during the 16th-18th centuries, which often led to destruction of buildings outside the city walls during sieges of the city. Conflicts included the First Northern War or Seven Years War of the North (1563-1570), the Second Northern War (1655-1660, known as the “Deluge” in Polish memory), the Great Northern War (1700-1721), the War of Polish Succession (1733-1736), and the Napoleonic wars of the early 19th century.

The Flemish church building and alms house were destroyed in the Russian siege of 1734. The Frisian building was remodeled in 1788 and an organ was added. The Flemish also remodeled in 1805-1806 and added an organ against significant opposition. A hand written organ chorale book survives from this time (now at the [[Mennonite Library and Archives (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Mennonite Library and Archives]], [[Bethel College (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Bethel College]], [[North Newton (Kansas, USA)|North Newton]], [[Kansas (USA)|Kansas]]). The Frisian building was destroyed during the French siege of 1806 and both groups then merged on 22 May 1808, and used the Flemish building until it too was destroyed in 1813. At the time of the merger the Frisians numbered 166 members and the Flemish around 700. The united congregation dedicated a new building at a new location on 12 September 1819.

Despite the relatively low level of persecution of Mennonites in the Danzig region, for most of their centuries of residence there they were second-class inhabitants and were subject to petty harassment. It seems likely that many of the attacks on them were not intended to be seriously carried out but were more along the order of rhetorical displays or political ploys in conflicts that did not have directly to do with the Mennonites. In many cases, these attacks were deflected by bribery; Mennonites paid “donations” or “loans” and were then left alone until the next time that a more powerful party thought they could extract more money.

Examples can be found almost continuously from the mid-16th century into the 18th century. In 1556 the Polish king [[Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland (1520-1572)|Sigismund II Augustus]] issued an edict against Anabaptists. In 1566 the city of Danzig published an edict expelling Anabaptists by Easter (which obviously was ignored). In 1571 at a regional political assembly at Torun, Danzig representatives complained of dangerous sects on the bishop’s land outside the city walls (motivated by economic competition). In May 1572 and April 1573, decrees were posted at the Artushof, the merchants’ meeting place, expelling Anabaptists and Mennonites. In August 1578, the guilds (who were Danzig citizens but were not the ruling class in the city) complained of Anabaptists coming from Friesland. In summer 1582, a rural group living on city-controlled land, “derisively referred to as Rebaptizers or Mennonites,” petitioned the city council against requirements to participate in the state (Lutheran) church. This may be the earliest usage of the term “Mennonites” as a self-identification in the Danzig area. In April 1613, the city council noted that Mennonites did not serve as soldiers and so made a monthly donation to support others to do so. In 1624, Mennonites were required to find military substitutes or pay a fee for such purposes.

Some harassment revolved around economic issues. In October 1623, a privilege granted by the Polish king and the city council allowed free participation in the lace trade; apparently there had been an attempt by opponents to exclude Mennonites. In March 1629 the city council said Mennonites were not required to join the lace makers guild; it could be a free trade. Apparently there was no lace making guild in Danzig until Mennonite lace makers became active and then a guild was formed to oppose the outsider craftspeople. In November 1632 the city council again affirmed Mennonite freedom to conduct the lace trade. In April 1633, the Polish king Wladislaw IV told the city council that Mennonites had to take an oath to the king or leave in four months. In January 1636, there was a mandate from the king to Danzig that Dutch persons and Mennonites were not allowed to buy grain and that Mennonites should be expelled. The city council routinely ignored such mandates from the king; the city used every opportunity to maintain its independence and resist imposition of political control from outside. In the early 1640s, there was another attempt to ban Mennonite lace makers from the city. The Mennonites appealed to the king, and the royal representative in the city came to their defense in February 1643. He was a Calvinist, the king was Catholic, and the city was Lutheran. The royal representative argued that since the Lutherans were always complaining about persecution from Catholics, they should not set a bad example by persecuting others. In 1644 the shopkeepers guild interfered with Mennonite lace makers, having a shipment of raw materials stopped in Graudenz. In December 1644 a royal charter guaranteed Mennonites freedom of trade. In March 1648 a city council decision separated lace making from the trade in raw materials for it and the retail sale of lace; this was intended to restrict Mennonites economically by narrowing the scope of their craft. In December 1658, the city council stopped enforcement of the 1648 lace decision, but in 1663 Mennonites were again restricted in lace trade on the basis of the 1648 decision. In October 1666, Mennonite lace makers petitioned the city council defending their legal rights, referring back to the October 1623 privilege and asking for a reversal of the 1648 restriction; it is not clear what the city council decided.

Various confrontations in other areas besides lace making continued in the 17th century. In 1650 the city council nullified a decision of March 1633 that had allowed Mennonites to own property in the suburbs under city control. In July 1657, the guilds petitioned that no Mennonites should be allowed to have a retail shop except the refugees from the burned suburbs (this was in the context of the Second Northern War). In 1660 an anonymous pamphlet ''Informatio contra mennonistas'' was distributed in Danzig. In September 1664 another guild petition against Mennonite trade appeared, which referred to the 1636 order about Mennonite grain trade. In April 1666 the city council meeting noted that the 1650 decision about property ownership was not being strictly observed (as was the case with many such anti-Mennonite decisions). In 1669 a question arose about whether a Mennonite (not allowed to be a citizen) could own or invest in a merchant ship; some wanted to only make an exception for one individual. The outcome in the case is unclear; the city council apparently favored allowing ownership. In 1670 there was a quite murky series of attacks from the Polish king and involving various officials, the city council, and various monetary payments. In 1675 another anonymous Latin pamphlet against Mennonites appeared. In August 1675 there was a ruling that each Mennonite household had to pay 300 florins “protection money;” this seems to have developed out of a city tax on foreigners. In 1676 at a regional legislature in Marienburg, the city of Danzig was put on the defensive, being accused of coddling Mennonites and thus causing God to send debilitating floods on the region. In October 1677, the city council again had to defend Mennonites against guild complaints. In May 1681, the Netherlands government protested to the city about the Mennonite “protection money;” the Danzig Mennonites had protested that they should not have to pay since they were not foreigners, but then found themselves being defended by a foreign government.

Some confrontations had more directly to do with religion. In 1678 Mennonites were accused of being [[Antitrinitarianism|anti-Trinitarians]]. There was an interrogation before the Catholic bishop, in which the Flemish preacher [[Hansen, Georg (d. 1703)|Georg Hansen]] was the most prominent Mennonite participant (both Flemish and Frisian representatives participated). It is interesting that, while the city was officially Lutheran, it was the Catholic bishop who carried out this harassment of the city’s Mennonites. Also in 1678 there was a riot in Danzig by Lutherans against Catholics and also against Mennonites, during which a Carmelite monastery looted and burned. In 1687 the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] asked Mennonites to build them a clock tower; the Mennonites gave a donation. In April 1688 a city official asked Mennonites for money towards building a Lutheran church in the suburb of Ohra. In June 1699, the Catholic bishop ruled that Mennonite theology was acceptable. It is unclear if this was the very delayed conclusion to the 1678 interrogation or if this was a new round of theological harassment.

During the 18th century, these confrontations gradually diminished. In 1708 Mennonites petitioned against “protection money.” Mennonites had also recently “loaned” money to the city and there were negotiations about these matters, but it is not clear what the result was. The topic of “protection money” became quiet for several decades. In 1732 Danzig Mennonites gave monetary aid to the Salzburg Protestants who were on their way from [[Austria]] to settle in [[East Prussia]], replacing Mennonites who had just been expelled from there. In 1748-1750 there were more attacks on Mennonite economic activities by the guilds, part of a broader revolt against the Danzig establishment by the lower and middle classes. From 1749-1762 Mennonite merchants were apparently prohibited from selling anything but brandy (although [[Mannhardt, Hermann Gottlieb (1855-1927)|Hermann G. Mannhardt’s]] congregational history describes this as something more complicated). This led to a noticeable Mennonite economic decline and prompted some Mennonites to move away to [[Königsberg in Bayern (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Königsberg]] or [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]]. In January 1750, a new form of the “protection fee” was imposed, a total of 5000 florins. It now had to be collected by the two congregations rather than the city. In 1755-59 the fee was reduced because economic restrictions had made Mennonites unable to pay. The new form of the fee also led to internal divisions over who should pay what share - Flemish versus Frisians, wealthy versus poor members.

After the first partition of [[Poland]], Danzig remained part of Poland. In 1783, the Prussians who now controlled the rural areas around Danzig imposed a blockade of the city, partially as a result of complaints from Mennonites residing in the suburb of Altschottland and other areas under Prussian rule that Danzig authorities had prevented them from getting grain brought to them on the Vistula river. The blockade divided the congregation, with city members (still part of Poland) blaming rural members (under Prussian rule) for the blockade and economic hardship.

Mennonites in the Vistula Delta region became known for involvement in liquor distilling. Presumably this was another niche where a guild did not exist and thus allowed Danzig Mennonites to practice the craft with less opposition. In Danzig itself, Ambrosius Vermeulen started a distillery at the House of the Salmon (''Zum Lachs, Pod Łososiem''). The business became widely known for its Danziger Goldwasser, a liqueur containing edible gold flakes. Zum Lachs passed out of Mennonite hands sometime in the 18th century, but Goldwasser continued to be served at the same location in Gdańsk.

In looking back to the 17th and 18th centuries, historians have often associated Danzig Mennonites with artistic and engineering endeavors. A prominent name was [[Wiebe, Adam (d. 1653)|Adam Wiebe]] or Wiebe Adam. (Wiebe may have actually been his first name rather than a surname, with Adam being a patronymic: Wiebe son of Adam.) Adam Wiebe is mentioned working for the city of Danzig as early as 1616. He is remembered outside of Mennonite circles as the first engineer to use an aerial tramway for moving fill dirt when he was working on fortifications for the city in 1644.

Other names mentioned are Anthony van Obbergen, an engineer (late 16th-early 17th centuries); the von dem Blocke family (father Wilhelm and sons Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, during the first half of the 17th century); Jacob Joosten, a hydraulic engineer (later 17th century); and Peter Willer, a builder and copper engraver (late 17th century).

For all of the above, it is not possible to confirm that they were actually Mennonites. The claim that they were Mennonites relies mostly on their apparent connections with the Netherlands and other fragments of circumstantial evidence. It may be the case that some of them had been Mennonites in the past and later joined the official church or the Reformed church, or that they had other family members who were Mennonites, but their actual Mennonite connection is not well established. Hermann G. Mannhardt does not mention any of these artists and engineers in his congregational history, presumably because he did not believe they were Mennonites.

One case of an artistic family in this era who were clearly Mennonites is the Seemann family. [[Seemann, Enoch, Sr. (1661-?)|Enoch Seemann]] the Elder was banned by the Flemish congregation leader Georg Hansen for violating the second commandment by painting portraits. Seemann in 1697 published a pamphlet harshly attacking Hansen, but gave up portraits and restricted himself to landscapes and other subjects. None of his works survive. His son [[Seemann, Enoch, Jr. (1694-1744)|Enoch Seemann the Younger]] (born ca. 1694 in Danzig) later moved to [[London (England, Great Britain)|London]] and became a prominent portrait painter there.

Another clash over how to relate to other Mennonites and to the non-Mennonite environment in this time period came in the form of the Wig War (''Perückenstreit'' in German). In 1726, a Dutch Mennonite Cornelius de Vogel Leonhards moved to Danzig and wanted to join the Frisian congregation. He wore a wig and at the time wigs were common among urban Dutch Mennonites. The Danzig Frisian elder Hinrich van Dühren refused to serve communion to the new member. Wigs gradually came to be a fashion also in Danzig and the resistance of the elder led to communion being suspended for several years. In 1739 a group of young wig wearers somehow got city administrators involved in the clash and the elder van Dühren was put under house arrest. A new co-elder, Jan Donner, was elected. Van Dühren obviously refused to confirm him in office and the elders of the rural Frisian congregations also refused to get involved. The congregation or some of its members requested an elder to be sent from the Netherlands to help with the dispute, but Donner died suddenly. Eventually an elder Adrian Koenen came from the Netherlands and constructed a shaky agreement between the two sides. Communion was served again on 2 October 1740. The wig wearers were allowed to stay away when van Dühren presided and were serve by Koenen (and later by another visiting elder from the Netherlands).

The difficulties did not end here. In 1745 baptism was cancelled because of the perception of too fashionable dress among the young men. (Van Dühren was still elder and died in 1746.) In 1766, according to the chronicle of the rural Frisian congregation at [[Orlofferfelde (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Orlofferfelde]], there was a general meeting of Frisian leaders because some members from Danzig were coming to communion at Orlofferfelde because they were still angry about the Wig War (and some members from the [[Thiensdorf and Preußisch Rosengart Mennonite Church (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Thiensdorf]] congregation were coming to Orlofferfelde because of a dispute there). The meeting decided that members should get communion in their home churches except in cases of emergency. The Orlofferfelde elder was opposed to this coercion of conscience but was outvoted.

German replaced Dutch as the written and spoken language for church activities in the mid 18th century. It seems likely that everyday language usage would have changed earlier. In 1768 the Flemish published a catechism in German, replacing [[Hansen, Georg (d. 1703)|Georg Hansen’s]] 1671 confession in Dutch. On 1 January 1771, a local Flemish preacher gave his sermon in German rather than Dutch for the first time. (Visiting Flemish elder [[Wiebe, Gerhard (1725-1796)|Gerhard Wiebe]] from Elbing had preached in German in Danzig as early as 1762.) The Frisians had switched to German earlier, but it is unclear exactly when. The language transition happened in an era immediately leading up to the partitions of Poland, in a time of growing Prussian influence, which may have made it seem that the future of Danzig was German-speaking.

Danzig was the starting point for the Mennonite migration to [[Russia]] in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In August 1786, a letter from Russian representatives was read in both Danzig churches with an invitation to settle in Russia. In fall 1787, [[Höppner, Jakob (1748-1826)|Jakob Hoeppner]] and [[Bartsch, Johann (1757-1821)|Johann Bartsch]] returned from a visit to Russia, having viewed possible settlement locations. Both of them were from Danzig, Hoeppner from the Flemish congregation and Bartsch from the Frisians. They had gone to Russia without notifying church leadership. This maintained plausible deniability for the church leaders, since the city had forbidden the churches to interact with the Russian agents. This initiation of the migration took place in the context of the partitions of Poland, when Danzig was cut off from its hinterland by the Prussian occupation of the surrounding area. Exact numbers of those who left the Danzig congregations for Russia are not clear, but there were two waves of migration in this time period, first in the 1780s and again around 1804.

=Danzig Mennonites under Prussian rule=

In April 1793 Danzig came under Prussian control in the second partition of Poland. Special taxes on Mennonites were eliminated. In 1800 Mennonites gained the right to citizenship by a royal decree that eliminated city regulation of citizenship. Mennonites still had to pay a 6% surcharge when buying real estate. In January 1847 that surcharge was eliminated by Mennonites who were then on the city council. Danzig Mennonites seem to have been prominent in urban life out of proportion to their numbers, although tracing specific stories is difficult. [[Mannhardt, Hermann Gottlieb (1855-1927)|Hermann G. Mannhardt]] in his congregational history stated that Mennonites continuously had at least one member on the Danzig city council from 1817 up to his own time around 1920. One prominent member in science was Hugo Conwentz (d. 1922), long-time director of the West Prussian Provincial Museum and mostly known as a leader in environmental conservation.

Many organizational changes took place in the decades after the Flemish-Frisian merger of 1808. One such change was the transition to paid clergy instead of the selection of leadership from within the congregation. In October 1824, the Danzig congregation received a letter from Jacob van der Smissen, pastor at the Mennonite church in [[Friedrichstadt (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Friedrichstadt]] in northeastern Germany. He was looking for a paid pastoral position; his felt his congregation was too small and he wanted to serve a bigger one. Danzig at first said no; then in summer 1825 van der Smissen visited [[Heubuden (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Heubuden]], [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]], and Danzig. He gave a guest sermon in Danzig which was well received. At Danzig, the existing ministers were elderly and no one in the congregation wished to be elected as preacher or elder. In addition, a parsonage had been donated by a woman who wanted the congregation to have a full-time pastor. The congregation hired van der Smissen and he moved to Danzig in June 1826 (and lived in the parsonage). The rural group of members objected and seceded to become a subsidiary of the rural [[Fürstenwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Fürstenwerder]] congregation. Van der Smissen was used to wearing Protestant clerical garb and had to adjust his style to different expectation in Danzig. Later in 1826 both existing elders died, leaving van der Smissen as the senior pastor. He stayed until 1835 and left amid conflict.

For most of the Danzig congregations’ existence, there had been a group of rural members (apparently all Flemish) who lived on city-controlled farming land away from the city and its immediate suburbs. The group was often known under the village name of [[Neunhuben (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Neunhuben]]. This rural group had somewhat of a separate identity from the city congregations. In 1791 rural group became an independent congregation while continuing to be under the general supervision of the Danzig Flemish elder. In 1844 this group built a small church building at [[Quadendorf (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Quadendorf]] and continued as part of the Fürstenwerder congregation.

In 1836 the congregation hired a new pastor, [[Mannhardt, Jakob (1801-1885)|Jacob Mannhardt]], who also came to Danzig from the [[Friedrichstadt (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Friedrichstadt]] congregation. He was a first cousin once removed of van der Smissen (Mannhardt’s mother was a van der Smissen). Mannhardt had an almost 50 year pastorate and did much to shape the congregation in its last century.

In 1879 a new assistant pastor was hired, [[Mannhardt, Hermann Gottlieb (1855-1927)|Hermann G. Mannhardt]], a nephew of Jacob. Hermann formally joined the church at this time, which apparently meant that he had previously been a Protestant church member rather than a Mennonite. Both Mannhardts had Protestant theological university training.

In 1845 the congregation wrote a constitution and received limited incorporation through royal decree, allowing it to have a legitimate existence as a recognized legal entity rather than having to conduct all of its business via individual members. In 1887 the congregation was fully incorporated under normal German corporate law, based on a new constitution.

Jacob Mannhardt died in 1885 and Hermann became the senior pastor, continuing for more than 40 more years until his death in 1927. Both Mannhardts were active in German Mennonite activities beyond the local congregation. Jacob Mannhardt founded the German Mennonite newspaper ''[[Mennonitische Blätter (Periodical)|Mennonitische Blätter]]'' in 1854. Herman G. Mannhardt helped start the [[Vereinigung der deutschen Mennonitengemeinden (Union of German Mennonite Congregations)|Vereinigung der Mennoniten-Gemeinden im Deutschen Reich]] in 1886.

The most prominent issue of the 19th century was [[Conscription|military conscription]]. Poland had no national conscription; this only was an issue for Mennonites who lived in cities and might be called on for local militias and self defense forces. Prussia did have a conscription system and imposed it on the territories taken from Poland. Mennonites were exempt in return for a special tax payment and severe restrictions on real estate purchasing and on mixed marriages with non-Mennonites. In 1848 a divisive congregational meeting allowed members to join local civic militias (which meant carrying weapons). In November 1867 the new Prussian military conscription law eliminated Mennonite exemption, and in March 1868 a cabinet order from the king defined Mennonite military service to be in noncombatant roles. A few families from Danzig decided to emigrate at this time; probably the most prominent was Ludwig E. Zimmermann, a deacon, but the rest of the church leadership and most members continued to accept the evolving conditions. In October 1870 the church officially dropped its requirement that members refuse military service, but continued to recommend noncombatant service. It also dropped opposition to mixed marriages, allowing membership transfer from other churches.

=Danzig in the 20th century=

Because of the dispersal of the congregation and the destruction of archives at the end of [[World War (1939-1945) - Germany|World War II]], our knowledge of the last several decades of the congregation’s story is diminished. Up until [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]], it continued on its trajectory of development of the last decades of the 19th century. In 1901 the congregation built a care home for aged and poor members, which also housed the congregational archives. In March 1914, the organ was renovated and electric lighting was installed.

During World War I, 250 men served in the German military, almost half of the baptized male membership. We do not know what proportion served in noncombatant roles. Twenty-eight were killed. According to Hermann G. Mannhardt, there were 62 officers among the 250.

World War I brought dramatic change to Danzig. In late 1920, the city and much of the Vistula Delta became the [[Danzig, Free City of|Danzig Free State]], independent of both Germany and the re-created Poland. The 6000 Mennonites in the Free State made up 2.5% of the total population. There were three Mennonite delegates in the 1920 legislature of the new city-state (2.5% of the members). Mennonites had equal rights and were allowed to affirm instead of swearing oaths.

In 1927, long-time pastor Hermann G. Mannhardt died and Erich Göttner became the new, and last, pastor. Göttner had been baptized in the Danzig congregation and spent much of his childhood and youth there. He studied Protestant theology at several German universities and then had been pastor of several Mennonite congregations in western Germany before returning to Danzig. Göttner continued the Danzig tradition of active involvement in German Mennonite denominational organizations beyond the local congregation.

The last few years of the Danzig congregation are overshadowed by [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|National Socialism]]. In May 1933, the Nazi party won a narrow majority in the Danzig legislature; this was a few months after Hitler had become German chancellor. World War II began with combat in the Danzig harbor and elsewhere in the city. Many members served in the German military and were members of the Nazi party, but we do not have reliable statistics. Erich Göttner was drafted into the German army in July 1944 and is believed to have died as a Soviet prisoner of war in 1945. Most of the membership who were still in Danzig in 1945 fled to avoid the advance of the Soviet Red army and dispersed to western Germany or to refugee camps in [[Denmark]]. There are no good statistics about where former Danzig members ended up; it seems likely that most stayed in western Germany, with some migrating to South and North America.

The Danzig Mennonite church building survived World War II, in contrast to much of the rest of the city. In 1947 the Polish Communist government granted permission to a Pentecostal congregation to use the building and nearby parsonage. Restoration of the buildings lasted until 1958 because of government delays. In the immediate post-war years, the North American [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] had a relief program in the area, and the “seagoing cowboy” program brought livestock by ship into the area to aid the revival of agriculture. Both of these programs brought North American Mennonites to Danzig and the Vistula Delta, who visited various Mennonite sites such as the Danzig building.

In 1972 the Pentecostal congregation obtained actual legal ownership of the building. In 1989 they took formal ownership of the parsonage and in 2003 the care home. The large, active congregation continued up to 2025 to use the 200-year-old former Mennonite building as one of their meeting places in Gdańsk. In 2025 plans were under way to restore the building to its original design and for it to become the home of a local musical organization.

=Membership statistics=

The number of Mennonites in Danzig is difficult to determine for much of its history. A list from about 1660 counted about 47 heads of families, but probably does not include all families living in the immediate area of the city. A 1681 list had about 114 families. Hermann G. Mannhardt in his history thought that membership was the highest during the years 1690-1750 (although in his own era in the 20th century it was probably higher). During the 1709 plague, 160 adults and 230 children died in the Flemish group. In 1749 the Flemish elder [[Steen, Hans von (1705-1781)|Hans von Steen]] listed 240 households (excluding rural dwellers). At the 1808 merger of the Frisians and Flemish, the Frisians numbered 166 and the Flemish ca. 700. Surviving statistics from the 19th century are: 1831, 635 members; 1852, 410; 1882, 448 plus 210 children; 1900, 735. Membership numbers increased rapidly in the 20th century, passing 1,000 in 1905, and 1,200 in 1911 and 1921. Mannhardt recorded that the 250 men who served in the military in World War I made up almost half the baptized membership. In 1940 (the last surviving statistic), there were 1,020 members and 173 children.

=Church records=

The Danzig church in the 19th and early 20th centuries maintained an extensive archive. Most of this material was destroyed at the end of World War II, but several items were rescued by Mennonite relief workers from North America and taken there in the late 1940s. The earliest item to survive is a Flemish record book containing baptisms 1667-1800, marriages 1665-1808, births 1789-1809, deaths 1667-1807, list of preachers and elders 1598-1807 (showing Dirk Philips as the first elder). There is also a two-volume family record book of the Flemish congregation begun in 1789. These books were housed at the [[Mennonite Library and Archives (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Mennonite Library and Archives]] (Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas) from 1947 until 2009, and were then transferred to the [[Mennonitische Forschungsstelle (Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany)|Mennonitische Forschungsstelle]] in [[Weierhof (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Weierhof]]. A variety of other fragmentary and disparate scattered records are still housed at [[Bethel College (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Bethel College]]. No known records of the Frisian congregation have survived.

=Bibliography=

Epp, Waldemar. “Zur Kulturgeschichte Danzigs: Aus der Zeit der Reformation und des Dreißigjährigen Krieges,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 40 (1983): 46-58.

Grigoleit, Eduard. “Danziger Mennoniten aus dem Jahre 1681,” ''Danziger familiengeschichtliche Beiträge'' 2 (1934): 124-127.

Kobe, Rainer. “Die Vermeulen-Bibel des Wilhelm von den Blocke von 1607,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 67 (2010): 69-75.

Kobe, Rainer. “Wie mennonitisch war die Danziger Künstlerfamilie von Block?” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 66 (2009): 71-84.

Mannhardt, H. G. ''The Danzig Mennonite Church: Its Origin and History from 1569-1919''. Trans. Victor G. Doerksen. North Newton, KS: Bethel College, 2007.

Mannhardt, H. G. ''Die Danziger Mennonitengemeinde: Ihre Entstehung und ihre Geschichte von 1569-1919''. Danzig: Danziger Mennonitengemeinde, 1919.

Penner, Horst. “Verzeichnis der Mennoniten die im Jahre 1661 innerhalb der Stadt Danzig, vorm Hohen Tor und auf Neugarten wohnten,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 24 (1967): 47-53.

Plett, Harvey. “Georg Hansen and the Danzig Flemish Mennonite Church: A Study in Continuity.” Ph. D. dissertation, University of Manitoba, 1991.

Quiring, Horst. “Aus den ersten Jahrzehnten der Mennoniten in Westpreußen: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Sippenforschung,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 2 (1937): 32-35.

Quiring, Horst. “Der Danziger Perückenstreit,” ''Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender'' 45 (1936): 98-102.

=Additional Information=
This article is based on the original English essay that was written for the ''[http://www.mennlex.de/doku.php Mennonitisches Lexikon]'' (''MennLex'') and has been made available to GAMEO with permission.

== Original Mennonite Encyclopedia Article ==

By [[Hege, Christian (1869-1943)|Christian Hege]] and [[Bender, Harold Stauffer (1897-1962)|Harold S. Bender]]. Copied by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from ''Mennonite Encyclopedia'', Vol. 2, p. 7. All rights reserved.

[[File:ME2-8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Free City of Danzig (1920-1939)<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 8'']]
Danzig, a government district <em>(Regierungsbezirk) </em>of the province of [[West Prussia|West Prussia]], before the partition in 1918 containing nearly one-third of the Mennonites living in [[Germany|Germany]], most of them in the triangle formed by Danzig (city), [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing ]]and [[Marienburg (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Marienburg]]. Whereas in the townships of Marienburg and rural Elbing the number of Mennonites decreased after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]], it rose in the townships of Danzig-City, Danzig-Lowland, Danzig-Heights, and Elbing-City. Also in the township of Neustadt, particularly in Zoppot, more and more Mennonites settled.

The district contained the following congregations up to the evacuation of all Germans under the Polish occupation: [[Fürstenwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Fürstenwerder]] with 561 souls (in 1921), [[Heubuden (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Heubuden]] 1,623, [[Ladekopp (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Ladekopp ]]with [[Orlofferfelde (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Orlofferfelde ]]1,150, [[Tiegenhagen (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Tiegenhagen ]]823, and [[Thiensdorf and Preußisch Rosengart Mennonite Church (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Thiensdorf]]-[[Markushof (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Markushof ]]1,083, [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]]-City 400, Elbing-Ellerwald 736, [[Rosenort Mennonite Church (Rosenort, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Rosenort]] 718, [[Danzig Mennonite Church (Gdansk, Poland)|Danzig City]] 1,360, and Danzig-Lowland-[[Quadendorf (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Quadendorf]] 50. Parts of [[Fürstenwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Fürstenwerder]] and [[Tiegenhagen (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Tiegenhagen]] also belonged to Danzig-Lowland.

From 20 January 1920 to August 1939 the old district of Danzig was displaced in part by the [[Danzig, Free City of|Free City of Danzig]], a politically independent state under the League of Nations. In 1939-1945 it was called "Regierungsbezirk Danzig," and was part of the "Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen." With the conquest of Germany by the Allied powers in 1945 and the reconstitution of Poland, the area was incorporated into the Polish governmental system, with the Polish name Gdansk.

In 1947 the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] established a relief program in the Danzig area, to which it had been directed by the Polish government, with headquarters in Tczew ([[Dirschau (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Dirschau]]). It conducted relief there until the fall of 1948, when the Polish government in effect compelled the transfer of the work to Nasielsk near Warsaw. During the 1947-1948 period many Mennonites were aided together with the general population. In 1947 there were still over 200 Mennonites in this region, nearly all of whom were permitted to go to Germany in 1947-1949. A few individuals and one or two families of Mennonites have remained in the city or its environs.

Census figures show the following Mennonite populations in the various parts of the district:

<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!1861
!1871
!1880
!1890
!1900
!1910
|-
|Elbing City
|2,075
|405
|535
|477
|591
|606
|-
|Elbing Rural
|
|1,491
|1,387
|1,329
|1,172
|953
|-
|Marienburg
|5,343
|5,420
|4,999
|5,014
|4,928
|4,767
|-
|Danzig City
|459
|486
|582
|617
|626
|639
|-
|Danzig-Lowland
|
|
|
|283
|275
|403
|-
|Danzig-Lowlands / Danzig Heights
|544
|428
|397
|
|
|
|-
|Danzig-Heights
|
|
|
|72
|87
|138
|-
|[[Dirschau (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Dirschau]]
|
|
|
|99
|62
|73
|-
|Dirschau / Stargard
|52
|69
|65
|
|
|
|-
|Stargard
|
|
|
|13
|20
|29
|-
|Berent
|12
|1
|1
|11
|6
|1
|-
|Karthaus
|
|
|3
|7
|5
|5
|-
|Neustadt
|
|
|
|13
|88
|161
|-
|Neustadt / Putzig
|
|
|10
|
|
|
|-
|Putzig
|
|
|
|2
|3
|6
|-
|'''Totals'''
|'''8,485'''
|'''8,300'''
|'''7,979'''
|'''7,937 '''
|'''7,863'''
|'''7,781'''
|}
</div>
==Bibliography of Original Article==
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 390.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=June 2025|a1_last=Thiesen|a1_first=John D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages]]
[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages in Poland]]

Danzig (Poland)

2026-04-14T16:10:43Z

RichardThiessen: /* Membership statistics */

__TOC__
=Beginnings=
The date of the earliest [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] or Mennonite presence in Danzig/Gdańsk is not known. Danzig was a major trading center, a Hanseatic city, and closely connected with the [[Netherlands]]. In the second quarter of the 16th century, there may have been groups or individuals present in the region who were generic religious dissidents but could not be clearly categorized as Anabaptists. Well-established trade routes brought immigrants from the Netherlands, but there were also immigrants to the Vistula Delta from other regions, such as [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] to the south. It is likely that the Anabaptists of Danzig and its region drew on both immigrants and local residents, although the longer-term orientation was strongly towards the Dutch immigrant element. The lack of organized persecution of Anabaptists in the Danzig region (in contrast to other areas of Europe) means that documentation about the early years is quite sparse. Danzig and other Hanseatic cities issued statements against Anabaptists during the Anabaptist occupation of [[Münster Anabaptists|Münster]] in 1534-1535 but it seems likely that these were driven not by the actual presence of Anabaptists in Danzig but by imagined fears of a Münster contagion.

Anabaptist and Mennonite presence in the Danzig region was facilitated by the diversity of jurisdictions over different areas in the immediate area of the city and even within the city. The regional Catholic bishop had authority over land that ran up to the city walls, and other church organizations, such as monasteries, had authority over certain properties. The city itself had authority over fairly large areas of rural land outside the city walls. The Polish crown had authority over certain pieces of land. Farther out in the countryside, other cities, towns, church institutions, and occasionally nobles had control over certain areas. The economic and political interests of these various authorities were never well aligned, so Mennonites could find niches in which they would be tolerated, and could often find defenders against harassment whose interests temporarily aligned with theirs or who had common opponents.

One of the earliest concrete indications of an Anabaptist presence in Danzig is [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]]’ letter of 1549 to followers in the region. In the letter, Menno refers to at least one earlier visit there. By this time there seems to have been an organized congregation in existence. At some point after the middle of the 16th century, [[Dirk Philips (1504-1568)|Dirk Philips]] came to Danzig from the Netherlands. He is considered the first elder of the Danzig congregation. Dirk also came to be tangled up in the Flemish-Frisian division that defined the Mennonite organizational landscape for the next few centuries.

Flemish Anabaptist refugees had settled in [[Friesland (Netherlands)|Friesland]] and differences arose between the refugees and the local Anabaptists. The two groups formally split in 1566. Dirk Philips had been called from Danzig to mediate and ended up taking sides with the Flemish, even though he himself was from Friesland geographically. He died in Friesland and never returned to Danzig. The labels [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] and [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisian]] quickly became partisan categories rather than references to actual geographic origin, as Dirk’s case shows. Both parties quickly split into numerous smaller splinter groups among themselves. In the Netherlands, this division gradually faded away over the next century and was superseded by other divisions. In the Vistula Delta, where congregations had tended to adhere to the more hard-line splinter groups, the division remained alive into the 19th century.

Despite Dirk Philips’ participation, the Danzig congregation seems to have resisted for some years being pulled into the partisan camps. The elder after Dirk Philips, Quirin Vermeulen, kept the congregation together for an extended time after the split took place in the Netherlands. In 1588, the elder from the Frisian congregation at [[Montau (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Montau]], Hilchen Schmidt, arranged to have Vermeulen deposed, and this led to the formation of separate Frisian and Flemish congregations in Danzig. The Flemish were colloquially known as “fine” (''fein'') or “clear” (''klar''). The Frisians were “coarse” (''grob'') or “worried” (''bekümmert''). The origin and logic of these nicknames “klar” and “bekümmert” is not known. The Frisians remained the smaller group numerically throughout the course of their existence. Vermeulen continued to be active after being deposed as elder and is remembered for arranging for the publication of a Dutch-language Bible in the suburb of Schottland in 1598.

Where the congregations met in the early decades is not known. In late 1638 a member of the Frisian congregation purchased a lot outside the Neugarten gate for a church building and poor house. Ten years later, in 1648, a Flemish member purchased a lot in the city for its building and poor house. These properties technically remained in the ownership of individual members because the congregations had no legal existence in themselves. In 1713 the Frisian property fell outside of congregational ownership through inheritance by a non-Mennonite heir and had to be re-purchased by a member. There is some documentation that in late 1732 the Flemish were able to purchase their property in the city, but it is unclear whether this was simply some kind transaction among individuals or whether the congregation was given some kind of corporate status under city law at the time.

=Congregational life in the 17th and 18th centuries=
[[File:gdansk_mennonici_02_137.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Danzig Mennonite Church and Parsonage, ca. 1890.<br />
Source: [http://www.marienburg.pl/viewtopic.php Forum Marienburg.pl]'']]
[[File:danzig_mennonite_church_in_ruins_after_world_war_ii_december_11_1946b_373.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Danzig Mennonite Church in ruins after World War II, 11 December 1946.<br />
Source: [http://www.marienburg.pl/viewtopic.php Forum Marienburg.pl].'']]
[[File:Gdańsk, Kościół Zielonoświątkowy - fotopolska.eu.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|''Former Danzig Mennonite Church, 2011.<br />
Photo by Yanek.<br />
Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gda%C5%84sk,_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Zielono%C5%9Bwi%C4%85tkowy_-_fotopolska.eu.jpg Wikimedia Commons]''.]]
With much Mennonite residence and business activity concentrated in areas immediately outside the city walls, they received repeated setbacks and economic damage with frequent military conflicts during the 16th-18th centuries, which often led to destruction of buildings outside the city walls during sieges of the city. Conflicts included the First Northern War or Seven Years War of the North (1563-1570), the Second Northern War (1655-1660, known as the “Deluge” in Polish memory), the Great Northern War (1700-1721), the War of Polish Succession (1733-1736), and the Napoleonic wars of the early 19th century.

The Flemish church building and alms house were destroyed in the Russian siege of 1734. The Frisian building was remodeled in 1788 and an organ was added. The Flemish also remodeled in 1805-1806 and added an organ against significant opposition. A hand written organ chorale book survives from this time (now at the [[Mennonite Library and Archives (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Mennonite Library and Archives]], [[Bethel College (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Bethel College]], [[North Newton (Kansas, USA)|North Newton]], [[Kansas (USA)|Kansas]]). The Frisian building was destroyed during the French siege of 1806 and both groups then merged on 22 May 1808, and used the Flemish building until it too was destroyed in 1813. At the time of the merger the Frisians numbered 166 members and the Flemish around 700. The united congregation dedicated a new building at a new location on 12 September 1819.

Despite the relatively low level of persecution of Mennonites in the Danzig region, for most of their centuries of residence there they were second-class inhabitants and were subject to petty harassment. It seems likely that many of the attacks on them were not intended to be seriously carried out but were more along the order of rhetorical displays or political ploys in conflicts that did not have directly to do with the Mennonites. In many cases, these attacks were deflected by bribery; Mennonites paid “donations” or “loans” and were then left alone until the next time that a more powerful party thought they could extract more money.

Examples can be found almost continuously from the mid-16th century into the 18th century. In 1556 the Polish king [[Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland (1520-1572)|Sigismund II Augustus]] issued an edict against Anabaptists. In 1566 the city of Danzig published an edict expelling Anabaptists by Easter (which obviously was ignored). In 1571 at a regional political assembly at Torun, Danzig representatives complained of dangerous sects on the bishop’s land outside the city walls (motivated by economic competition). In May 1572 and April 1573, decrees were posted at the Artushof, the merchants’ meeting place, expelling Anabaptists and Mennonites. In August 1578, the guilds (who were Danzig citizens but were not the ruling class in the city) complained of Anabaptists coming from Friesland. In summer 1582, a rural group living on city-controlled land, “derisively referred to as Rebaptizers or Mennonites,” petitioned the city council against requirements to participate in the state (Lutheran) church. This may be the earliest usage of the term “Mennonites” as a self-identification in the Danzig area. In April 1613, the city council noted that Mennonites did not serve as soldiers and so made a monthly donation to support others to do so. In 1624, Mennonites were required to find military substitutes or pay a fee for such purposes.

Some harassment revolved around economic issues. In October 1623, a privilege granted by the Polish king and the city council allowed free participation in the lace trade; apparently there had been an attempt by opponents to exclude Mennonites. In March 1629 the city council said Mennonites were not required to join the lace makers guild; it could be a free trade. Apparently there was no lace making guild in Danzig until Mennonite lace makers became active and then a guild was formed to oppose the outsider craftspeople. In November 1632 the city council again affirmed Mennonite freedom to conduct the lace trade. In April 1633, the Polish king Wladislaw IV told the city council that Mennonites had to take an oath to the king or leave in four months. In January 1636, there was a mandate from the king to Danzig that Dutch persons and Mennonites were not allowed to buy grain and that Mennonites should be expelled. The city council routinely ignored such mandates from the king; the city used every opportunity to maintain its independence and resist imposition of political control from outside. In the early 1640s, there was another attempt to ban Mennonite lace makers from the city. The Mennonites appealed to the king, and the royal representative in the city came to their defense in February 1643. He was a Calvinist, the king was Catholic, and the city was Lutheran. The royal representative argued that since the Lutherans were always complaining about persecution from Catholics, they should not set a bad example by persecuting others. In 1644 the shopkeepers guild interfered with Mennonite lace makers, having a shipment of raw materials stopped in Graudenz. In December 1644 a royal charter guaranteed Mennonites freedom of trade. In March 1648 a city council decision separated lace making from the trade in raw materials for it and the retail sale of lace; this was intended to restrict Mennonites economically by narrowing the scope of their craft. In December 1658, the city council stopped enforcement of the 1648 lace decision, but in 1663 Mennonites were again restricted in lace trade on the basis of the 1648 decision. In October 1666, Mennonite lace makers petitioned the city council defending their legal rights, referring back to the October 1623 privilege and asking for a reversal of the 1648 restriction; it is not clear what the city council decided.

Various confrontations in other areas besides lace making continued in the 17th century. In 1650 the city council nullified a decision of March 1633 that had allowed Mennonites to own property in the suburbs under city control. In July 1657, the guilds petitioned that no Mennonites should be allowed to have a retail shop except the refugees from the burned suburbs (this was in the context of the Second Northern War). In 1660 an anonymous pamphlet ''Informatio contra mennonistas'' was distributed in Danzig. In September 1664 another guild petition against Mennonite trade appeared, which referred to the 1636 order about Mennonite grain trade. In April 1666 the city council meeting noted that the 1650 decision about property ownership was not being strictly observed (as was the case with many such anti-Mennonite decisions). In 1669 a question arose about whether a Mennonite (not allowed to be a citizen) could own or invest in a merchant ship; some wanted to only make an exception for one individual. The outcome in the case is unclear; the city council apparently favored allowing ownership. In 1670 there was a quite murky series of attacks from the Polish king and involving various officials, the city council, and various monetary payments. In 1675 another anonymous Latin pamphlet against Mennonites appeared. In August 1675 there was a ruling that each Mennonite household had to pay 300 florins “protection money;” this seems to have developed out of a city tax on foreigners. In 1676 at a regional legislature in Marienburg, the city of Danzig was put on the defensive, being accused of coddling Mennonites and thus causing God to send debilitating floods on the region. In October 1677, the city council again had to defend Mennonites against guild complaints. In May 1681, the Netherlands government protested to the city about the Mennonite “protection money;” the Danzig Mennonites had protested that they should not have to pay since they were not foreigners, but then found themselves being defended by a foreign government.

Some confrontations had more directly to do with religion. In 1678 Mennonites were accused of being [[Antitrinitarianism|anti-Trinitarians]]. There was an interrogation before the Catholic bishop, in which the Flemish preacher [[Hansen, Georg (d. 1703)|Georg Hansen]] was the most prominent Mennonite participant (both Flemish and Frisian representatives participated). It is interesting that, while the city was officially Lutheran, it was the Catholic bishop who carried out this harassment of the city’s Mennonites. Also in 1678 there was a riot in Danzig by Lutherans against Catholics and also against Mennonites, during which a Carmelite monastery looted and burned. In 1687 the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] asked Mennonites to build them a clock tower; the Mennonites gave a donation. In April 1688 a city official asked Mennonites for money towards building a Lutheran church in the suburb of Ohra. In June 1699, the Catholic bishop ruled that Mennonite theology was acceptable. It is unclear if this was the very delayed conclusion to the 1678 interrogation or if this was a new round of theological harassment.

During the 18th century, these confrontations gradually diminished. In 1708 Mennonites petitioned against “protection money.” Mennonites had also recently “loaned” money to the city and there were negotiations about these matters, but it is not clear what the result was. The topic of “protection money” became quiet for several decades. In 1732 Danzig Mennonites gave monetary aid to the Salzburg Protestants who were on their way from [[Austria]] to settle in [[East Prussia]], replacing Mennonites who had just been expelled from there. In 1748-1750 there were more attacks on Mennonite economic activities by the guilds, part of a broader revolt against the Danzig establishment by the lower and middle classes. From 1749-1762 Mennonite merchants were apparently prohibited from selling anything but brandy (although [[Mannhardt, Hermann Gottlieb (1855-1927)|Hermann G. Mannhardt’s]] congregational history describes this as something more complicated). This led to a noticeable Mennonite economic decline and prompted some Mennonites to move away to [[Königsberg in Bayern (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Königsberg]] or [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]]. In January 1750, a new form of the “protection fee” was imposed, a total of 5000 florins. It now had to be collected by the two congregations rather than the city. In 1755-59 the fee was reduced because economic restrictions had made Mennonites unable to pay. The new form of the fee also led to internal divisions over who should pay what share - Flemish versus Frisians, wealthy versus poor members.

After the first partition of [[Poland]], Danzig remained part of Poland. In 1783, the Prussians who now controlled the rural areas around Danzig imposed a blockade of the city, partially as a result of complaints from Mennonites residing in the suburb of Altschottland and other areas under Prussian rule that Danzig authorities had prevented them from getting grain brought to them on the Vistula river. The blockade divided the congregation, with city members (still part of Poland) blaming rural members (under Prussian rule) for the blockade and economic hardship.

Mennonites in the Vistula Delta region became known for involvement in liquor distilling. Presumably this was another niche where a guild did not exist and thus allowed Danzig Mennonites to practice the craft with less opposition. In Danzig itself, Ambrosius Vermeulen started a distillery at the House of the Salmon (''Zum Lachs, Pod Łososiem''). The business became widely known for its Danziger Goldwasser, a liqueur containing edible gold flakes. Zum Lachs passed out of Mennonite hands sometime in the 18th century, but Goldwasser continued to be served at the same location in Gdańsk.

In looking back to the 17th and 18th centuries, historians have often associated Danzig Mennonites with artistic and engineering endeavors. A prominent name was [[Wiebe, Adam (d. 1653)|Adam Wiebe]] or Wiebe Adam. (Wiebe may have actually been his first name rather than a surname, with Adam being a patronymic: Wiebe son of Adam.) Adam Wiebe is mentioned working for the city of Danzig as early as 1616. He is remembered outside of Mennonite circles as the first engineer to use an aerial tramway for moving fill dirt when he was working on fortifications for the city in 1644.

Other names mentioned are Anthony van Obbergen, an engineer (late 16th-early 17th centuries); the von dem Blocke family (father Wilhelm and sons Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, during the first half of the 17th century); Jacob Joosten, a hydraulic engineer (later 17th century); and Peter Willer, a builder and copper engraver (late 17th century).

For all of the above, it is not possible to confirm that they were actually Mennonites. The claim that they were Mennonites relies mostly on their apparent connections with the Netherlands and other fragments of circumstantial evidence. It may be the case that some of them had been Mennonites in the past and later joined the official church or the Reformed church, or that they had other family members who were Mennonites, but their actual Mennonite connection is not well established. Hermann G. Mannhardt does not mention any of these artists and engineers in his congregational history, presumably because he did not believe they were Mennonites.

One case of an artistic family in this era who were clearly Mennonites is the Seemann family. [[Seemann, Enoch, Sr. (1661-?)|Enoch Seemann]] the Elder was banned by the Flemish congregation leader Georg Hansen for violating the second commandment by painting portraits. Seemann in 1697 published a pamphlet harshly attacking Hansen, but gave up portraits and restricted himself to landscapes and other subjects. None of his works survive. His son [[Seemann, Enoch, Jr. (1694-1744)|Enoch Seemann the Younger]] (born ca. 1694 in Danzig) later moved to [[London (England, Great Britain)|London]] and became a prominent portrait painter there.

Another clash over how to relate to other Mennonites and to the non-Mennonite environment in this time period came in the form of the Wig War (''Perückenstreit'' in German). In 1726, a Dutch Mennonite Cornelius de Vogel Leonhards moved to Danzig and wanted to join the Frisian congregation. He wore a wig and at the time wigs were common among urban Dutch Mennonites. The Danzig Frisian elder Hinrich van Dühren refused to serve communion to the new member. Wigs gradually came to be a fashion also in Danzig and the resistance of the elder led to communion being suspended for several years. In 1739 a group of young wig wearers somehow got city administrators involved in the clash and the elder van Dühren was put under house arrest. A new co-elder, Jan Donner, was elected. Van Dühren obviously refused to confirm him in office and the elders of the rural Frisian congregations also refused to get involved. The congregation or some of its members requested an elder to be sent from the Netherlands to help with the dispute, but Donner died suddenly. Eventually an elder Adrian Koenen came from the Netherlands and constructed a shaky agreement between the two sides. Communion was served again on 2 October 1740. The wig wearers were allowed to stay away when van Dühren presided and were serve by Koenen (and later by another visiting elder from the Netherlands).

The difficulties did not end here. In 1745 baptism was cancelled because of the perception of too fashionable dress among the young men. (Van Dühren was still elder and died in 1746.) In 1766, according to the chronicle of the rural Frisian congregation at [[Orlofferfelde (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Orlofferfelde]], there was a general meeting of Frisian leaders because some members from Danzig were coming to communion at Orlofferfelde because they were still angry about the Wig War (and some members from the [[Thiensdorf and Preußisch Rosengart Mennonite Church (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Thiensdorf]] congregation were coming to Orlofferfelde because of a dispute there). The meeting decided that members should get communion in their home churches except in cases of emergency. The Orlofferfelde elder was opposed to this coercion of conscience but was outvoted.

German replaced Dutch as the written and spoken language for church activities in the mid 18th century. It seems likely that everyday language usage would have changed earlier. In 1768 the Flemish published a catechism in German, replacing [[Hansen, Georg (d. 1703)|Georg Hansen’s]] 1671 confession in Dutch. On 1 January 1771, a local Flemish preacher gave his sermon in German rather than Dutch for the first time. (Visiting Flemish elder [[Wiebe, Gerhard (1725-1796)|Gerhard Wiebe]] from Elbing had preached in German in Danzig as early as 1762.) The Frisians had switched to German earlier, but it is unclear exactly when. The language transition happened in an era immediately leading up to the partitions of Poland, in a time of growing Prussian influence, which may have made it seem that the future of Danzig was German-speaking.

Danzig was the starting point for the Mennonite migration to [[Russia]] in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In August 1786, a letter from Russian representatives was read in both Danzig churches with an invitation to settle in Russia. In fall 1787, [[Höppner, Jakob (1748-1826)|Jakob Hoeppner]] and [[Bartsch, Johann (1757-1821)|Johann Bartsch]] returned from a visit to Russia, having viewed possible settlement locations. Both of them were from Danzig, Hoeppner from the Flemish congregation and Bartsch from the Frisians. They had gone to Russia without notifying church leadership. This maintained plausible deniability for the church leaders, since the city had forbidden the churches to interact with the Russian agents. This initiation of the migration took place in the context of the partitions of Poland, when Danzig was cut off from its hinterland by the Prussian occupation of the surrounding area. Exact numbers of those who left the Danzig congregations for Russia are not clear, but there were two waves of migration in this time period, first in the 1780s and again around 1804.

=Danzig Mennonites under Prussian rule=

In April 1793 Danzig came under Prussian control in the second partition of Poland. Special taxes on Mennonites were eliminated. In 1800 Mennonites gained the right to citizenship by a royal decree that eliminated city regulation of citizenship. Mennonites still had to pay a 6% surcharge when buying real estate. In January 1847 that surcharge was eliminated by Mennonites who were then on the city council. Danzig Mennonites seem to have been prominent in urban life out of proportion to their numbers, although tracing specific stories is difficult. [[Mannhardt, Hermann Gottlieb (1855-1927)|Hermann G. Mannhardt]] in his congregational history stated that Mennonites continuously had at least one member on the Danzig city council from 1817 up to his own time around 1920. One prominent member in science was Hugo Conwentz (d. 1922), long-time director of the West Prussian Provincial Museum and mostly known as a leader in environmental conservation.

Many organizational changes took place in the decades after the Flemish-Frisian merger of 1808. One such change was the transition to paid clergy instead of the selection of leadership from within the congregation. In October 1824, the Danzig congregation received a letter from Jacob van der Smissen, pastor at the Mennonite church in [[Friedrichstadt (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Friedrichstadt]] in northeastern Germany. He was looking for a paid pastoral position; his felt his congregation was too small and he wanted to serve a bigger one. Danzig at first said no; then in summer 1825 van der Smissen visited [[Heubuden (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Heubuden]], [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]], and Danzig. He gave a guest sermon in Danzig which was well received. At Danzig, the existing ministers were elderly and no one in the congregation wished to be elected as preacher or elder. In addition, a parsonage had been donated by a woman who wanted the congregation to have a full-time pastor. The congregation hired van der Smissen and he moved to Danzig in June 1826 (and lived in the parsonage). The rural group of members objected and seceded to become a subsidiary of the rural [[Fürstenwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Fürstenwerder]] congregation. Van der Smissen was used to wearing Protestant clerical garb and had to adjust his style to different expectation in Danzig. Later in 1826 both existing elders died, leaving van der Smissen as the senior pastor. He stayed until 1835 and left amid conflict.

For most of the Danzig congregations’ existence, there had been a group of rural members (apparently all Flemish) who lived on city-controlled farming land away from the city and its immediate suburbs. The group was often known under the village name of [[Neunhuben (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Neunhuben]]. This rural group had somewhat of a separate identity from the city congregations. In 1791 rural group became an independent congregation while continuing to be under the general supervision of the Danzig Flemish elder. In 1844 this group built a small church building at [[Quadendorf (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Quadendorf]] and continued as part of the Fürstenwerder congregation.

In 1836 the congregation hired a new pastor, [[Mannhardt, Jakob (1801-1885)|Jacob Mannhardt]], who also came to Danzig from the [[Friedrichstadt (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Friedrichstadt]] congregation. He was a first cousin once removed of van der Smissen (Mannhardt’s mother was a van der Smissen). Mannhardt had an almost 50 year pastorate and did much to shape the congregation in its last century.

In 1879 a new assistant pastor was hired, [[Mannhardt, Hermann Gottlieb (1855-1927)|Hermann G. Mannhardt]], a nephew of Jacob. Hermann formally joined the church at this time, which apparently meant that he had previously been a Protestant church member rather than a Mennonite. Both Mannhardts had Protestant theological university training.

In 1845 the congregation wrote a constitution and received limited incorporation through royal decree, allowing it to have a legitimate existence as a recognized legal entity rather than having to conduct all of its business via individual members. In 1887 the congregation was fully incorporated under normal German corporate law, based on a new constitution.

Jacob Mannhardt died in 1885 and Hermann became the senior pastor, continuing for more than 40 more years until his death in 1927. Both Mannhardts were active in German Mennonite activities beyond the local congregation. Jacob Mannhardt founded the German Mennonite newspaper ''[[Mennonitische Blätter (Periodical)|Mennonitische Blätter]]'' in 1854. Herman G. Mannhardt helped start the [[Vereinigung der deutschen Mennonitengemeinden (Union of German Mennonite Congregations)|Vereinigung der Mennoniten-Gemeinden im Deutschen Reich]] in 1886.

The most prominent issue of the 19th century was [[Conscription|military conscription]]. Poland had no national conscription; this only was an issue for Mennonites who lived in cities and might be called on for local militias and self defense forces. Prussia did have a conscription system and imposed it on the territories taken from Poland. Mennonites were exempt in return for a special tax payment and severe restrictions on real estate purchasing and on mixed marriages with non-Mennonites. In 1848 a divisive congregational meeting allowed members to join local civic militias (which meant carrying weapons). In November 1867 the new Prussian military conscription law eliminated Mennonite exemption, and in March 1868 a cabinet order from the king defined Mennonite military service to be in noncombatant roles. A few families from Danzig decided to emigrate at this time; probably the most prominent was Ludwig E. Zimmermann, a deacon, but the rest of the church leadership and most members continued to accept the evolving conditions. In October 1870 the church officially dropped its requirement that members refuse military service, but continued to recommend noncombatant service. It also dropped opposition to mixed marriages, allowing membership transfer from other churches.

=Danzig in the 20th century=

Because of the dispersal of the congregation and the destruction of archives at the end of [[World War (1939-1945) - Germany|World War II]], our knowledge of the last several decades of the congregation’s story is diminished. Up until [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]], it continued on its trajectory of development of the last decades of the 19th century. In 1901 the congregation built a care home for aged and poor members, which also housed the congregational archives. In March 1914, the organ was renovated and electric lighting was installed.

During World War I, 250 men served in the German military, almost half of the baptized male membership. We do not know what proportion served in noncombatant roles. Twenty-eight were killed. According to Hermann G. Mannhardt, there were 62 officers among the 250.

World War I brought dramatic change to Danzig. In late 1920, the city and much of the Vistula Delta became the [[Danzig, Free City of|Danzig Free State]], independent of both Germany and the re-created Poland. The 6000 Mennonites in the Free State made up 2.5% of the total population. There were three Mennonite delegates in the 1920 legislature of the new city-state (2.5% of the members). Mennonites had equal rights and were allowed to affirm instead of swearing oaths.

In 1927, long-time pastor Hermann G. Mannhardt died and Erich Göttner became the new, and last, pastor. Göttner had been baptized in the Danzig congregation and spent much of his childhood and youth there. He studied Protestant theology at several German universities and then had been pastor of several Mennonite congregations in western Germany before returning to Danzig. Göttner continued the Danzig tradition of active involvement in German Mennonite denominational organizations beyond the local congregation.

The last few years of the Danzig congregation are overshadowed by [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|National Socialism]]. In May 1933, the Nazi party won a narrow majority in the Danzig legislature; this was a few months after Hitler had become German chancellor. World War II began with combat in the Danzig harbor and elsewhere in the city. Many members served in the German military and were members of the Nazi party, but we do not have reliable statistics. Erich Göttner was drafted into the German army in July 1944 and is believed to have died as a Soviet prisoner of war in 1945. Most of the membership who were still in Danzig in 1945 fled to avoid the advance of the Soviet Red army and dispersed to western Germany or to refugee camps in [[Denmark]]. There are no good statistics about where former Danzig members ended up; it seems likely that most stayed in western Germany, with some migrating to South and North America.

The Danzig Mennonite church building survived World War II, in contrast to much of the rest of the city. In 1947 the Polish Communist government granted permission to a Pentecostal congregation to use the building and nearby parsonage. Restoration of the buildings lasted until 1958 because of government delays. In the immediate post-war years, the North American [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] had a relief program in the area, and the “seagoing cowboy” program brought livestock by ship into the area to aid the revival of agriculture. Both of these programs brought North American Mennonites to Danzig and the Vistula Delta, who visited various Mennonite sites such as the Danzig building.

In 1972 the Pentecostal congregation obtained actual legal ownership of the building. In 1989 they took formal ownership of the parsonage and in 2003 the care home. The large, active congregation continued up to 2025 to use the 200-year-old former Mennonite building as one of their meeting places in Gdańsk. In 2025 plans were under way to restore the building to its original design and for it to become the home of a local musical organization.

=Membership statistics=

The number of Mennonites in Danzig is difficult to determine for much of its history. A list from about 1660 counted about 47 heads of families, but probably does not include all families living in the immediate area of the city. A 1681 list had about 114 families. Hermann G. Mannhardt in his history thought that membership was the highest during the years 1690-1750 (although in his own era in the 20th century it was probably higher). During the 1709 plague, 160 adults and 230 children died in the Flemish group. In 1749 the Flemish elder [[Steen, Hans von (1705-1781)|Hans von Steen]] listed 240 households (excluding rural dwellers). At the 1808 merger of the Frisians and Flemish, the Frisians numbered 166 and the Flemish ca. 700. Surviving statistics from the 19th century are: 1831, 635 members; 1852, 410; 1882, 448 plus 210 children; 1900, 735. Membership numbers increased rapidly in the 20th century, passing 1,000 in 1905, and 1,200 in 1911 and 1921. Mannhardt recorded that the 250 men who served in the military in World War I made up almost half the baptized membership. In 1940 (the last surviving statistic), there were 1,020 members and 173 children.

=Church records=

The Danzig church in the 19th and early 20th centuries maintained an extensive archive. Most of this material was destroyed at the end of World War II, but several items were rescued by Mennonite relief workers from North America and taken there in the late 1940s. The earliest item to survive is a Flemish record book containing baptisms 1667-1800, marriages 1665-1808, births 1789-1809, deaths 1667-1807, list of preachers and elders 1598-1807 (showing Dirk Philips as the first elder). There is also a two-volume family record book of the Flemish congregation begun in 1789. These books were housed at the [[Mennonite Library and Archives (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Mennonite Library and Archives]] (Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas) from 1947 until 2009, and were then transferred to the [[Mennonitische Forschungsstelle (Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany)|Mennonitische Forschungsstelle]] in [[Weierhof (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Weierhof]]. A variety of other fragmentary and disparate scattered records are still housed at [[Bethel College (North Newton, Kansas, USA)|Bethel College]]. No known records of the Frisian congregation have survived.

Bibliography:

Epp, Waldemar. “Zur Kulturgeschichte Danzigs: Aus der Zeit der Reformation und des Dreißigjährigen Krieges,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 40 (1983): 46-58.

Grigoleit, Eduard. “Danziger Mennoniten aus dem Jahre 1681,” ''Danziger familiengeschichtliche Beiträge'' 2 (1934): 124-127.

Kobe, Rainer. “Die Vermeulen-Bibel des Wilhelm von den Blocke von 1607,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 67 (2010): 69-75.

Kobe, Rainer. “Wie mennonitisch war die Danziger Künstlerfamilie von Block?” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 66 (2009): 71-84.

Mannhardt, H. G. ''The Danzig Mennonite Church: Its Origin and History from 1569-1919''. Trans. Victor G. Doerksen. North Newton, KS: Bethel College, 2007.

Mannhardt, H. G. ''Die Danziger Mennonitengemeinde: Ihre Entstehung und ihre Geschichte von 1569-1919''. Danzig: Danziger Mennonitengemeinde, 1919.

Penner, Horst. “Verzeichnis der Mennoniten die im Jahre 1661 innerhalb der Stadt Danzig, vorm Hohen Tor und auf Neugarten wohnten,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 24 (1967): 47-53.

Plett, Harvey. “Georg Hansen and the Danzig Flemish Mennonite Church: A Study in Continuity.” Ph. D. dissertation, University of Manitoba, 1991.

Quiring, Horst. “Aus den ersten Jahrzehnten der Mennoniten in Westpreußen: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Sippenforschung,” ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter'' 2 (1937): 32-35.

Quiring, Horst. “Der Danziger Perückenstreit,” ''Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender'' 45 (1936): 98-102.

=Additional Information=
This article is based on the original English essay that was written for the ''[http://www.mennlex.de/doku.php Mennonitisches Lexikon]'' (''MennLex'') and has been made available to GAMEO with permission.

== Original Mennonite Encyclopedia Article ==

By [[Hege, Christian (1869-1943)|Christian Hege]] and [[Bender, Harold Stauffer (1897-1962)|Harold S. Bender]]. Copied by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from ''Mennonite Encyclopedia'', Vol. 2, p. 7. All rights reserved.

[[File:ME2-8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Free City of Danzig (1920-1939)<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 8'']]
Danzig, a government district <em>(Regierungsbezirk) </em>of the province of [[West Prussia|West Prussia]], before the partition in 1918 containing nearly one-third of the Mennonites living in [[Germany|Germany]], most of them in the triangle formed by Danzig (city), [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing ]]and [[Marienburg (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Marienburg]]. Whereas in the townships of Marienburg and rural Elbing the number of Mennonites decreased after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]], it rose in the townships of Danzig-City, Danzig-Lowland, Danzig-Heights, and Elbing-City. Also in the township of Neustadt, particularly in Zoppot, more and more Mennonites settled.

The district contained the following congregations up to the evacuation of all Germans under the Polish occupation: [[Fürstenwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Fürstenwerder]] with 561 souls (in 1921), [[Heubuden (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Heubuden]] 1,623, [[Ladekopp (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Ladekopp ]]with [[Orlofferfelde (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Orlofferfelde ]]1,150, [[Tiegenhagen (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Tiegenhagen ]]823, and [[Thiensdorf and Preußisch Rosengart Mennonite Church (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Thiensdorf]]-[[Markushof (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Markushof ]]1,083, [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]]-City 400, Elbing-Ellerwald 736, [[Rosenort Mennonite Church (Rosenort, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Rosenort]] 718, [[Danzig Mennonite Church (Gdansk, Poland)|Danzig City]] 1,360, and Danzig-Lowland-[[Quadendorf (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Quadendorf]] 50. Parts of [[Fürstenwerder (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Fürstenwerder]] and [[Tiegenhagen (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Tiegenhagen]] also belonged to Danzig-Lowland.

From 20 January 1920 to August 1939 the old district of Danzig was displaced in part by the [[Danzig, Free City of|Free City of Danzig]], a politically independent state under the League of Nations. In 1939-1945 it was called "Regierungsbezirk Danzig," and was part of the "Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen." With the conquest of Germany by the Allied powers in 1945 and the reconstitution of Poland, the area was incorporated into the Polish governmental system, with the Polish name Gdansk.

In 1947 the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] established a relief program in the Danzig area, to which it had been directed by the Polish government, with headquarters in Tczew ([[Dirschau (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Dirschau]]). It conducted relief there until the fall of 1948, when the Polish government in effect compelled the transfer of the work to Nasielsk near Warsaw. During the 1947-1948 period many Mennonites were aided together with the general population. In 1947 there were still over 200 Mennonites in this region, nearly all of whom were permitted to go to Germany in 1947-1949. A few individuals and one or two families of Mennonites have remained in the city or its environs.

Census figures show the following Mennonite populations in the various parts of the district:

<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!1861
!1871
!1880
!1890
!1900
!1910
|-
|Elbing City
|2,075
|405
|535
|477
|591
|606
|-
|Elbing Rural
|
|1,491
|1,387
|1,329
|1,172
|953
|-
|Marienburg
|5,343
|5,420
|4,999
|5,014
|4,928
|4,767
|-
|Danzig City
|459
|486
|582
|617
|626
|639
|-
|Danzig-Lowland
|
|
|
|283
|275
|403
|-
|Danzig-Lowlands / Danzig Heights
|544
|428
|397
|
|
|
|-
|Danzig-Heights
|
|
|
|72
|87
|138
|-
|[[Dirschau (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Dirschau]]
|
|
|
|99
|62
|73
|-
|Dirschau / Stargard
|52
|69
|65
|
|
|
|-
|Stargard
|
|
|
|13
|20
|29
|-
|Berent
|12
|1
|1
|11
|6
|1
|-
|Karthaus
|
|
|3
|7
|5
|5
|-
|Neustadt
|
|
|
|13
|88
|161
|-
|Neustadt / Putzig
|
|
|10
|
|
|
|-
|Putzig
|
|
|
|2
|3
|6
|-
|'''Totals'''
|'''8,485'''
|'''8,300'''
|'''7,979'''
|'''7,937 '''
|'''7,863'''
|'''7,781'''
|}
</div>
==Bibliography of Original Article==
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 390.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=June 2025|a1_last=Thiesen|a1_first=John D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
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[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages]]
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Help:Common Abbreviations

2026-04-14T04:26:39Z

RichardThiessen:

==Bibliographical Abbreviations==
'''ADB''' -- ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'', 56 vols. Leipzig, 1875-1912

'''AMC USA''' = [http://mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/" Archives of Mennonite Church USA</a> (Goshen, IN & North Newton, Kan.)]

'''Antw. arch.''' = Génard, Petrus. ''Antwerpsch archievenblad. ''Antwerpen, Belgium: Stadsarchief te Antwerpen.

'''Antwerpse Chrionykje''' = Loon, Frans Gerard van, et al. ''Antwerpsch Chronykje, in het welk zeer veele ... geschiedenissen, sedert den jare 1500. tot het jaar 1574. ... omstandig zyn beschreeven.'' Te Leyden, : by Pieter vander Eyk, 1743. Available in full electronic text at: https://books.google.ca/books?id=a1NbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.

'''Antwerpens Martyrologium''' = Plaisier, J. A. en M. Akkermans, samenstelling en redactie. ''Antwerpens martyrologium: Overzicht van de meeste martelaren in Antwerpen die om hun geloof geëxecuteerd zijn 1522-1585.'' Middelburg: Stichting de Gehonbron, 2008. Available in full electronic text at: http://www.theologienet.nl/documenten/Antwerpen%20Martyrol%201522-1585.pdf

'''ARG''' = ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte''

'''Arnold, G. ''Kirchen-und Ketzer-Historie '''''= Arnold, Gottfried. ''Unparteiische Kirchen- und Ketzerhistorie vom Anfang des Neuen Testaments bis auf das Jahr Christi 1688,'' 2 vols''.'' Frankfurt a.m., 1703. Reprinted Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1967.

'''Ausbund''' = ''Ausbund: das ist: Etliche schöne Christliche Lieder''. [Lancaster County, PA]: Verlag von den Amischen Gemeinden in Lancaster County, Pa., 1997. 1834 Johann Bär edition available in full electronic text at: http://www.archive.org/details/ausbunddasistet00imbrgoog.

'''Lois Barrett, Vision (1983)''' = Barrett, Lois. ''The Vision and the Reality: The Story of Home Missions in the General Conference Mennonite Church''. Newton, KS: Faith and Life, 1983.

'''Bax, W. Het Protest. in het Bisdom''' = Bax, Willem. ''Het protestantisme in het bisdom Luik en vooral te Maastricht'', 2 vols.'' ''s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1937-1941. Deel 1 available in full electronic text at: http://www.theologienet.nl/documenten/BaxProtestantisme%20deel%201.pdf; Deel 2 available at http://www.theologienet.nl/documenten/BaxProtestantisme%20deel%202.pdf.

'''Beck, Geschichts-Bücher''' – Beck, Josef. ''Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn''. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967. Available in full electronic text at: href="http://www.archive.org/details/diegeschichtsbc00beckgoog"

'''Bender, Two Centuries''' – Bender, Harold S. ''Two Centuries of American Mennonite Literature, A Bibliography of Mennonitica Americana 1727-1928''. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1929.

'''Bender, "Vision"''' = Harold S. Bender. "The Anabaptist Vision," ''Church History'' 13 (March 1944): 3-24, reprinted with slight changes in ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 18 (1944): 67-88; and reprinted in ''The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision'', ed. Guy F. Hershberger (Scottdale, 1957): 29-54. Available in full electronic text at: http://anabaptistwiki.org/mediawiki/index.php/The_Anabaptist_Vision_(1944)

'''Bibl. on War and Peace (1987)''' = ''An Annotated Bibliography of Mennonite Writings on War and Peace, 1930-1980''. Willard Swartley and Cornelius J. Dyck, eds. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1987.

'''Bibliographie des Martyrologes''' -- Haeghen, Ferdinand van der, Thomas Arnold and R. Vanden Berghe. ''Bibliographie des Martyrologes Protestants Néerlandais, ''2 vols''. ''The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1890. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Bibliographie%20des%20Martyrologes%20Protestants%20N%C3%A9erlandais

'''BIC Hist. Life''' = ''Brethren in Christ History and Life''

'''Bijblad Nederl. Leeuw''' = ''Bijblad van de Nederlandsche Leeuw.'' 's-Gravenhage: Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor geslacht-en wapenkunde, 1950-1986.

'''''Bijdr. en Meded. Hist. Genootschap, Utrecht''''''' -- Bijdragen en mededelingen van het Historisch Genootschap, Utrecht.''

'''Biogr. Wb.''' - Visscher, H. and L. A. van Langeraad. ''Het protestantsche vaderland: biographisch woordenboek van protestantsche godgeleerden in Nederland, ''8 vols.'' ''Utrecht, 1903-1918.

'''Blaupot t. C., Friesland''' – Cate, Steven Blaupot ten. ''Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland''. Leeuwarden: W. Eekhoff, 1839. Available in full electronic text at http://books.google.com/books?id=125KAAAAYAAJ

'''Blaupot t. C., Groningen''' -- Cate, Steven Blaupot ten. ''Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Groningen, Overijssel en Oost-Friesland'', 2 vols. Leeuwarden: W. Eekhoff en J. B. Wolters, 1842.

'''Blaupot t. C., Holland''' -- Cate, Steven Blaupot ten. ''Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht en Gelderland'', 2 vols. Amsterdam: P.N. van Kampen, 1847.

'''Brethren Encyclopedia (1983)''' = ''The Brethren Encyclopedia'', 3 vols. Philadelphia and Oak Brook, IL: Brethren Encyclopedia, Inc., 1983.

'''BRN''' – Cramer, Samuel and Fredrik Pijper. ''Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica'', 10 vols. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1903-1914. Vols. 1-6 available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Bibliotheca%20Reformatoria%20Neerlandica.

'''Brons, Ursprung, Entwicklung''', ... = Brons, Anna. ''Ursprung, Entwickelung und Schicksale der altevangelischen Taufgesinnten oder Mennoniten: in kurzen Zügen übersichtlich dargestellt.'' Amsterdam: Johannes Müller, 1912. Available in full electronic text at: http://www.archive.org/details/ursprungentwick00brongoog.

'''Builder''' = ''Builder ''(1960- )

'''Burkholder, Confession of Faith''' = Burkholder, Peter. ''The Confession of Faith, Of the Christians Known by the Name of Mennonites, in Thirty-Three Articles; with a Short Extract from Their Catechism''. Winchester: Printed by Robinson & Hollis, 1837. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/confessionfaith00funkgoog

'''Cassel, Cassel family''' = Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''A Genealogical History of the Cassel Family in America: Being the Descendants of Julius Kassel or Yelles Cassel, of Kriesheim, Baden, Germany : Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent Descendants, with Illustrations''. Norristown, Pa: Morgan R. Wills, 1896. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalhist00cass

'''Cassel, Kolb family''' = Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''[A Genealogical History of the Kolb, Kulp or Culp Family, And Its Branches in America, with Biographical Sketches of
Their Descendants from the Earliest Available Records''. Norristown, Pa: Morgan R. Willis, 1895. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/agenealogicalhis00cass

'''Cassel, History of Mennonites''' = Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''History of the Mennonites; Historically and Biographically Arranged from the Time of the Reformation; More Particularly from the Time of Their Emigration to America. Containing Sketches of the Oldest Meeting Houses and Prominent Ministers. Also, Their Confession of Faith, Adopted at Dortrecht, in 1632''. Philadelphia: D.K. Cassel, 1888. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/historymennonit00cassgoog

'''Catalogus Amst.''' -- ''Catalogus der werken over de Doopsgezinden en hunne geschiedenis aanwezig in de bibliotheek der Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente te Amsterdam''. Amsterdam: J.H. de Bussy, 1919. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/catalogusderwerk00vereuoft

'''CMBS (Fresno) '''= [http://www.fresno.edu/library/cmbs/" Center for Mennonite Brethren Studies] (Fresno, Cal.)

'''CMBS (Hillsboro) '''= [http://www.tabor.edu/about-tabor/center-mennonite-brethren-studies" Center for Mennonite Brethren Studies] (Hillsboro, Kan.)

'''CMBS (Winnipeg) '''= [http://www.mbconf.ca/home/ministries/history/" Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies] (Winnipeg, Man.)

'''Cornelius''' = Cornelius, Carl Adolf. ''Geschichte Des Münsterischen Aufruhrs: In Drei Büchern''. Leipzig: T.O. Weigel, 1855. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/geschichtedesmn00corngoog.

'''Corpus Schwenckfeldianorum''' = Schwenckfeld, Caspar. ''Corpus Schwenckfeldianorum''. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Haertel, 1907-1961.

'''CRR 1''' = Yoder, John H., ed. and trans. ''The Legacy of Michael Sattler''. Classics of the Radical Reformation 1. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1973.

'''CRR 2''' = Klassen, William and Walter Klaassen, eds. and trans. ''The Writings of Pilgram Marpeck''. Classics of the Radical Reformation 2. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1978.

'''CRR 3''' = Klaassen, Walter, ed. ''Anabaptism in Outline: Selected Primary Sources''. Classics of the Radical Reformation 3. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1981; Spanish translation by C. Arnold Snyder, ''Selecciones Teológicas Anabautistas.'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1985; all citations are to the English edition

'''CRR 4''' = Harder, Leland, ed. ''The Sources of Swiss Anabaptism: The Grebel Letters and Related Documents''. Classics of the Radical Reformation 4. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1985.

'''CRR 5''' = Pipkin, H. Wayne and John H. Yoder. ''Balthasar Hubmaier: Theologian of the Anabaptists''. Classics of the Radical Reformation 5. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1989.

'''CRR 6''' = Dyck, Cornelius J., William E. Keeney and Alvin J. Beachy. ''The Writings of Dirk Philips 1504-1568''. Classics of the Radical Reformation 6. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1992.

'''DB''' -- ''Doopsgezinde Bijdragen''

'''Denck, Schriften''' II = Fellmann, W., ed. ''Hans Denck Schriften'', vol. 2: Religiöse Schriften (= Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 6, pt. 2), Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 24. Gütersloh, 1956.

'''Directory of the Fellowship Churches''' = ''Directory of the Fellowship Churches.'' Farmington, NM: Lamp and Light Publishers.

'''Dirk, Enchiridion, trans. Kolb (1910''') = Philipszoon, Dirk. ''Enchiridion'', trans. A. B. Kolb. 1910, frequent reprintings.

'''Dirks, Statistik''' – Dirks, Heinrich. ''Statistik der Mennonitengemeinden in Russland Ende 1905 (Anhang zum Mennonitischen Jahrbuche 1904/05)''. Gnadenfeld: Dirks, 1906

'''Dirks, ''Jahrbuch''''''' = Mennonitisches Jahrbuch''. Gnadenfeld: Heinrich Dirks (1904-1914).

'''DJ''' -- ''Doopsgezind Jaarboekje'' jaarg. (Year). Available in full electronic text at http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah26lb;q1=Doopsgezinde%20Bijdragen (or something similar; check hathitrust)

'''Doops. Bijdr.''' = ''Doopsgezinde Bijdragen''

'''Doops. Jaar.''' = ''Doopsgezind Jaarboekje''

'''D. F. Durnbaugh, Believers' Church (1968''') = Durnbaugh, Donald F. ''The Believers' Church: The History and Character of Radical Protestantism''. New York: Macmillan, 1968; reprinted Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1985.

'''C. J. Dyck, Twelve Becoming (1973)''' = Dyck, Cornelius J. ''Twelve Becoming: Biographies of Mennonite Disciples from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century.'' Newton, KS: Faith and Life, 1973.

'''C. J. Dyck, ed., Intro. Menn. Hist.''' (1967, 1981) = Dyck, Cornelius J., ed. ''Introduction to Mennonite History.'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1967, 1981.

'''Eby, Ezra''' = Eby, Ezra E., Joseph Buchanan Snyder, and Eldon D. Weber. ''A Biographical History of Early Settlers and Their Descendants in Waterloo Township''. Kitchener, Ont: Eldon D. Weber, 1971: [#entry number]. Available online at http://ebybook.region.waterloo.on.ca/ or in multiple electronic formats at http://www.archive.org/details/biographicalhist02ebyeuoft.

'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' = ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 11th ed. Chicago, 1910-1911, 14th ed. Chicago. 1929-1973, 15th ed. Chicago. 1974.

'''F. H. Epp, Mennonites in Canada I''' = Epp, Frank H. ''Mennonites in Canada, 1786-1920: The History of a Separate People''. Toronto: Macmillan, 1974.

'''F. H. Epp, Mennonites in Canada II''' = Epp, Frank H. ''Mennonites in Canada, 1920-1940: A People's Struggle for Survival''. Toronto: Macmillan, 1982.

'''Erb, South Central Frontiers''' = Erb, Paul. ''South Central Frontiers: A History of the South Central Mennonite Conference''. Scottdale, Pa: Herald Press, 1974.

'''Essays on Biblical Interpretation (1984)''' = Swartley, Willard M., ed. ''Essays on Biblical Interpretation: Anabaptist-Mennonite Perspectives'', Text-Reader Series 1. Elkhart, IN: Institute of Mennonite Studies, 1984.

'''Fretz, Bishop Henry Funck''' = Fretz, A. J. ''A Brief History of Bishop Henry Funck and Other Funk Pioneers, and a Complete Genealogical Family Register, with Biographies of Their Descendants from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time''. Elkhart, Ind: Mennonite Pub. Co, 1899. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/abriefhistorybi00fretgoog

'''Fretz, Jacob Wismer''' = Fretz, A. J. ''Brief History of Jacob Wismer, And a Complete Genealogical Family Register; with Biographies of His Descendants from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time''. Elkhart, Ind: Mennonite pub, 1893. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/briefhistoryofja00fret

'''Fretz, John & Christian Fretz''' = Fretz, A. J. ''A Brief History of John and Christian Fretz and a Complete Genealogical Family Register. With Biographies of Their Descendants from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time''. Elkhart, Ind: Mennonite Pub. Co, 1890. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/briefhistoryofjo00fret2

'''Fretz, John Valentine Kratz '''= Fretz, A. J. ''A Brief History of John Valentine Kratz, and a Complete Genealogical Family Register, With Biographies of His Descendants from
the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time''. Elkhart, Ind: Mennonite Pub. Co, 1892. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/briefhistoryofjo00fret

'''Fretz, Christian & Hans Meyer''' = Fretz, A. J. ''A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Christian and Hans Meyer and Other Pioneers: Together with Historical and Biographical Sketches, Illustrated with Eighty-Seven Portraits and Other Illustrations''. Milton, N.J.: A.J. Fretz, 1896. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalreco00fret3

'''Fretz, Henry Rosenberger''' = Fretz, A. J., and Seward M. Rosenberger. ''A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Henry Rosenberger Of Franconia, Montgomery Co., Pa''. Milton, N.J.: Author, 1906. Available in full electronic text athttp://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalreco00fret4

'''Fretz, Henry Stauffer''' = Fretz, A. J. ''A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Henry Stauffer and Other Stauffer Pioneers: Together with Brief Historical and Biographical Sketches''. Harleysville, Pa. : Press of the Harleysville News, 1899. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalrecofsto00fret

'''Fretz, Jacob Beidler''' = Fretz, A. J. ''A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Jacob Beidler: Of Lower Milford Township, Bucks Co., Pa. : Together with Historical and Biographical Sketches Illustrated with Portraits and Other Illustrations''. Milton, N.J.: A.J. Fretz], 1903. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalreco00byufret

'''Fretz, Martin Oberholtzer''' = Fretz, A. J. ''Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Martin Oberholtzer; Together with Historical and Biographical Sketches''. Milton, N.J.: Evergreen News Pr, 1903. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/agenealogicalre00fretgoog

'''Fretz, Swartley family''' = Fretz, A. J. ''A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of the Swartley Family of Bucks and Montgomery Counties, Pa.: Together with Brief Historical and Biographical Sketches''. Milton, N.J.: A.J. Fretz, 1906. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalreco01lcfret

'''Fretz, William Nash '''= Fretz, A. J. ''A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of William Nash of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Together with Historical and Biographical Sketches, and Illustrated with Portraits and Other Illustrations''. Butler, N.J.: Press of Pequannock Valley Argus, 1903. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalreconash00fret

'''Fretz, Moyer Family''' = Fretz, A. J. ''Genealogy of the Moyer Family''. Netcong, N.J.: Union Times print], 1909. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogyofmoyer00fret

'''Friedmann, ''Mennonite Piety'' = '''Friedmann, Robert. ''Mennonite Piety Through the Centuries: its Genius and its Literature''. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1949. Reprinted Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1976.

'''P. M. Friesen, Brotherhood (1911, 1980)''' = Friesen, Peter M. ''The Mennonite Brotherhood in Russia (1789-1910), ''trans. J. B. Toews and others. Fresno, CA: Board of Christian Literature [M.B.], 1978, rev. ed. 1980.

'''Friesen, Brüderschaft (1911)''' – Friesen, Peter M. ''Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte''. Halbstadt: Verlagsgesellschaft "Raduga", 1911.

'''From Pennsylvania to Ontario''' = "From Pennsylvania to Waterloo: a Biographical History of Waterloo Township." Joseph Schneider Haus National Historic Site, Region of Waterloo, 2003-. Web. 15 November 2009. http://192.237.29.216/index.html.

'''Gbl'''. -- ''Gemeindeblatt der Mennoniten'' (1870- )

'''GCM Handbook (year''') = ''Handbook of Information, General Conference Mennonite Church.'' Newton, KS.

'''Geiser''' = Geiser, Samuel. ''Die Taufgesinnten-Gemeinden: eine Kurzgefasste Darstellung der wichtigsten Ereignisse des Täufertums''. Karlsruhe: H. Schneider, 1931.

'''Gem.-Kal'''. -- ''Mennonitischer Gemeinde-Kalender'' (formerly ''Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender'') (1892-    )

'''Gemeinde Unterwegs''' = former periodical of Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden, merged with Brücke in 1986

'''Gesch.-Bl.''' -- ''Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter.'' (1936-40, 1951-    )

'''GH''' = ''Gospel Herald'' (Scottdale, PA) Available in full electronic text at http://libraryguides.ambs.edu/c.php?g=375300&p=2539488.

'''Gingerich. Service for Peace''' = Gingerich, Melvin. ''Service for Peace: a History of Mennonite Civilian Public Service''. Akron, Pa.: Mennonite Central Committee, 1949.

'''GRanDMA''' = GRanDMA (The '''G'''enealogical '''R'''egistry '''an'''d '''D'''atabase of '''M'''ennonite '''A'''ncestry) Database, GM26-04a. Fresno, CA: Mennonite Genealogy Inc., 29 March 2026.

'''Gratz, D. ''' = Gratz, Delbert L. ''Bernese Anabaptists and their American descendants.'' Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1953. Reprinted Elverson, PA: Old Springfield Shoppe, 1994.

'''Esther Rose Graber, comp., "MBM Missionary Directory" (1983, 1984''') = Graber, Esther Rose, compiler. "Mennonite Board of Missions Missionary Directory" Unpublished, Mennonite Board of Missions offices, Elkhart, 1983, 1984.

'''Grosheide, Bijdrage''' – Grosheide, Greta. ''Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der Anabaptisten in Amsterdam''. Hilversum: J. Schipper, Jr., 1938.

'''Grosheide, Verhooren''' -- "Verhooren en Vonissen der Wederdoopers, betrokken bij de aanslagen op Amsterdam in 1534 en 1535", in ''Bijdragen en Mededeelingen van het Historisch Genootschap'' 41 (Amsterdam, 1920): ??. Available in full electronic text at http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005192001_01/_bij005192001_01_0005.php.

'''Hartzler & Kauffman, Mennonite Church history '''= Hartzler, Jonas Smucker, and Daniel Kauffman. ''Mennonite Church History''. Scottdale, Pa: Mennonite Book and Tract Society, 1905. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029463811

'''Haury, Prairie People '''= Haury, David A. ''Prairie People: a History of the Western District Conference. '' Newton, KS: Faith and Life Press, 1981.

'''Herald of Truth'''= ''Herald of Truth'' Available in full electronic text at https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Herald+of+Truth%29&sort=titleSorter.

'''Herr, Hans Herr''' = Herr, Theodore W. ''Genealogical Record of Reverend Hans Herr and His Direct Lineal Descendants: From His Birth A.D. 1639 to the Present Time
Containing the Names, Etc. of 13223 Persons''. Lancaster, Pa: Herr, 1908. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029842204

'''Histories of the Congregations''' = ''Histories of the Congregations''. 3rd. ed. Moundridge, Kan.: Gospel Publishers; Church of God in Christ, Mennonite, 1999.

'''John A. Hostetler, Amish Society (1980)''' = Hostetler, John A. ''Amish Society'', 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1980.

'''John A. Hostetler, Annotated Bibliography (1951)''' = Hostetler, John A. ''Annotated Bibliography on the Amish : an Annotated Bibliography of Source Materials Pertaining to the Old Order Amish Mennonites''. Scottdale, PA: Mennonite Publishing House, 1951.

'''John A. Hostetler, Hutterite Society (1974''') = Hostetler, John A. ''Hutterite Society'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1974.

'''Hillerbrand''' = Hillerbrand, Hans J. ''Anabaptist Bibliography 1520-1630''. St. Louis: Center for Reformation Research, 1991.

'''HRE''' – Herzog, J. J. and Albert Hauck, ''Realencyclopedie für Protestantische Theologie and Kirche'', 24 vols. 3rd ed. Leipzig: J. H. Hinrichs, 1896-1913.

'''Hubmaier, Schriften''' = Westin, G. and Torsten Bergsten, eds. ''Balthasar Hubmaier Schriften'' Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1962; translation in CRR series, ''Balthasar Hubmaier: Theologian of Anabaptism'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1989.

'''Huffman, Mennonite Brethren in Christ''' -- Huffman, Jasper A., ed. ''History of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church''. New Carlisle, Ohio: The Bethel Pub. Co, 1920. Available in full electronic text at https://archive.org/details/historymennonit00huffgoog/page/n5/mode/2up

'''Hunsicker, Hunsicker''' = Hunsicker, Henry A. and H. M. Hunsicker. ''A Genealogical History of the Hunsicker Family''. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1911. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalhist00huns

'''Inv. Arch. Amst.''' -- Hoop Scheffer, Jacob Gijsbert de. ''Inventaris der Archiefstukken berustende bij de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente to Amsterdam'', 2 vols. Amsterdam: Uitgegeven en ten geschenke aangeboden door den Kerkeraad dier Gemeente, 1883-1884. Available in full electronic text (U.S. only) at http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074770424

'''Juhnke, Mission (1979)''' = Juhnke, James C. ''A People of Mission: A History of General Conference Mennonite Overseas Missions''. Newton, KS: Faith and Life, 1979.

'''Kauffman, ed., Bible Doctrines (1914)''' = Kauffman, Daniel, ed. ''Bible Doctrines.'' Scottdale, PA: Mennonite Publishing House, 1914.

'''Kauffman, ed., Doctrines of the Bible (1929)''' = Kauffman, Daniel, ed. ''Doctrines of the Bible: A Brief Discussion of the Teachings of God's Word''. Scottdale, PA: Mennonite Publishing House, 1929, revised edition of ''Bible Doctrines'' (1914); reprinted 1949.

'''Kauffman, Manual''' = Kauffman, Daniel. ''Manual of Bible Doctrines: Setting Forth the General Principles of the Plan of Salvation, Explaining the Symbolical Meaning and Practical Use of the Ordinances Instituted by Christ and His Apostles, and Pointing Out Specifically Some of the Restrictions Which the New Testament Scriptures Enjoin Upon Believers''. Elkhart, Ind: Mennonite Pub. Co, 1898. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/manualofbibledoc00kauf

'''Kauffman. Mennonite Cyclopedic '''= Kauffman, Daniel. ''Mennonite Cyclopedic Dictionary''. Scottdale, Pa: Mennonite Pub. House, 1937.

'''Kauffman/Harder, Anabaptists Four C. Later (1975''') = Kauffman, J. Howard and Harder, Leland, eds. ''Anabaptists Four Centuries Later: A Profile of Five Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Denominations''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1975.

'''Keller, Geschichte''' = Keller, Ludwig. ''Geschichte der Wiedertäufer und ihres Reiches zu Münster. ''Münster: Coppenrath'schen buchhandlung, 1880. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/geschichtederwi01kellgoog

'''Keller, Reformation''' = Keller, Ludwig. ''Die Reformation und die älteren Reformparteien : in ihrem Zusammenhange dargestellt.'' Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1885. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/diereformationu00kellgoog

'''Kerkhist. Archief''' = ''Kerkhistorisch archief''

'''Kingdom, Cross, Community (1976''') = Burkholder, J. R. and Redekop, Calvin, eds. ''Kingdom'''', Cross, and Community: Essays in Honor of Guy F. Hershberger''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1976.

'''Kolb, Cassel Family''' = Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''A Genealogical History of the Cassel Family in America: Being the Descendants of Julius Kassel or Yelles Cassel, of Kriesheim, Baden, Germany : Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent Descendants, with Illustrations''. Norristown, Pa: Morgan R. Wills, 1896. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/genealogicalhist00cass

'''Kolb, Kolb Family '''= Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''A Genealogical History of the Kolb, Kulp or Culp Family, And Its Branches in America, with Biographical Sketches of Their Descendants from the Earliest Available Records''. Norristown, Pa: Morgan R. Willis, 1895. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/agenealogicalhis00cass

'''Kolb, Rittenhouse Family''' = Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''A Genea-Biographical History of the Rittenhouse Family And All Its Branches in America, with Sketches of Their Descendants, from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time, Including the Birth of Wilhelm in 1644''. Philadelphia: Rittenhouse Memorial Association, 1893. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/familyrecordofda00cass

'''Kolb, History of Mennonites''' = Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''History of the Mennonites; Historically and Biographically Arranged from the Time of the Reformation; More
Particularly from the Time of Their Emigration to America. Containing Sketches Fo the Oldest Meeting Houses and Prominent Ministers. Also, Their Confession of Faith, Adopted at Dortrecht, in 1632''. Philadelphia: D.K. Cassel, 1888. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/historyofmennoni00cass

'''Kolb, Geschichte der Mennoniten''' = Cassel, Daniel Kolb. ''Geschichte der Mennoniten, von Menno Simons' Austritt aus der Kömisch-Katholischen Kirche in 1536 bis zu deren
Auswanderung nach Amerika in 1683. Mehr speciell ihre Ansiedlung und Ausbreitung in Amerika. Enthaltend: Kurze Skizzen der einzelnen Gemeinden mit den Namen ihrer Prediger vom Jahre 1683 bis zur gegenwärtigen Zeit''. Philadelphia: J. Kohler, 1890

'''Krehbiel, General Conference''' = Krehbiel, H. P. ''The history of the General Conference of the Mennonites of North America'', 2 vols. Canton, Ohio: The Author, 1898-1938. Vol. 1 available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/thehistoryoftheg01krehuoft. Vol. 2 available in full electronic text at https://archive.org/details/historyofgeneral02kreh.

'''Krehbiel, Mennonite Churches''' = Krehbiel, H. P. ''Mennonite churches of North America: a statistical compilation''. Berne, Ind: Mennonite Book Concern, 1911. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/mennonitechurche00kreh

'''Kühler, Geschiedenis I''' -- Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes. ''Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Doopsgezinden in de Zestiende Eeuw''. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink, 1932.

'''Kühler, Geschiedenis II -- '''Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes. ''Geschiedenis van de Doopsgezinden in Nederland II. 1600-1735 Eerste Helft''. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon n.v., 1940.

'''Kühler, Geschiedenis II,2''' -- Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes. ''Geschiedenis van de Doopsgezinden in Nederland: Gemeentelijk Leven 1650-1735. ''Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon, 1950.

'''John A. Lapp, India (1972''') = Lapp, John Allen. ''The Mennonite Church in India, 1897-1962.'' Studies in Anabaptist and Mennonite History 14. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1972.

'''Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder = '''''Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder: Gesangbuch darinnen viel und mancherlei schöne Betrachtungen, Lehren, Vermahnungen, Lobgesänge und Glaubensbekenntnisse, von vielen Liebhabern Gottes gedichtet und aus vielen Geschichten und Historien der heiligen Schrift zusammengetragen, allen frommen Liebhabern Gottes sehr nützlich zu singen und zu lessen. ''Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonitisches Verlagshaus, 1914. Reprinted Cayley, AB: Hutterischen Brüdern in Kanada, 1962.

'''Linden''' = Linden, Friederich O. Melchior Hofmann: Ein Prophet Der Wiedertäufer. Haarlem: Ed Erven F. Bohn, 1885. Available in full electronic text at https://archive.org/details/melchiorhofmanne00linduoft

'''Lietboecxken''' = ''Een Lietboecxken, tracterende van den Offer des Heeren'', in ''Dit Boec wort genoemt: Het Offer des Herren, om het inhout van sommighe opgheofferde kinderen Godts . . .'' N.p., 1562, 1567, 1570, 1578, 1580, Amsterdam, 1590, n.p., 1591, Amsterdam, 1595, Harlingen, 1599. [Use the date and place cited if discernable, do not list all the dates and places]

'''LMHS '''– [http://www.lmhs.org/ Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society] (Lancaster, Pa.)

'''Loesche ''Tirolensia''''' = Loesche, Georg. “Tirolensia: Täufertum und Protestantismus.” ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für die Geschichte des Protestantismus im ehemaligen und im neuen Österreich'' 47 (1926).

'''Loesche, G. Archiv Beitr. zur Gesch. des Täufertums... ''''''= '''Loesche, Goerg. "Archivalische Beiträge zur Geschichte des Täufertums und des Protestantismus in Tirol und Vorarlburg." ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für die Geschichte des Protestantismus in Österreich'' 47 (1926).

'''Loewen, Confessions''' = Loewen, Howard John, ed. ''One Lord, One Church, One Hope, One God: Mennonite Confessions of Faith'', Text-Reader Series, 2. Elkhart, IN: Institute of Mennonite Studies, 1985) (note that this was reprinted in 1985 to correct flaws in the first edition; because of the resulting differences in pagination, citations will on occasion carry dual pagination, where the first set of page numbers refers to the reprinting and the second set of numbers refers to the original printing)

'''Loserth, Anabaptismus''' – Loserth, Johann. ''Der Anabaptismus in Tirol''. 2 vols. Vienna: F. Tempsky, 1892.

'''Loserth, Communismus''' -- Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." ''Archiv für österreichische Geschichte'' 81, 1 (1895).

'''Loserth, Verantwortung''' = Marpeck, Pilgram. ''Verantwortung in Pilgram Marbecks Antwort auf Kaspar Schwenckfelds Beurteilung der Bundesbezeugung von 1542'', ed. J. Loserth. Vienna: Carl Fromme, 1929.

'''Luthy, Amish (1986''') = Luthy, David. ''The Amish in America: Settlements that Failed, 1840-1960. ''Aylmer, ON: Pathway Publishers, 1986.

'''Luthy, Amish Settlements (1985)''' = Luthy, David. ''Amish Settlements Across America.'' Aylmer, ON: Pathway, 1985.

'''P. J. Malagar MC India (1981)''' = Malagar, Pyarelal Joel. ''The Mennonite Church in India''. Nagpur: National Council of Churches in India, 1981; Hindi version published at Dhamtari: Mennonite Coordinating Committee, 1986.

'''Mannhardt. ''Danziger''''' Mannhardt, Herman G. ''Die Danziger Mennonitengemeinde: Ihre Entstehung Und Ihre Geschichte Von 1569-1919: Denkschrift Zur Erinnerung an Das 350 Jährigie Bestehen Der Gemeinde Und an Die Jahrhundertfeier Unseres Kirchenbaus Am 14. September 1919''. Danzig: Danziger Mennonitengemeinde, 1919. Available in English translation as Mannhardt, H G, Mark Jantzen, and John D. Thiesen. ''The Danzig Mennonite Church: Its Origin and History from 1569-1919''. North Newton, Kan: Bethel College, 2007.

'''Mannhardt. ''Jahrbuch.'' 1883 '''= Mannhardt, H. G. ''Jahrbuch der Mennoniten-Gemeinden in Ost- und Westpreussen'' (1883).

'''Mannhardt. ''Jahrbuch''. 1888 '''= Mannhardt, H. G. ''Jahrbuch der altevangelischen Taufgesinnten oder Mennoniten'' (1888).

'''Mannhardt. Verzeichnis. 1881 '''= Mannhardt, Jakob. ''Namens-Verzeichnisz der in Deutschland, Galizien, Polen und Russland befindllichen Mennoniten-Gemeinden: sowie ihrer Aeltesten, Lehrer und Vorsteher''. Danzig: [Westpreussische Mennoniten-Gemeinde], 1881.

'''MAO''' = [https://uwaterloo.ca/mennonite-archives-ontario Mennonite Archives of Ontario] (Waterloo, Ont.)

'''Marketplace''' = ''Marketplace'' (published by Mennonite Economic Development Associates, 1971-)

'''Marpeck, Verantwortung in Marbeck-Schwenckfeld, ed. Loserth (1929''') = Marpeck, Pilgram. ''Verantwortung in Pilgram Marbecks Antwort auf Kaspar Schwenckfelds Beurteilung der Bundesbezeugung von 1542'', ed. J. Loserth. Vienna: Carl Fromme, 1929.

'''Marpeck, Vermanung in Gedenkschrift, ed. C. F. Neff (1925)''' = Marpeck, Pilgram. ''Vermanung'', ed. Christian Hege in Gedenkschrift zum 400-jährigen Jubiläum der Mennoniten oder Taufgesinnten, ed. C. F. Neff. Ludwigshafen: Konferenz der Süddeutschen Mennoniten, 1925: 185-282.

'''Mart. Mir. -- D(utch)''' Braght, Thieleman J. van. ''Het Bloedigh Tooneel of Martelaers Spiegel der Doopsgesinde of Weereloose Christenen, Die om 't getuygenis van Jesus haren Salighmaker geleden hebben ende gedood zijn van Christi tijd of tot desen tijd toe. Den Tweeden Druk''. Amsterdam: Hieronymus Sweerts, …, 1685: II. Available in full electronic text at: https://books.google.ca/books/about/Het_Bloedig_Tooneel_of_Martelaers_Spiege.html?id=CsdmAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y

'''Mart. Mir. E(nglish)''' -- Braght, Thieleman J. van. ''The Bloody Theatre or Martyrs' Mirror of the Defenseless Christians Who Baptized Only upon Confession of Faith and Who Suffered and Died for the Testimony of Jesus Their Saviour . . . to the Year A.D. 1660.'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1951. Available online at: http://www.homecomers.org/mirror/index.htm

'''Martin. Old Order Mennonites of Ontario = '''Martin, Donald. ''Old Order Mennonites of Ontario: Gelassenheit, Discipleship, Brotherhood''. Kitchener, Ont: Pandora Press, 2003

'''MB Profile, 1972-1982 in Direction, 14, no. 2 (1985), sp. issue''' = Toews, John E., Abram B. Konrad, Alvin Dueck. “Mennonite Brethren Membership Profile, 1972-1982.” ''Direction'' 14, no. 2 (Fall 1985), special issue.

'''MB Yearbook''' = ''Mennonite Brethren General Conference Yearbook'' (includes General Conference minutes), published triennially, same as Minutes (MB).

'''MC Archives (Goshen)''' = Archives of the Mennonite Church (Goshen, IN)

'''MC Yearbook''' (date) = Horsch, James E., ed. ''Mennonite Yearbook and Directory''. Scottdale: Mennonite Publishing House, published annually until 1986; after that in alternate years; vol. 77 = 1986-87)

'''MCC Story''' = Dyck, Cornelius J., ed., with Robert Kreider, John A. Lapp, and others, ''The Mennonite Central Committee Story'', 5 vols. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980-1987

'''MCC Story, 1''' = ''The Mennonite Central Committee Story, vol. 1: From the Files of MCC. ''Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

'''MCC Story, 2''' = ''The Mennonite Central Committee Story, vol. 2: Responding to Worldwide Need'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

'''MCC Story, 3''' = ''The Mennonite Central Committee Story, vol. 3: Witness and Service in North America'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

'''MCC Story, 4''' = ''The Mennonite Central Committee Story, vol. 4: Biographies: Something Meaningful for God.'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1981.

'''MCC Story, 5''' = ''The Mennonite Central Committee Story, vol. 5: Hungry, Thirsty, a Stranger''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

'''MCCC''' = Mennonite Central Committee, Canada (Winnipeg) (as publisher)

'''MEA 1''' = MacMaster, ''Richard K. Land, Piety, Peoplehood: The Establishment of Mennonite Communities in America, 1683-1790''. The Mennonite Experience in America 1. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1985.

'''MEA 2''' = Schlabach, Theron. ''Peace, Faith, Nation: Mennonites and Amish in Nineteenth-Century America''. The Mennonite Experience in America 2. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

'''MEA 3''' = Juhnke, James C. ''Vision, Doctrine, War: Mennonite Identity and Organization in America, 1890-1930.'' The Mennonite Experience in America 3. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1989.

'''MEA 4''' = Toews, Paul. ''Mennonites in American Society, 1930-1970 : Modernity and the Persistence of Religious Community. ''The Mennonite Experience in America 4. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1996.

'''Mellink, Wederdopers''' -- Mellink, Albert F.'' De Wederdopers in de noordelijke Nederlanden 1531-1544''. Groningen: J.B. Wolters, 1954.

'''Menn. Bib'''. = Springer, Nelson and A.J. Klassen, compilers, ''Mennonite Bibliography, 1631-1961'', 2 vols. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1977.

'''Menno Simons, Opera''' = ''Opera Omnia Theologica, of alle de Godtgeleerde wercken van Menno Simons''. Amsterdam: By Joannes van Veen, boeck- en pargament-verkooper, 1681

'''Menno, Writings''' = ''The Complete Writings of Menno Simons, c. 1496-1561'', trans. Leonard Verduin, ed. J. C. Wenger. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1956.

'''Menno, Writings (1870)''' = Menno Simons. ''Complete Writings'', Engl. trans. Elkhart, IN: John Funk, 1870.

'''MennObits''' = "Name of deceased.” ''Gospel Herald ''88 (14 February 1995). Reproduced in MennObits. “Gospel Herald Obituary - February 1995." Web. 14 January 2006. http://www.mcusa-archives.org/MennObits/95/feb1995.html.

'''Mennonite, The''' = ''The Mennonite'' Available in full electronic text at http://libraryguides.ambs.edu/c.php?g=375300&p=2539496.

'''Die Mennoniten-Gemeinden in Russland.''' Heilbronn, 1921.= Hylkema, Tjeerd Oedes. ''Die Mennoniten-Gemeinden in Russland: waehrend der Kriegs- und Revolutionsjahre 1914 bis 1920. ''Heilbronn a. Neckar: Kommissions-Verlag der Merin. Fluechtlingsfuersorge E. V. 1921.

'''Mennonitische Märtyrer''' = Toews, Aron A. ''Mennonitische Märtyrer: der jüngsten Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart'', 2 vols. North Clearbrook, BC: Selbstverlag des Vefassers, 1949-1954.

'''MHC (Harleysville)''' – [http://mhep.org/ Mennonite Heritage Center] (Harleysville, Pa.).

'''MHC (Winnipeg)''' – [http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/programs/archives/ Mennonite Heritage Centre archives] (Winnipeg, Man.).

'''MHL (Goshen)''' = [http://www.goshen.edu/mhl/ Mennonite Historical Library] (Goshen, Ind).

'''Miller, Conservative Mennonite Conference''' = Miller, Ivan J. ''History of the Conservative Mennonite Conference, 1910-1985''. Grantsville, Md: I. J. Miller, 1985.

'''Minutes (BIC) (1871-1904)''' = Kreider, H. K.; Engle, Eli M.; Smith, S.R. ''Minutes of General Conferences of Brethren in Christ (River Brethren) from 1871-1904 in Condensed Form. ''Harrisburg, PA, 1904.

'''Minutes (BIC) (1986)''' = ''Minutes of the 109th [Seventh Biennial] General Conference, Brethren in Christ Church, July 5 - July 10, 1986.'' Nappanee: Evangel Press, with minutes of earlier General Conference cited with corresponding changes in dates.

'''Minutes (MB)''' = ''Yearbook of the Mennonite Brethren General Conference ''(same as MB Yearbook).

'''Minutes (EMB)''' = Annual Report of the Evangelical Mennonite Brethren Conference, later renamed Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches.

'''Minutes (EMCh''') = Annual Report and Directory of the Evangelical Mennonite Church (Fort Wayne, Ind.: Evangelical Mennonite Church).

'''Minutes (GCM)''' = Minutes of the general conferences of the General Conference Mennonite Church.

'''Miss.'''''' Focus''' = ''Mission'''' Focus'' (Elkhart, IN, 1972- ).

'''Miss.'''''' Mess. (EMBMC)''' = ''Missionary Messenger'' (EMBMC, 1924- ).

'''Miss. News and Notes''' = publication of women's missionary auxiliary (GCM)

'''ML''' – Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967.

'''MLA (North Newton''') = [http://www.bethelks.edu/community/affiliate-organizations/mennonite-library-and-archives/ Mennonite Library and Archives] Bethel College (North Newton, Kan.)

'''Müller, Berner Täufer''' – Müller, Ernst. ''Geschichte der Bernischen Täufer''. Frauenfeld: Huber, 1895. Reprinted Nieuwkoop: B. de Graaf, 1972

'''MWH (1978)''' = Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978

'''MWH (1984)''' = ''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984

'''MWH Website '''= Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory, 2012''. [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/article/world-directory [or current appropriate link].

'''MWR''' = ''Mennonite Weekly Review'' (Newton, 1923-)

'''Naamlijst''' -- ''Naamlijst der tegenwoordig in dienst zijnde predikanten der Mennoniten in de vereenigde Nederlanden.''
Amsterdam, 1731, 1743, 1755, 1757, 1766, 1769, 1775, 1780, 1782, 1784, 1786, 1787, 1789, 1791, 1793, 1802, 1804, 1806, 1808, 1810, 1815, 1829. [Cite only relevant year(s)]

'''NCE''' = ''The New Catholic Encyclopedia.'' New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.

'''Ned. Archief v. Kerkgesch.''' = ''Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis''

'''Ned. Patriciaat''' = ''Nederland'''''s Patriciaat''

'''n.F.''' = neue Folge (new series—German)

'''N.N.B.Wb'''. – Molhuysen, P. C. and P. J. Blok. ''Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek, ''10 vols''.'' Leiden, 1911-1937: [There are 10 volumes; cite the relevant volume and page, i.e. II, 406]. Available online at http://www.dbnl.org/titels/titel.php?id=molh003nieu00

'''n.r.''' = nieuwe reeks (new series—Dutch)

'''n.s.''' = new series (periodicals)

'''New Schaff-Herzog''' = "Name of Article." ''New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge''. 13 vols. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1952: [v. #]. Available online in Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Web. 7 July 2007. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc02.html?term=Burrage,%20Henry%20Sweetser</a>> '''[Insert correct article name, volume #, and appropriate url address]'''

'''Obituary Example''' = "Name of deceased." ''Gospel Herald'' 51 (18 February 1958): 166; reproduced in MennObits. 1999. Mennonite Church USA Historical. Committee. Web. 27 November 2005. http://www.mcusa-archives.org/MennObits/58/feb1958.html.

'''Offer''' -- ''Dit Boec wort genoemt: Het Offer des Heeren, om het inhout van sommighe opgheofferde kinderen Godts . . .'' N.p., 1570: [pages]. Available in full electronic text at: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_off001offe01_01/

'''Ottius, Annales Anabaptistici''' = Otte, Johann Heinrich. ''Annales Anabaptistici : hoc est, Historia universalis de Anabaptistarum origine, progressu, factionibus & schismatis ... ''Basileae : sumptibus Johannis Regis, 1672

'''Oud-Holland '''= ''Oud-Holland: tijdschrift voor Nederlandse kunstgeschiedenis''

'''Packull''' = Packull, Werner O. ''Hutterite Beginnings : Communitarian Experiments During the Reformation''. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

'''S. F. Pannabecker, Open Doors (1975''') = Pannabecker, Samuel Floyd. ''Open Doors: History of the General Conference Mennonite Church''. Newton, KS: Faith and Life, 1975.

'''Peachey, Peter Bitsche''' = Peachey, Samuel M. ''A Memorial History of Peter Bitsche, And a Complete Family Register of His Lineal Descendants and Those Related to Him by Intermarriage, from 1767 to 1892. Chronologically Arranged. With an Appendix of Those Not Received in Time for Their Proper Place''. Lancaster, Pa: J. Baer's Sons, Printers, 1892. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/memorialhistoryo00peac.

'''Penner''' = Penner, Horst. ''Die ost- und westpreussischen Mennoniten in ihrem religiösen und sozialen Leben in ihren kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Leistungen'', 2 vols. Weierhof, Germany: Mennonitischer Geschichtsverein, 1978-1987.

'''Plough''' = ''The Plough'' (Rifton, N.Y.: Plough Publishing, 1983- ); also appeared earlier in England.

'''PMH''' = ''Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage'' (Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society, 1978- ).

'''Raber, Raber family''' = Raber, J. A. ''Family Records of Jacob Raber from Germany: And His Lineal Descendants''. Baltic, Ohio: Raber, 1914. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/familyrecordsofj00rabe.

'''Recovery''' = Hershberger, Guy F., ed. ''The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision.'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1959.

'''Regehr. Faith, Life & Witness''' = Regehr, T. D. ''Faith, Life and Witness in the Northwest, 1903-2003 : Centennial History of the Northwest Mennonite Conference''. Kitchener, Ont. : Pandora Press, 2003.

'''Reimer, Familiennamen''' – Reimer, Gustav E. ''Die Familiennamen der westpreussischen Mennoniten.'' Weierhof: Mennonitische Geschichtsverein, 1940.

'''Reimer, Quilt (1983)''' = Reimer, Margaret Loewen, ed. ''One Quilt, Many Pieces.'' Waterloo, Ontario: Mennonite Publishing Service, 1983.

'''Reimer, Quilt (2008)''' = Reimer, Margaret Loewen. ''One Quilt, Many Pieces: a Guide to Mennonite Groups in Canada.'' 4th ed. Waterloo, Ontario: Herald Press, 2008.

'''Rembert, Wiedertäufer''' -- Rembert, Karl. ''Die "Wiedertäufer" im Herzogtum Jülich''. Berlin: R. Gaertners Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1899.

'''RGG''' -- ''Die Religion in Geschichte and Gegenwart'', 2. ed., 5 vols. Tübingen: Mohr, 1927-1932.

'''Rich, Mennonite Women (1983)''' = Rich, Elaine Sommers. ''Mennonite Women: A Story of God's Faithfulness, 1683-1983''. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.

'''Roosen, Christian''' = Roosen, Gerhard. ''Christian Spiritual Conversation on Saving Faith for the Young: In Questions and Answers''. Lancaster, Pa: John Baer and
Sons, 1857. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/christianspirit00ebygoog.

'''Roosen, Christliches''' = Roosen, Gerhard. ''Christliches Gemüths-Gespräch: von dem Geistlichen und seligmachenden Glauben, und Erkenntniss der Wahrheit, So zu der Gottseligkeit führet in der Hoffnung des ewigen Lebens''. Lancaster, [Pa.]: Gedruckt bey Johannn Bär, 1869. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/christlichesgem00unkngoog.

'''Roth, Fr., Augsburgs Ref.-Gesch.''' = Roth, Friedrich. ''Augsburgs Reformationsgeschichte. ''2. vollständig umgearbeitete Aufl''. ''München: T. Ackermann, 1901-1911.

'''Roth, Fr., Zur Gesch. der Wiedertäufer in Oberschwaben III = '''Roth, Friedrich. ''Zur Geschichte der Wiedertäufer in Oberschwaben: III. Der Höhepunkt der wiedertäuferischen Bewegung in Augsburg und ihr Niedergang im Jahre 1528.. ''Augsburg: In Kommission der J.A. Schlosserschen Buchh. (F. Schott.), 1901.

'''Rues, S. F. Tegenwoordige''' = Rues, S. F. ''Tegenwoordige staet der Doopsgezinden of Mennoniten, in de Vereenigde Nederlanden: waeragter komt een berigt van de Rynsburgers of Collegianten: beide ter vertooninge van de leer, uiterlyken toestand, en godsdienstige gebruiken dezer kerkelyke genootschappen; nevens een verhael wegens den oorsprong en voortgang van de jongstleden geschillen der eerstgemelde, met de leeraers der Gereformeerde Kerke. ''T' Amsterdam: By F. Houttuyn, boekverkooper, 1745.

'''Ruth, John L. Earth''' = Ruth, John L. ''The Earth is the Lord's: a narrative history of the Lancaster Mennonite Conference''. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 2001

'''Ruth, John L. Maintaining''' = Ruth, John L. ''Maintaining the right fellowship: a narrative account of life in the oldest Mennonite community in North America''. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1984

'''SAGA-OMII''' ="**Name of Person**." SAGA (Swiss Anabaptist Genealogical Association) Genealogical Website. Web. 6 July 2007. http://www.saga-omii.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I108&tree=hoover. [Put in correct name of individual, access date and url for record utilized]

'''SAW''' = Williams, George H. and Angel M. Mergal, eds. ''Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers: Documents Illustrative of the Radical Reformation'', Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957

'''Schapansky''' = Schapansky, Henry. ''Mennonite Migrations (and the Old Colony, Russia)''. New Westminster, BC: Henry Schapansky, 2006.

'''Schijn-Maatschoen, Geschiedenis I''' – Schijn, Hermann. ''Geschiedenis dier Christenen, welke in de Vereenigde Nederlanden onder de Protestanten Mennoniten genaamd worden . . . Tweede Druk op nieuws uit het Latyn vertaald, en vermeerdert door Gerardus Maatschoen. ''Amsterdam: Kornelis de Wit, 1743

'''Schijn-Maatschoen, Geschiedenis II''', which is volume II of the preceding work. Schijn, Hermann. ''Uitvoeriger Verhandeling van de Geschiedenisse der Mennoniten.'' Amsterdam: Kornelis de Wit, 1744

'''Schijn-Maatschoen, Geschiedenis III''', which is volume III of the preceding work. Schijn, Hermann. ''Aanhangzel Dienende tot den Vervolg of Derde Deel van de Geschiedenis der Mennoniten .. . in het welke noch Negentien Leeraars der Mennoniten . . . ''Amsterdam: Kornelis de Wit, 1745

'''Schroeder, William''' = Schroeder, William. "Maps and Historical Notes related to Mennonite History." Winnipeg, Man.: Mennonite Heritage Centre, 2008. Web. 27 November 2009. http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/programs/archives/holdings/Schroeder_maps/: Map 105- Mennonite Settlements on the Peninsula.

'''J. W. Shank, Southern Cross (1943)''' = Shank, Josephus Ward. ''The Gospel Under the Southern Cross: A History of the Argentine Mennonite Mission of South America Celebrating Its 25th Anniversary, 1917-1942.'' Scottdale, PA: Mennonite Publishing House, 1943

'''Smith, Illinois''' = Smith, Willard. ''Mennonites in Illinois.'' Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983

'''J. M. Stayer, Sword (1972, 1976)''' = Stayer, James M. ''Anabaptists and the Sword''. Lawrence, KS: Coronado Press, 1972; revised ed. 1976

'''Stoltzfus, Mennonites of the Ohio...''' = Stoltzfus, Grant M. ''Mennonites of the Ohio and Eastern Conference; From the Colonial Period in Pennsylvania to 1968''. Studies in Anabaptist and Mennonite history, no. 13. Scottdale, Pa: Herald Press, 1969.

'''Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers.''' = Strassburger, Ralph Beaver, edited by William John Hinke. ''Pennsylvania German pioneers; a publication of the original lists of arrivals in the port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808'',.vol. 1, 1727-1775. Norristown, Pa.: Pennsylvania German Society, 1934. Available in full electronic text at http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000007109121.

'''TA Baden-Pfalz''' – Krebs, Manfred. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, IV. Band: Baden and Pfalz''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XXII. Band. Gütersloh: C. Bertelsmann, 1951.

'''TA Bayern I''' – Schornbaum, Karl. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Wiedertäufer, II. Band: Markgraftum Brandenburg. (Bayern I. Abteilung)''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XVI. Band. Leipzig: M. Heinsius Nachfolger, 1934.

'''TA Bayern II''' -- Schornbaum, Karl. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, V. Band: (Bayern II. Abteilung)''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XXIII. Band. Gütersloh: C. Bertelsmann, 1951.

'''TA Elsaß I''' = Krebs, Manfred and Hans Georg Rott, eds. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, VII. Band: Elsaß I: Stadt Strasbourg, 1522-32''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XXVI. Band. Gütersloh, 1959.

'''TA Elsaß II''' = Krebs, Manfred and Hans Georg Rott, eds. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, VIII. Band: Elsaß II: Stadt Strasbourg, 1533-35''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XXVII. Band. Gütersloh, 1960.

'''TA Elsaß III''' – Lienhard, Marc, Stephen F. Nelson, and Hans Georg Rott. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, XV. Band: Elsaß III: Stadt Strasbourg, 1536-1542''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte LIII. Band.  Gütersloh: G. Moon, 1986.

'''TA Hessen''' – Franz, Günther. ''Urkundliche Quellen zur hessischen Reformationsgeschichte, IV Band: Wiedertäuferakten 1527-1626''. Marburg: N.G. Elwert, 1951.

'''TA Oberdtsch. I''' = Müller, Lydia, ed. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, III. Band: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter I''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XX. Band. Leipzig, 1938.

'''TA Oberdtsch. II''' = Friedmann, Robert, ed. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, XII. Band: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter II''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XXXVI. Band. Gütersloh, 1967

'''TA Osterreich I''' = Mecenseffy, Grete, ed., ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, XI. Band: Osterreich I''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XXXI. Band. Gütersloh, 1964.

'''TA Osterreich II''' = Mecenseffy, Grete, ed. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, XIII. Band: Osterreich II''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XLI. Band. Gütersloh, 1972.

'''TA Osterreich III''' = Mecenseffy, Grete, ed. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, XIV. Band: Osterreich III''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte L. Band. Gütersloh, 1983.

'''TA Schweiz I: (Zürich)''' – Muralt, Leonhard von and Walter Schmid. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer in der Schweiz, I. Band: Zürich''. Zürich: S. Hirzel, 1952.

'''TA Schweiz II (Ostschweiz)''' = Fast, Heinold, ed. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer in der Schweiz, II. Band: Ostschweiz''. 1974.

'''TA Schweiz III (Bern, Aargau)''' = Haas, Martin, ed. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer in der Schweiz, III. Band: Bern, Aargau''. 1974.

'''TA Württemberg''' – Bossert, Gustav. ''Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, I. Band: Herzogtum Württemberg''. Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte XIII. Band. Leipzig: M. Heinsius, 1930.

'''Thieme-Becker. Allg. Künstler Lexikon '''= Thieme, Ulrich and Felix Becker. ''Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Unter Mitwirkung von 300 Fachgelehrten des In-und Auslandes''. 37 vols. Leipzig: W. Englemann, 1907-1950.

'''John A. Toews, History MB (1975)''' = Toews, John A. ''History of the Mennonite Brethren Church'', ed. A. J. Klassen. Fresno, CA: Mennonite Brethren Board of Literature and Education, 1975.

'''Umstrittenes Täufertum (1975''') = Goertz, Hans-Jürgen, ed. ''Umstrittenes Täufertum, 1525-1975'' Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1975; 2nd ed., 1977.

'''Unser Blatt''' = ''Unser Blatt'' (Gronau, Germany: 1947-1950)

'''Unser Blatt''' = ''Unser Blatt : Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Haus'' (Brazil, 1967-1968)

'''Unser Blatt''' = ''Unser Blatt'' (Schönsee, Russia: 1925-1928)

'''Ruth Unrau, Encircled (1986)''' = Unrau, Ruth. ''Encircled: Stories of Mennonite Women'' Newton, KS: Faith and Life, 1986

'''Unruh, Hintergründe''' – Unruh, Benjamin H. ''Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. ''Karlsruhe-Rüppurr: Selbstverlag, 1955.

'''Van der Aa, Biogr. Wb. – '''Van der Aa, Abraham Jacob. ''Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden: bevattende levensbeschrijvingen van zoodanige personen, die zich op eenigerlei wijze in ons vaderland hebben vermaard gemaakt;'' Dl. 3-6 voortgezet door K.J.R. van Harderwijk and Dl. 7-21 voortgezet door K.J.R. van Harderwijk en Dr. G. D. J. Schotel. Haarlem: Van Brederode, 1852-1878.

'''Verheyden, Brugge''' – Verheyden, A. L. E. ''Het Brugsche Martyrologium (12 October 1527-7 Augustus 1573).'' Brussels, [1944]. Available in full electronic text at: http://www.theologienet.nl/documenten/Verheyden%20Brugse%20Martyrologium.pdf.

'''Verheyden, Courtrai''' -- Verheyden, A. L. E. ''Le Martyrologe Courtraisien et la Martyrologe Bruxellois''. Vilvorde: R. Allecourt, 1950.

'''Verheyden, Gent''' -- Verheyden, A. L. E. ''Het Gentsche Martyrologium (1530-1595). ''Brugge: De Tempel, 1946. Available in full electronic text at: http://www.theologienet.nl/documenten/BaxProtestantisme%20deel%202.pdf.

'''Vos, Antwerpen''' – Vos, Karel. ''De Doopsgezinden te Antwerpen in de zestiende eeuw''. Reprint from ''Bulletin de la Commission Royale de Belgique'' 84 (1920). Available in full electronic text at: http://www.theologienet.nl/documenten/Vos-Doopsgezinden%20te%20Antwerpen.pdf.

'''Vos, Menno Simons''' – Vos, Karel. ''Menno Simons, 1496-1561: zijn leven en werken en zijne reformatorische denkbeelden.'' Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1914. Available in full electronic text (U.S. only) at http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064392817;view=1up;seq=5

'''Wackernagel, Kirchenlied''' – Wackernagel, Philipp. ''Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ältesten Zeit bis zu An fang des XVII. Jahrhunderts'', 5 vols. Leipzig, 1864-1877. Reprinted Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1964. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Wackernagel%20Kirchenlied

'''Wackernagel, Lieder''' -- Wackernagel, Philipp. ''Lieder der niederlandischen Reformierten aus der Zeit der Verfolgung im 16. Jahrhundert''. Frankfurt: Hender & Zimmer, 1867. Reprinted Nieuwkoop: B. de Graaf, 1965. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/liederdernieder01wackgoog

'''Wappler, Thüringen''' – Wappler, Paul. ''Die Täuferbewegung in Thüringen von 1526-1584''. Jena: Gustav Fisher, 1913.

'''Water, Kort verhaal''' -- Water, Willem te. ''Kort verhaal der reformatie van Zeeland in de zestiende eeuwe; : benevens eenige verhandelingen dienende tot opheldering van de historie der kerk-hervorminge aldaar.'' Middelburg: Pieter Gillissen, 1766. Available in full electronic text at https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RuM-AAAAcAAJ

'''Weaver, Central District''' = Weaver, William B. ''History of the Central Conference Mennonite Church''. Danvers, Ill: The author, 1926. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/MN5038ucmf_9

'''Weaver, Menn. of Lancaster Conf. = '''Weaver, Martin G. ''Mennonites of Lancaster Conference: containing biographical sketches of Mennonite leaders, histories of congregations, missions, and Sunday schools, record of ordinations, and other interesting historical data''. Scottdale, PA: Mennonite Publishing House, 1931. Reprinted Ephrata, PA: Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church Publication Board, 1982.

'''Weber, Illinois''' = Weber, Harry F. ''Centennial history of the Mennonites of Illinois, 1829-1929.'' Goshen, Ind.: Mennonite Historical Society, 1931. Available in full electronic text at https://archive.org/details/centennialhistor00webe

'''Weber, Urias''' = Weber, Urias. ''New beginnings: a history of the Old Order Mennonites of Ontario.'' Wallenstein, Ont.: Vineyard Publications, 2018

'''Wenger, Abraham Beery''' = Wenger, Joseph H. ''History of the Descendants of Abraham Beery, Born in 1718, Emigrated from Switzerland to Pennsylvania in 1736, and a Complete Genealogical Family Register with Biographies of Many of His Descendants, from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time, Giving Dates in Three Centuries''. South English, Ia: The author, 1905. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/historyofdescend00byuweng

'''Wenger, Conrad Geil''' = Wenger, Joseph H. ''History of the Descendants of J. Conrad Geil ... and a Complete Genealogical Family Register and Biographies of Many of Their Descendants, from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time; Dates in Three Centuries''. Elgin, Ill: [Author], 1914. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/historyofdescend00weng2

'''Wenger, Christian Wenger''' = Wenger, Jonas G., Martin D. Wenger, and Joseph H. Wenger. ''History of the Descendants of Christian Wenger Who Emigrated from Europe to Lancaster County, Pa., in 1727, and a Complete Genealogical Family Register''. Elkhart, Ind: Mennonite Pub. Co, 1903. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/historyofdescend00lcweng

'''Wenger, Franconia''' = Wenger, J. C. ''History of the Mennonites of the Franconia Conference''. Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Pub. House, 1938. Reprinted Lititz, PA?: Publication Board of the Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church], 1985

'''Wenger, Glimpses''' = Wenger, J. C. ''Glimpses of Mennonite History and Doctrine''. Scottdale, Pa: Herald Press, 1949. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/glimpsesofmennon009430mbp

'''Who's Who Mennonites (1943)''' = Warkentin, A. and Melvin Gingerich, compilers. ''Who's Who Among the Mennonites.'' North Newton, KS: Bethel College, 1943.

'''K. F. Wiebe, ed., Women Among the Brethren (1979)''' = Wiebe, Katie Funk, ed. ''Women Among the Brethren'''''.''' Hillsboro, KS: General Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches, 1979.

'''Winkler-Prins Encyclopedie''' = ''Winkler Prins Encyclopaedie.'' 6th ed. (''6de, geheel nieuwe druk''.) Chief editors: E. de Bruyne, G. B. J. Hiltermann, H. R. Hoetink, 18 vols. Amsterdam [etc.]: Elsevier, 1947-1954. Supplement, 1955, 1960, 1969.

'''Wiswedel, Bilder''' – Wiswedel, Wilhelm. ''Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum,'' 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.

'''Wittlinger, Piety and Obedience (1978''') = Wittlinger, Carlton O. ''Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ''. Nappanee, IN: Evangel Press, 1978.

'''WMSC Voice''' = ''Women's Missionary and Service Commission Voice'' (formerly Missionary Sewing Circle Letter, 1930-    ).

'''Wolkan, Geschicht-Buch''' – Wolkan, Rudolf. ''Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder''. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.

'''Wolkan, Lieder''' -- Wolkan, Rudolf. ''Die Lieder der Wiedertäufer''. Berlin, 1903. Reprinted Nieuwkoop: B. De Graaf, 1965. Available in full electronic text at http://www.archive.org/details/dieliederderwie00wolkgoog

'''WorldConnect''' = "Title of WorldConnect Page." RootsWeb's WorldConnect Project. Web. 6 July 2007. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=hockman_clan&id=I21695. [Put in correct name of individual, access date and url for record utilized]

'''Yoder, Beachy Amish''' = Yoder, Elmer S. ''The Beachy Amish Mennonite Fellowship Churches''. Hartville, Ohio: Diakonia Ministries, 1987.

'''Yoder, MC Census (1985)''' = Yoder, Michael L. "Findings from the 1982 Mennonite Census." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 59 (1985): 307-349.

'''Yoder, Together in the work (2014)''' = Yoder, Nathan E. ''Together in the Work of the Lord: a History of the Conservative Mennonite Conference.'' Harrisonburg, Va.: Herald Press, 2014:

'''Z'''. = ''Zeitschrift'' (in journal titles)

'''Ztscht für hist. Theol'''. = ''Zeitschrift für historische Theologie''

'''Zieglschmid, Chronik = '''Zieglschmid, A. J. F. ''Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit.'' Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943.

'''Zieglschmid, Klein-Geschichtsbuch''' = Zieglschmid, A. J. F. ''Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder''. Philadelphia, PA: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947.

'''Zijpp, N. van der. Geschiedenis = '''Zijpp, N. van der. ''Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Nederland.'' Arnhem: Van Loghum Slaterus, 1952. Reprinted: Delft: Familie Van der Zijpp, 1980.

Last Revised 18 August 2021

Adrian, Johann D. (1891-1980)

2026-04-14T04:14:26Z

RichardThiessen:

[[File:JohnDAdrian.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''John and Katherina Adrian'']]
Johann "John" D. Adrian: teacher and minister; born 27 June 1891 in the village of Fishau, [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotshna settlement]], South [[Russia|Russia]]. He was the son of David Adrian and Anna (Rempel) Adrian. In 1917 he married Katherina Enns (8 January 1892, Boragan, [[Crimea (Ukraine)|Crimea]] - 13 September 1966, [[Abbotsford (British Columbia, Canada)|Abbotsford]], [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]]). John and Katherina had four children: Ella, John, Victor, and Alfred (another child, Elfrieda, died in Russia within a month of birth). On 16 February 1967 he married Susanna (Epp) Dirks (2 April 1900 - 21 February 1975). John died 28 November 1980 in Abbotsford, British Columbia, where he is buried.

John studied in the [[Halbstadt Zentralschule (Halbstadt, Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Halbstadt Zentralschule]], specializing in pedagogy. On earning his teaching certification, he began teaching in the village of [[Blumstein (Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Blumstein]] in 1918. Adrian was elected to the ministry in [[Lichtenau-Petershagen Mennonite Church (Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Lichtenau]], Molotschna in 1920.

In 1924, in the light of internal political, social and economic disruptions in Russia, the Adrian family moved to Canada, settling in [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. After English studies at the [[Mennonite Collegiate Institute (Gretna, Manitoba, Canada) |Mennonite Collegiate Institute]] in [[Gretna (Manitoba, Canada)|Gretna]] and several months of studies at the Manitoba Teachers College in Winnipeg, John and his family settled in the village of Rosenort in 1927, taking up his duties as village teacher. A few years later he accepted a teaching position in the village of Reinfeld where he taught and ministered effectively for the next fifteen years (1931-46). The [[Sommerfeld Mennonites|Sommerfelder]] parents regarded him highly as he taught their children not only the “3 Rs” but also Bible and ethics.

Adrian exemplified an enterprising teacher in Reinfeld. He taught a large class of students, from grades one to eight, for a number of years, and also taught Sunday School on Sunday (including students from ages 10 to 60). He ministered to all members of the village of about 30 families. He organized youth meetings in winter, brought students from the [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler Bible School]] to have programs on some Sunday evenings, and directed an adult choir. Occasionally he invited a medical doctor to give lectures on good healthy food preparations for the women, and gave lectures with materials from the Morden Experimental Farm and the University of Manitoba to the men of the village. A most notable event was his invitation of [[Friesen, Isaac P. (1873-1952)|I. P. Friesen]] from Saskatchewan to give a series of sermons in the school in Reinfeld. A spiritual renewal emerged. The school could not hold the attendees after two weeks. The meetings moved to the neighboring town of Winkler, eventually to the largest church building, the Mennonite Brethren church. A new denomination emerged, the Rudnerweide Church, later called the [[Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference (EMMC)|Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference]] (EMMC), in 1937.

On request John published several booklets. These included <em>Die Entstehung der Rudnerweide Gemeinde</em> (<em>The Establishment of the Rudnerweide Church</em>), <em>Hilfsbuch fuer Sonntagschul-Lehrer</em> (<em>A Helpful Book for Sunday-school Teachers</em>), and <em>Glaubenslehre</em> (<em>Faith Doctrines</em>).

In 1946 Adrian moved to Yarrow, British Columbia to become principal and teacher at the [[Bethel Bible Institute (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Bethel Bible Institute]] in [[Abbotsford (British Columbia, Canada)|Abbotsford]]. His students found him to be a man of great integrity. His teaching was crisp and clear. He had the gift of making the difficult easy, rather than vice versa. His personal care for each student was exemplary. After three years he accepted a call to teach at the [[Mennonite Collegiate Institute (Gretna, Manitoba, Canada) |Mennonite Collegiate Institute]] in Gretna, Manitoba in 1949. A few years later, in 1951, he accepted a teaching position at the [[Canadian Mennonite Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Canadian Mennonite Bible College]] in Winnipeg, where he taught hermeneutics and homiletics for the next ten years. In 1964 he and his wife Katherina retired to Abbotsford, British Columbia, where they joined the [[Eben-Ezer Mennonite Church (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Eben-Ezer Mennonite Church]]. He participated actively in the ministry until failing health no longer made it possible. He spent his last years at the Sherwood Manor.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=June 2007|a1_last=Adrian|a1_first=Victor|a2_last=Tilitzky|a2_first=Jake}}
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Adrian, Johann D. (1891-1980)

2026-04-14T02:28:47Z

RichardThiessen: Added information about his election to the ministry in 1920.

[[File:JohnDAdrian.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''John and Katherina Adrian'']]
Johann "John" D. Adrian: teacher and minister; born 27 June 1891 in the village of Fishau, [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotshna settlement]], South [[Russia|Russia]]. He was the son of David Adrian and Anna (Rempel) Adrian. In 1917 he married Katherina Enns (8 January 1892, Boragan, [[Crimea (Ukraine)|Crimea]] - 13 September 1966, [[Abbotsford (British Columbia, Canada)|Abbotsford]], [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]]). John and Katherina had four children: Ella, John, Victor and Alfred (Elfrieda, their third child, died in Russia within a month of birth). On 16 February 1967 he married Susanna (Epp) Dirks (2 April 1900 - 21 February 1975). John died 28 November 1980 in Abbotsford, British Columbia, where he is buried.

John studied in the [[Halbstadt Zentralschule (Halbstadt, Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Halbstadt Zentralschule]], specializing in pedagogy. On earning his teaching certification, he began teaching in the village of [[Blumstein (Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Blumstein]] in 1918. Adrian was elected to the ministry in [[Lichtenau-Petershagen Mennonite Church (Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Lichtenau]], Molotschna in 1920.

In 1924, in the light of internal political, social and economic disruptions in Russia, the Adrian family moved to Canada, settling in [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. After English studies at the [[Mennonite Collegiate Institute (Gretna, Manitoba, Canada) |Mennonite Collegiate Institute]] in [[Gretna (Manitoba, Canada)|Gretna]] and several months of studies at the Manitoba Teachers College in Winnipeg, John and his family settled in the village of Rosenort in 1927, taking up his duties as village teacher. A few years later he accepted a teaching position in the village of Reinfeld where he taught and ministered effectively for the next fifteen years (1931-46). The [[Sommerfeld Mennonites|Sommerfelder]] parents regarded him highly as he taught their children not only the “3 Rs” but also Bible and ethics.

Adrian exemplified an enterprising teacher in Reinfeld. He taught a large class of students, from grades one to eight, for a number of years, and also taught Sunday School on Sunday (including students from ages 10 to 60). He ministered to all members of the village of about 30 families. He organized youth meetings in winter, brought students from the [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler Bible School]] to have programs on some Sunday evenings, and directed an adult choir. Occasionally he invited a medical doctor to give lectures on good healthy food preparations for the women, and gave lectures with materials from the Morden Experimental Farm and the University of Manitoba to the men of the village. A most notable event was his invitation of [[Friesen, Isaac P. (1873-1952)|I. P. Friesen]] from Saskatchewan to give a series of sermons in the school in Reinfeld. A spiritual renewal emerged. The school could not hold the attendees after two weeks. The meetings moved to the neighboring town of Winkler, eventually to the largest church building, the Mennonite Brethren church. A new denomination emerged, the Rudnerweide Church, later called the [[Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference (EMMC)|Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference]] (EMMC), in 1937.

On request John published several booklets. These included <em>Die Entstehung der Rudnerweide Gemeinde</em> (<em>The Establishment of the Rudnerweide Church</em>), <em>Hilfsbuch fuer Sonntagschul-Lehrer</em> (<em>A Helpful Book for Sunday-school Teachers</em>), and <em>Glaubenslehre</em> (<em>Faith Doctrines</em>).

In 1946 Adrian moved to Yarrow, British Columbia to become principal and teacher at the [[Bethel Bible Institute (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Bethel Bible Institute]] in [[Abbotsford (British Columbia, Canada)|Abbotsford]]. His students found him to be a man of great integrity. His teaching was crisp and clear. He had the gift of making the difficult easy, rather than vice versa. His personal care for each student was exemplary. After three years he accepted a call to teach at the [[Mennonite Collegiate Institute (Gretna, Manitoba, Canada) |Mennonite Collegiate Institute]] in Gretna, Manitoba in 1949. A few years later, in 1951, he accepted a teaching position at the [[Canadian Mennonite Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Canadian Mennonite Bible College]] in Winnipeg, where he taught hermeneutics and homiletics for the next ten years. In 1964 he and his wife Katherina retired to Abbotsford, British Columbia, where they joined the [[Eben-Ezer Mennonite Church (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Eben-Ezer Mennonite Church]]. He participated actively in the ministry until failing health no longer made it possible. He spent his last years at the Sherwood Manor.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=June 2007|a1_last=Adrian|a1_first=Victor|a2_last=Tilitzky|a2_first=Jake}}
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[[Category:Mennonite Collegiate Institute Teachers and Staff‏‎]]
[[Category:Canadian Mennonite Bible College Faculty and Staff]]

Prairie Chapel (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-04-07T07:23:26Z

RichardThiessen: Added information about Living Hope Bible Church

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Prairie%20Chapel.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Prairie Chapel, ca. 1960.'']]
Prairie Chapel (also known in its early years as Sumas Prairie Chapel), located in the Sumas Prairie area of eastern Abbotsford, British Columbia, began in May 1951. Initially known as the Sumas Sunday School Mission, the work was inspired by [[Neufeld, Henry H. (1912-1967)|Henry H. Neufeld]], an instructor at [[Bethel Bible Institute (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Bethel Bible Institute]]. He believed that a work of this type would be a tremendous opportunity for Bible school students. Several individuals from the [[West Abbotsford Mennonite Church (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|West Abbotsford Mennonite Church]] put this vision into action, and began holding Sunday school classes in the home of James Killoron. After a month, classes were moved to a small house in the area owned by Buckerfield's. Albert "Bert" and Mary Nickel each taught a class the first winter. In January 1952, Ruth Schellenberg replaced Mary Nickel and a third class was taught by John Bartel. Additional classes were added in 1953 and 1954.

In the fall of 1954 West Abbotsford Mennonite Church became more formally involved in the activities of the Sunday school mission by assuming direct control. Land was purchased to construct a new building, completed in time for the Christmas program that year. The official opening took place on 20 March 1955. A Sunday morning service was attempted that spring, but was discontinued after three trial Sundays.

By fall 1955 there were six Sunday school classes with a total of 53 registered students, and a clubs program was also started in that year. In summer 1956 a Daily Vacation Bible School (DVBS) was held, with 20 children in attendance. By 1959 attendance had DVBS had increased to 74.

Bert and Mary Nickel, who had led the work since 1951, resigned in 1956 and were eventually replaced by Dave and Phyllis Wiebe in 1958. In February 1959 the name was changed to Prairie Chapel. Sunday evening services and weekly prayer meetings were started. Les and Lydia Friesen replaced the Wiebes as leaders in 1960.

Teachers and drivers from the West Abbotsford congregation took turns picking up children for Sunday school in the early years until 1961, when a school bus was purchased. Volunteers from West Abbotsford as well as from Bethel Bible Institute continued to teach Sunday school and help out with church services.

In January 1964 a regular Sunday morning service was started and Sunday evening services were eventually discontinued. Bert and Mary Nickel returned in November 1967 and Bert took over as pastor.

On 21 February 1969 Prairie Chapel was incorporated as a society. A charter service was held on 1 February 1970 with 21 charter members. The congregation did not affiliate with any conference. A renovation in 1970 created a new sanctuary for about 150 people.

Martin Gouldthorpe began serving as pastor in January 1975, becoming full time in September 1978. He served until 1989.

In 1984 a DVBS was started in the Straiton area of Sumas Mountain. Eventually a Sunday school and worship service were held in Straiton Community Hall, leading to the formation of Sumas Mountain Christian Fellowship. This outreach ended in September 1989 due to low attendance.

In 1985 there were 70 members and approximately 200 adherents. The language of worship is English.

In fall 2021, families and individuals on Vancouver Island began to stream services from Redeemer Bible Church during a time when public worship services were not permited in the province due to COVID restrictions. Leaders from Prairie Chapel worked with the group on Vancouver Island to plant a church, and Living Hope Bible Church was officially planted on 12 November 2023 in Victoria, British Columbia.

The congregation announced that it had changed its name to Redeemer Bible Church in November 2024.
= Bibliography =
''Canadian Mennonite'' (28 February 1958): 5.

Friesen, Les. Personal correspondence with author, 24 November 2017.

Loewen, David F. ''Living Stones: a History of West Abbotsford Mennonite Church, 1936-1986''. 1987: 104-110.
= Additional Information =
'''Mailing address''': PO Box 231, Abbotsford BC V2S 4N9

'''Location Address''': 1929 Inter Provincial Highway, Abbotsford BC

'''Phone''': 604-854-6111

'''Website''': [https://redeemerabbotsford.org/ Redeemer Bible Church]

= Maps =
[[Map:Prairie Chapel, Abbotsford, BC|Map:Prairie Chapel, Abbotsford, BC]]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=February 2018|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last= |a2_first= }}
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[[Category:Independent Community Congregations]]
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[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

Prairie Chapel (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-04-07T07:04:14Z

RichardThiessen: Added name change.

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Prairie%20Chapel.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Prairie Chapel, ca. 1960.'']]
Prairie Chapel (also known in its early years as Sumas Prairie Chapel), located in the Sumas Prairie area of eastern Abbotsford, British Columbia, began in May 1951. Initially known as the Sumas Sunday School Mission, the work was inspired by [[Neufeld, Henry H. (1912-1967)|Henry H. Neufeld]], an instructor at [[Bethel Bible Institute (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Bethel Bible Institute]]. He believed that a work of this type would be a tremendous opportunity for Bible school students. Several individuals from the [[West Abbotsford Mennonite Church (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|West Abbotsford Mennonite Church]] put this vision into action, and began holding Sunday school classes in the home of James Killoron. After a month, classes were moved to a small house in the area owned by Buckerfield's. Albert "Bert" and Mary Nickel each taught a class the first winter. In January 1952, Ruth Schellenberg replaced Mary Nickel and a third class was taught by John Bartel. Additional classes were added in 1953 and 1954.

In the fall of 1954 West Abbotsford Mennonite Church became more formally involved in the activities of the Sunday school mission by assuming direct control. Land was purchased to construct a new building, completed in time for the Christmas program that year. The official opening took place on 20 March 1955. A Sunday morning service was attempted that spring, but was discontinued after three trial Sundays.

By fall 1955 there were six Sunday school classes with a total of 53 registered students, and a clubs program was also started in that year. In summer 1956 a Daily Vacation Bible School (DVBS) was held, with 20 children in attendance. By 1959 attendance had DVBS had increased to 74.

Bert and Mary Nickel, who had led the work since 1951, resigned in 1956 and were eventually replaced by Dave and Phyllis Wiebe in 1958. In February 1959 the name was changed to Prairie Chapel. Sunday evening services and weekly prayer meetings were started. Les and Lydia Friesen replaced the Wiebes as leaders in 1960.

Teachers and drivers from the West Abbotsford congregation took turns picking up children for Sunday school in the early years until 1961, when a school bus was purchased. Volunteers from West Abbotsford as well as from Bethel Bible Institute continued to teach Sunday school and help out with church services.

In January 1964 a regular Sunday morning service was started and Sunday evening services were eventually discontinued. Bert and Mary Nickel returned in November 1967 and Bert took over as pastor.

On 21 February 1969 Prairie Chapel was incorporated as a society. A charter service was held on 1 February 1970 with 21 charter members. The congregation did not affiliate with any conference. A renovation in 1970 created a new sanctuary for about 150 people.

Martin Gouldthorpe began serving as pastor in January 1975, becoming full time in September 1978. He served until 1989.

In 1984 a DVBS was started in the Straiton area of Sumas Mountain. Eventually a Sunday school and worship service were held in Straiton Community Hall, leading to the formation of Sumas Mountain Christian Fellowship. This outreach ended in September 1989 due to low attendance.

In 1985 there were 70 members and approximately 200 adherents. The language of worship is English.

The congregation is now known as Redeemer Bible Church.
= Bibliography =
''Canadian Mennonite'' (28 February 1958): 5.

Friesen, Les. Personal correspondence with author, 24 November 2017.

Loewen, David F. ''Living Stones: a History of West Abbotsford Mennonite Church, 1936-1986''. 1987: 104-110.
= Additional Information =
'''Mailing address''': PO Box 231, Abbotsford BC V2S 4N9

'''Location Address''': 1929 Inter Provincial Highway, Abbotsford BC

'''Phone''': 604-854-6111

'''Website''': [https://redeemerabbotsford.org/ Redeemer Bible Church]

= Maps =
[[Map:Prairie Chapel, Abbotsford, BC|Map:Prairie Chapel, Abbotsford, BC]]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=February 2018|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last= |a2_first= }}
[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Independent Community Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Walsh, Alberta, Canada)

2026-04-05T02:49:39Z

RichardThiessen:

__TOC__
Spring Creek[[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)| Hutterite ]]Colony in Walsh, Alberta, was founded in 1956 as a division from the [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside Hutterite Colony]].

Daughter colonies of the Spring Creek Hutterite Colony include: [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River Hutterite Colony]] (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada); [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater Hutterite Colony]] (Irvine, Alberta, Canada); and [[Crystal Lake Hutterite Colony (Norquay, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Crystal Lake Hutterite Colony]] (Pelly, Saskatchewan, Canada).

In 2023 the Spring Creek Hutterite Colony was a [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut]] colony.
= Additional Information =
== Location ==
near Maple Creek, Saskatchewan (coordinates: 49.83444, -109.9317 [49° 50' 04" N 109° 55' 54" W])
== Address ==
1121 TransCanada Hwy., Cypress County, Alberta T0J 3L0

This is in the hamlet of Irvine, Alberta where the nearest post office is located for the Spring Creek Hutterite Colony.
== Switchboard Phone ==
403-937-3798
== Managers and Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Manager !! Minister !! Years
|-
| Mike Hofer, 1931-2010 || George Hofer || 1999
|-
| Mike Hofer, 1931-2010 || George Hofer || 2004
|-
| Joseph S. Hofer, 1938-2013 || George Hofer || 2005
|-
| Joseph S. Hofer, 1938-2013 || George Hofer || 2013
|-
| Mike Hofer || George Hofer || 2014
|-
| Mike Hofer || George Hofer || 2021
|-
|William P. Gross
|Philip Gross
|2022
|-
|William P. Gross
|Philip Gross
|2023
|}
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=December 2023 |a1_last=Friesen|a1_first=Bert|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

[[Category:Hutterite Colonies]]
[[Category:Alberta Hutterite Colonies]]
[[Category:Canadian Hutterite Colonies]]

Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

2026-04-04T16:55:22Z

RichardThiessen: /* Population of Hutterites, 2024 */

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__TOC__
== 1955 Article ==
=== Introduction ===
[[File:ME2_858.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & [[Transylvania|Transylvania]].<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.'']]

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

=== Early Development ===

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] territories, [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Austria|Austria]], [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]], etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that [[Blaurock, Georg (ca. 1492-1529)|Georg Blaurock]] of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the [[Inn Valley (Austria)|Inn Valley]]. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] (and in particular the manorial estate [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Hubmaier]] could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, [[Liechtenstein, Leonhard von (1482-1534)|one of the Liechtensteins]] himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

[[File:ME2_860.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860'']]

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "[[Schwertler|Schwertler]]" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was [[Wideman, Jakob (d. 1535/6)|Jacob Wiedemann]], the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were [[Schützinger, Simon (16th century)|Siegmund Schützinger]], [[Zaunring, Georg (d. 1531/38)|Jörg Zaunring]], and [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]] (for details see [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]], [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]], also [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]] and [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], an Anabaptist from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] broke up into three groups: <em>(a) </em>Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on <em>Hutterische Brüder. </em>Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, <em>(b) </em>The Philippites, named after [[Weber, Philipp|Philipp Plener]] or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see [[Ausbund|Ausbund]]), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it <em>[[Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]] </em>(see also [[Haffner, Hans (16th century)|Hans Haffner]]). <em>(c) </em>The [[Gabrielites|Gabrielites]], named after [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]]. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the <em>Geschicht-Buch, </em>Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "[[Swiss Brethren|Swiss Brethren]]," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of [[Marpeck, Pilgram (d. 1556)|Pilgram Marpeck ]] were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

[[File:AMC_X-31-1_17_30.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.<br />
Scan courtesy [http://www.mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/ Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen] X-31.1, Box 17/30'']]

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Hans Amon]] of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]] of Tyrol, [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon [[Mandates|mandates]] by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564)|Ferdinand]] (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

[[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the <em>Vorsteher </em>or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners <em>(Sendboten) </em>were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 [[Falkenstein (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Falkenstein]] Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the <em>Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft)</em> 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with [[Lanzenstiel, Leonhard (d. 1565)|Leonhard Lanzenstiel]] or Seiler.

[[File:ME2_861a.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

=== The Golden Period ===

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]]; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the [[Dietrichstein family|Dietrichsteins]] bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

[[File:ME2_861b.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]], a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], the <em>Handbüchlein, </em>the book called <em>Anschlag und Fürwenden, </em>etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a <em>Schreibstube </em>or <em>scriptorium)</em>; the great <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>was then begun by [[Braitmichel, Kaspar (d. 1573)|Kaspar Braitmichel]] on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see [[Antitrinitarianism|Antitrinitarianism]]), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the <em>Vorsteher </em>[[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. <em>(a) </em>The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]]. [[Dietrichstein family|Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein]] gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and [[Fischer, Christoph Andreas (1560-after 1610)|Christoph Andreas Fischer]], in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see [[Eysvogel, Johann (16th century)|Eysvogel]] and [[Jedelshauser, Hans (16th century)|Jedelshauser]]). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, <em>(b) </em>Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see [[Böger, Salomon (d. 1610)|Böger]]). Eventually <em>(c) </em>the event, later called the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]], 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>(570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

[[File:ME2_863.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863'']]
[[File:ME2_864.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864'']]

=== Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis ===

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see [[Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoph von (1621-1676)|Grimmelshausen]]). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Andreas Ehrenpreis]], 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in [[Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Mannheim]] in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]]). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called <em>Lehr und Vorred). </em>The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such <em>Lehren </em>(some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many <em>Vorreden </em>(shorter sermons). The <em>Klein-Geschichtsbueh </em>(204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]]). [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Gemeinde Ordnung </em>of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

=== Persecution of the 18th Century ===

After [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The [[Hutterite Chronicles|Great Chronicle]] ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded <em>(Inv. Arch. Amst. </em>II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for [[Hungary|Hungary]]. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname <em>[[Habáner|Habaner]] </em>became the general name for these people.

=== Immigration to Russia ===

In [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]] to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter [[Walachia (Romania)|Walachia]] (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against [[Russia|Russia]]) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general [[Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovitch (1725-1796)|Count Rumyantsev]], who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] (then a rather sparsely populated area). At [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Radichev]], 10 miles north. It was [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner]] (born in [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]]) who was then the most outstanding <em>Vorsteher </em>of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna district]], under the sponsorship of the Mennonite [[Cornies, Johann (1789-1848)|Johann Cornies]]), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.

=== Immigration to America ===

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the [[United States of America|United States]], where they chose the prairie land of the Dakota Territory that later became the state of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879. About one third, approximately 400 people, chose settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the <em>[[Dariusleut|Darius-Leut]] </em>(named after [[Walter, Darius (1835-1903)|Darius Walter]], their leader), [[Schmiedeleut|<em>Schmiede-Leut </em>]](after [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner]], a blacksmith, their leader), and <em>[[Lehrerleut|Lehrer-Leut]] </em>(named after Jacob Wipf, a teacher called the <em>Lehrer). </em>The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. The other two thirds of the Brethren chose to settle close together on individual farms and in time became known as [[Prairieleut Hutterian Brethren|Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren]]. They also settled in the Dakota Territory. The Prairieleut formed their own congregations and in time most of these congregations joined the [[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] or the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonites]].

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to [[Canada|Canada]] where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], and south central [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central [[Montana (USA)|Montana]] from Alberta. The American federal government treated Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren in a similar manner with discrimination, harassment, and imprisonment for a few. A number of Prairieleut families also fled to Canada.

In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. [[Bruderhof Communities]] has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]]) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]] and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's <em>Rechenschaft </em>of 1540 and [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' great <em>Sendbrief </em>of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]], [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Ceramics|Ceramics]], [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts]], [[Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren|Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren]], [[Education, Hutterite|Education — Hutterite]], Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Hutter]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Amon]], Riedemann, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Walpot]], [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Braidl]], [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]], and on their books, [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]], Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]], regarding their regulations and discipline, [[Marriage, Hutterite Practices|Marriage]], [[Medicine Among the Hutterites|Medicine among the Hutterites]], dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article [[Habáner|Habaner]] which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

<div align="center">

<h3 style="text-align: center;">List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s</h3> <strong>Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622</strong>

(According to E. Crous, <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alecowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Alexowitz]] (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)
|-
| 2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 3. [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]]
|-
| 4. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]
|-
| 5. [[Pergen (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bergen]] (Pergen)
|-
| 6. [[Billowitz Hutterite Colony (Moravia)|Bilowitz]] (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)
|-
| 7. Birnbaum
|-
| 8. Bisenz ([[Bisenz Hutterite Colony (Bisenz, Moravia)|Bisentz]]) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)
|-
| 10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/[[Podusilna (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)|Bochtitz]]-Pochtitz) (1546)
|-
| 11. Boretitz/Borzetitz ([[Paraditz (Czech Republic)|Paraditz]]) (1545)
|-
| 12. Budespitz/Butschowitz ([[Bučovice (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bucovic]], Pudespitz) (1536)
|-
| 13. [[Budkov (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Budkau (Budkaw)]]
|-
| 14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)
|-
| 15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz ([[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]) (Kaunitz, 1550)
|-
| 16. [[Eibenschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Eibenschitz]] (Lipa)
|-
| 17. Eihis
|-
| 18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)
|-
| 19. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]] (1581)
|-
| 20. [[Gobschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gobschitz/Gubschitz]] (1545)
|-
| 21. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]] (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 22. Gurda/[[Gurdau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gurdau]]
|-
| 23. Herspitz ([[Gerspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gerspitz]])
|-
| 24. Hosterlitz
|-
| 25. Hrubschitz ([[Rupschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Rupschitz]]) (1546)
|-
| 26. Jamnitz
|-
| 27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)
|-
| 28. Kanitz
|-
| 29. [[Kobylí (Okres Břeclav, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kobily]]/Kobyli (Kobelitz)
|-
| 30. Kostl/Kostel ([[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]]) (Zierotin)
|-
| 31. Kreuz ([[Creutz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Creutz]]) (Lipa, 1565)
|-
| 32. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]] (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz ([[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]])
|-
| 34. [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg (Breclav)]]
|-
| 35. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz/Millotitz]]
|-
| 36. Mistrin/Mistrin
|-
| 37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)
|-
| 38. Muschau
|-
| 39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 40. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (east of Auspitz)
|-
| 41. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (near Prahlitz) (1562)
|-
| 42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)
|-
| 43. [[Neudorf (Morava, Czech Republic)|Neudorf near Lundenburg]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)
|-
| 44. [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] (Liechtenstein, 1558)
|-
| 45. [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)
|-
| 46. Nikolschitz/[[Nikoltschitz (Olomoucký kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikoltschitz]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 47. [[Nusslau (Morava, Czech Republic)|Nusslau]] (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)
|-
| 48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)
|-
| 50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)
|-
| 51. Polau/Pollau
|-
| 52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)
|-
| 53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)
|-
| 54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 55. Pruschank/Pruschanek
|-
| 56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)
|-
| 57. [[Bohuslavice (Moravskoslezský kraj, Czech Republic)|Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz)]] (1546)
|-
| 58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)
|-
| 61. Rohatetz
|-
| 62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)
|-
| 63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)
|-
| 65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)
|-
| 66. [[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)
|-
| 67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz
|-
| 68. Skalitz ([[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]) (1563)
|-
| 69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz
|-
| 69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz
|-
| 70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz
|-
| 71. Swetlau
|-
| 72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)
|-
| 73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz
|-
| 74. Tracht (1558)
|-
| 75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)
|-
| 76. Turnitz-[[Durdenitz (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Durdenitz]]
|-
| 77. [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)
|-
| 78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)
|-
| 79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)
|-
| 79a. Weisstätten
|-
| 80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)
|-
| 81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)
|-
| 82. Wessely (1546)
|-
| 83. Wischenau
|-
| 84. Wisternitz
|-
| 85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)
|}

<strong>Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762</strong>

(According to E. Crous,<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

{| class="wikitable"
| I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547)
|-
| II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra)
|-
| III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)
|-
| IV. Egbell (Neutra)
|-
| V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)
|-
| VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra)
|-
| VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)
|-
| VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550)
|-
| IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)
|-
| X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]])
|-
| XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622)
|-
| XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)
|-
| XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)
|-
| XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548)
|}
<strong>Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622</strong>

(According to Fr. Hruby,<em> Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, </em>Leipzig, 1935)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. <em>Lundenburg-Billowitz:</em> [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf
|-
| 2. <em>Seelowitz: </em>Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz
|-
| 3. <em>[[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: </em>Austerlitz and Gerspitz
|-
| 4. <em>Nikolsburg: </em>[[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht
|-
| 5. <em>Steinitz: </em>[[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]
|-
| 6. <em>Kanitz: </em>Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)
|-
| 7. <em>Landshut: </em>Landshut
|-
| 8. <em>[[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: </em>Lettnitz
|-
| 9. <em>Skalitz: </em>[[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]
|-
| 10. <em>Wischenau: </em>Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]]
|-
| 11. <em>Tscheikowitz:</em>[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan
|-
| 12. <em>Bochtitz: </em>[[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]]
|-
| 13. <em>[[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: </em>Frischau
|-
| 14. <em>[[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: </em>Göding and Koblitz
|-
| 15. <em>Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: </em>Maskowitz and Oleckowitz
|-
| 16. <em>[[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: </em>Wäzenobis
|-
| 17. <em>Uhritz: </em>[[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]
|-
| 18. <em>Wesseli: </em>Wessela
|-
| 19. <em>[[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: </em>Schädewitz
|-
| 20. <em>Ungarisch-Ostra: </em>Neudorf
|-
| 21. <em>Eisgrub: </em>[[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]]
|-
| 22. <em>Ober-Tannowitz: </em>Tannewitz
|-
| 23. <em>Tulleschitz: </em>Schermankowitz
|-
| 24. <em>[[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: </em>(Wostite), Weisstätten
|-
| 25. <em>Polehraditz: </em>[[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]]
|-
| 26. <em>Tawikowitz: </em>Teikowitz
|}

<strong>Table 4: [[Transylvania|Transylvania]]</strong>

{| align="center" class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767
|-
| 2. Kreuz, 1761-1767
|-
| 3. Stein, 1761-1767
|}

<strong>Table 5: Ukraine</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802)
|-
| 2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842)
|-
| 3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1874)
|-
| 4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)
|-
| 5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)
|-
| 6. Sheromet (1868-1874)
|-
| 7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)
|}

<strong>Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches</strong> (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

{| class="wikitable"
| <strong>Name & Address of Colony</strong> || <div align="center"><strong><em>Yr. Settled</em></strong></div> || <strong><em>Population in 1950</em></strong>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]] || 1949 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| 2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">80</div>
|-
| 3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">81</div>
|-
| 4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod || 1928 || <div align="right">69</div>
|-
| 5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka || 1949 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum || 1930 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma || 1949 || <div align="right">57</div>
|-
| 8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]] || 1948 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]] || 1944 || <div align="right">78</div>
|-
| 10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford || 1935 || <div align="right">91</div>
|-
| 11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]] || 1926 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Stirling]] || 1924 || <div align="right">110</div>
|-
| 13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]] || 1926 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]] || 1948 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod || 1933 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland || 1918 || <div align="right">187</div>
|-
| 17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker || 1936 || <div align="right">114</div>
|-
| 18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford || 1918 || <div align="right">77</div>
|-
| 19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford || 1919 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]] || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]] || 1949 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]] || 1918 || <div align="right">140</div>
|-
| 25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling || 1924 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range || 1945 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers || 1947 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]] || 1935 || <div align="right">61</div>
|-
| 29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown || 1945 || <div align="right">26</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford || 1920 || <div align="right">129</div>
|-
| 31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath || 1937 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner || 1929 || <div align="right">177</div>
|-
| 33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath || 1932 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">127</div>
|-
| 35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]] || 1924 || <div align="right">103</div>
|-
| 36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond || 1918 || <div align="right">134</div>
|-
| 37. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">115</div>
|-
| 38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton || 1932 || <div align="right">113</div>
|-
| 39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond || -- || <div align="right">96</div>
|-
| 40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown || 1950 || <div align="right">60</div>
|-
| 42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham || 1935 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner || 1935 || <div align="right">186</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 45. [[Birch Creek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier || 1947 || <div align="right">95</div>
|-
| 46. Miami, Pendroy || 1948 || <div align="right">112</div>
|-
| 47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta || 1945 || <div align="right">105</div>
|-
| 48. Miller Ranch, Choteau || 1949 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau || 1948 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy || 1947 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge || 1924 || <div align="right">25</div>
|-
| 53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket || 1920 || <div align="right">15</div>
|-
| 54. Monarch, Monarch || 1942 || <div align="right">31</div>
|-
| 55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling || 1944 || <div align="right">30</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 56. [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]], Headingly || 1920 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]] || 1922 || <div align="right">132</div>
|-
| 58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">108</div>
|-
| 59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding || 1934 || <div align="right">153</div>
|-
| 60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara || 1918 || <div align="right">193</div>
|-
| 61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly || 1919 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly || 1946 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]] || 1918 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]] || 1944 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point || 1938 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone || 1946 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden || 1934 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle || 1947 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly || 1938 || <div align="right">118</div>
|-
| 73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding || 1925 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie || 1935 || <div align="right">121</div>
|-
| 75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian || 1950 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor || 1874 || <div align="right">58</div>
|-
| 78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort || 1949 || <div align="right">97</div>
|-
| 79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred || 1948 || <div align="right">71</div>
|-
| 80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron || 1944 || <div align="right">74</div>
|-
| 81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica || 1937 || <div align="right">107</div>
|-
| 82. [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]] || 1949 || <div align="right">72</div>
|-
| 83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller || 1949 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 84. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]] || 1936 || <div align="right">102</div>
|-
| 85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois || 1949 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy || 1949 || <div align="right">68</div>
|-
| 87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron || 1949 || <div align="right">48</div>
|-
| 88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria || 1934 || <div align="right">84</div>
|-
| 89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell || 1945 || <div align="right">92</div>
|-
| 90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort || 1945 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet || 1942 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>CONVERT COLONIES</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>ONTARIO</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright || 1941 || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>Bruderhof Communities</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>NEW YORK (State) </strong></div> || ||
|-
| [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton || 1954 || <div align="right">135</div>
|}

<strong>Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| || || <strong>Total</strong>
|-
| <strong>Dariusleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">2,247</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">206</div> || <div align="right">2,453</div>
|-
| <strong>Lehrerleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">1,852</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">613</div> || <div align="right">2,465</div>
|-
| <strong>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]]</strong> || ||
|-
| Manitoba || <div align="right">2,272</div> ||
|-
| South Dakota || <div align="right">1,209</div> || <div align="right">3,481</div>
|-
| <strong>Unaffiliated colonies</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">101</div> || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Kinship Colonies</strong> || || <div align="right">8,500</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)</strong> || || <div align="right">1,100</div>
|-
| <div align="right" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Total No. of Hutterites</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,600</strong></div>
|-
| || ||
|-
| <strong>SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION</strong> || ||
|-
| Montana || || <div align="right">819</div>
|-
| South Dakota || || <div align="right">1,209</div>
|-
| Alberta || || <div align="right">4,200</div>
|-
| Manitoba || || <div align="right">2,272</div>
|-
| Ontario || || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
|-
| <div align="right"><strong>Total</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,211</strong></div>
|}

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]):

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Dariusleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch
|-
| colspan="2" | 99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 100. Acadia Valley, Oyen
|-
| colspan="2" | 101. New Milford, Winnifred
|-
| colspan="2" | 102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom
|-
| colspan="2" | 103. Springside, Duchess
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon
|-
| colspan="2" | 105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek
|-
| colspan="2" | 106. Slade Colony, Tompkins
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Montana</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, Manitoba</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne
|-
| colspan="2" | 109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe
|-
| colspan="2" | 110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]]
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, South Dakota</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota
|}

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

</div> <strong>Note for the Maps: </strong><em>Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.</em>

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] in Europe with locations (concerning [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article <em>Rabenska </em>in the <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches ]]</em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|<em>Lexikon</em>]] (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his <em>Communismus </em>(1894) p. 246. This list he published in<em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1619-1622, in his <em>Wiedertäufer in Mähren </em>(Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs <em>(Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] and [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]in existence in 1947. -- <em>Robert Friedmann</em>

== 1990 Update ==

The Hutterian Brethren practice [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]], [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], Saskatchewan, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Washington (USA)|Washington]], [[Montana (USA)|Montana]], [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Minnesota (USA)|Minnesota]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], [[New York (USA)|New York]], Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the [[United States of America|United States]] from [[Russia|Russia]] in the 1870s and moved to [[Canada|Canada]] after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The <em>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] </em>(Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian [[Children|children]] attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]and [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

<em>John Hofer</em>

== 2014 Update ==

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! Colony !! Location !! Leut
|-
| [[Abbey Hutterite Colony (Abbey, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Abbey]]||Abbey, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Oyen, Alberta, Canada)|Acadia]]||Oyen, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Acadia]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Airport Hutterite Colony (Macdonald, Manitoba, Canada)|Airport]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Albion Ridge Hutterite Colony (Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada)|Albion Ridge]]||Picture Butte, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Alix Hutterite Colony (Alix, Alberta, Canada)|Alix]]||Alix, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Altona Hutterite Colony (Henderson, Minnesota, USA)|Altona]]||Henderson, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River]]||Lumsden, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Armada Hutterite Colony (Armada, Alberta, Canada)|Armada]]||Lomond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Arrowwood Hutterite Colony (Blackie, Alberta, Canada)|Arrowwood]]||Blackie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Aspenheim Hutterite Colony (Bagot, Manitoba, Canada)|Aspenheim]]||Bagot, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Athabasca||Athabasca, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Baildon Hutterite Colony (Briercrest, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Baildon]]||Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Baker Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Baker]]||Mac Gregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Beechy Hutterite Colony (Beechy, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Beechy]]||Beechy, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Belle Plaine Hutterite Colony (Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Belle Plaine]]||Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]]||Shaunavon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Bentley Hutterite Colony (Bentley, Alberta, Canada)|Bentley]]||Blackfalds, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Berry Creek Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Berry Creek]]||Hanna, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]]||Cardston, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Rose Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Big Rose]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Sky Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Big Sky]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Graceville, Minnesota, USA)|Big Stone]]||Graceville, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Sand Coulee, Montana, USA)|Big Stone]]||Sand Coulee, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Birch Creek||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Birch Hills Hutterite Colony (Peoria, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Hills]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Birch Meadows Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Meadows]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blooming Prairie Hutterite Colony (Homewood, Manitoba, Canada)|Blooming Prairie]]||Homewood, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Clay Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Blue Clay]]||Arnaud, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Ridge]]||Mountain View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Blue Sky Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Sky]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bluegrass Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Bluegrass]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengart]]||Plum Coulee, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]]||Tabor, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bone Creek Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bone Creek]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Boundary Lane Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Boundary Lane]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Bow City Hutterite Colony (Bow City, Alberta, Canada)|Bow City]]||Brooks, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Box Elder Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Box Elder]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Brant Hutterite Colony (Brant, Alberta, Canada)|Brant]]||Brant, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Brantwood Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Brantwood]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Brentwood Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Brentwood]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Brightstone Hutterite Colony (La du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada)|Brightstone]]||Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Britestone Hutterite Colony (Carbon, Alberta, Canada)|Britestone]]||Carbon, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Broad Valley Hutterite Colony (Arborg, Manitoba, Canada)|Broad Valley]]||Arborg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Brocket||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Butte Hutterite Colony (Bracken, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Butte]]||Bracken, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Byemoor Hutterite Colony (Byemoor, Alberta, Canada)|Byemoor]]||Byemoor, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cameron Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Cameron]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Cameron||Viborg, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose]]||Camrose, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Ledger, Montana, USA)|Camrose]]||Ledger, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Camrose||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[CanAm Hutterite Colony (Margaret, Manitoba, Canada)|CanAm]]||Margaret, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Carmangay Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Carmangay]]||Carmangay, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Carmichael Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Carmichael]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Cascade]]||MacGregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (Fort Shaw, Montana, USA)|Cascade]]||Sun River, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Castor Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Castor]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]]||Cayley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cedar Grove Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Cedar Grove]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Claremont Hutterite Colony (Castlewood, South Dakota, USA)|Claremont]]||Castlewood, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clark Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Clark]]||Raymond, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clear Lake Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Clear Lake]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clear Spring Hutterite Colony (Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Clear Spring]]||Kenaston, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cleardale Hutterite Colony (Cleardale, Alberta, Canada)|Cleardale]]||Cleardale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Clearfield Hutterite Colony (Wagner, South Dakota, USA)|Clearfield]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Clearview]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Elm Creek, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearview]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Clearwater Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearwater]]||Balmoral, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cloverleaf Hutterite Colony (Delia, Alberta, Canada)|Cloverleaf]]||Delia, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cluny Hutterite Colony (Cluny, Alberta, Canada)|Cluny]]||Cluny, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Codessa Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Codessa]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Collins||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Concord Hutterite Colony (Stony Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Concord]]||Winnipeg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cool Spring Hutterite Colony (Polonia, Manitoba, Canada)|Cool Spring]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Cool Springs||Rudyard, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Copperfield Hutterite Colony (Vauxhall, Alberta, Canada)|Copperfield]]||Vauxhall, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Craigmyle Hutterite Colony (Craigmyle, Alberta, Canada)|Craigmyle]]||Craigmyle, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Ste. Agathe, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Cypress River, Manitoba, Canada)|Cypress]]||Cypress River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Decker Hutterite Colony (Decker, Manitoba, Canada)|Decker]]||Decker, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Deerboine Hutterite Colony (Alexander, Manitoba, Canada)|Deerboine]]||Alexander, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Deerfield]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Deerfield]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Delco Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Delco]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Delta Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Delta]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Dinsmore Hutterite Colony (Dinsmore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Dinsmore]]||Dinsmore, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Donalda Hutterite Colony (Donalda, Alberta, Canada)|Donalda]]||Donalda, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Downie Lake Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Downie Lake]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Duncan Ranch Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Duncan Ranch]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Galata, Montana, USA)|Eagle Creek]]||Galata, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eagle Creek]]||Asquith, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ear View Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ear View]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East End Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|East End]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[East Malta Hutterite Colony (Malta, Montana, USA)|East Malta]]||Malta, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Raymond Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|East Raymond]]||Raymond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Eatonia Hutterite Colony (Eatonia, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eatonia]]||Eatonia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| Elk Creek||Augusta, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater]]||Irvine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elm Spring]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elmendorf Christian Community (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Elmendorf]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Emerald Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Emerald]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Enchant Hutterite Colony (Enchant, Alberta, Canada)|Enchant]]||Enchant, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Erskine Hutterite Colony (Erskine, Alberta, Canada)|Erskine]]||Erskine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Estuary Hutterite Colony (Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Estuary]]||Leader, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Evergreen]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fair Haven Hutterite Colony (Ulm, Montana, USA)|Fair Haven]]||Ulm, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairholme Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairholme]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fairlane Hutterite Colony (Skiff, Alberta, Canada)|Fairlane]]||Skiff, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (La Moure, North Dakota, USA)|Fairview]]||La Moure, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fairville Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Fairville]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairway Hutterite Colony (Douglas, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairway]]||Douglas, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ferrybank Hutterite Colony (Ponoka, Alberta, Canada)|Ferrybank]]||Ponoka, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Flat Willow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Flat Willow Ranch]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fordham Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Fordham]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fords Creek Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Fords Creek]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]]||Fordville, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fort Pitt Hutterite Colony (Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Fort Pitt]]||Lloydminister, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forty Mile Hutterite Colony (Lodge Grass, Montana, USA)|Forty Mile]]||Lodge Grass, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Gadsby Hutterite Colony (Hackett, Alberta, Canada)|Gadsby]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Garden Plane Hutterite Colony (Frontier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Garden Plane]]||Frontier, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Gildford Hutterite Colony (Gildford, Montana, USA)|Gildford]]||Gildford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glendale]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Glenway Hutterite Colony (Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada)|Glenway]]||Dominion City, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Glidden Hutterite Colony (Glidden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Glidden]]||Glidden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Golden Valley Hutterite Colony (Ryegate, Montana, USA)|Golden Valley]]||Ryegate, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Golden View||Salem, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Golden View Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Golden View]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Good Hope Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Good Hope]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grand Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Grand]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grandview Hutterite Colony (Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada)|Grandview]]||Grand Prairie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grant Hutterite Colony (Enderlin, North Dakota, USA)|Grant]]||Enderlin, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]]||Granum, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grass Ranch Hutterite Colony (Kimball, South Dakota, USA)|Grass Ranch]]||Kimball, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grass River Hutterite Colony (Glenella, Manitoba, Canada)|Grass River]]||Glenella, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassland Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Grassland]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassy Hill Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Grassy Hill]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Green Leaf Hutterite Colony (Marcelin, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Green Leaf]]||Marcelin, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Greenwald Hutterite Colony (Brokenhead, Manitoba, Canada)|Greenwald]]||Beausejour, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Stand Off, Alberta, Canada)|Greenwood]]||Fort Macleod, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Delmont, South Dakota, USA)|Greenwood]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hairy Hill Hutterite Colony (Hairy Hill, Alberta, Canada)|Hairy Hill]]||Hairy Hill, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hand Hills Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Hand Hills]]||Hanna, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Bashaw, Alberta, Canada)|Hartland]]||Bashaw, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hartland]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Dexter, Minnesota, USA)|Haven]]||Dexter, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Fox Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Haven]]||Fox Valley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Hazelridge, Manitoba, Canada)|Heartland]]||Hazelridge, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Lake Benton, Minnesota, USA)|Heartland]]||Lake Benton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hidden Lake Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Hidden Lake]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hidden Valley Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Hidden Valley]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[High River Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|High River]]||High River, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Garden City, South Dakota, USA)|Hillcrest]]||Garden City, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillcrest]]||Dundurn, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hilldale Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hilldale]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillridge Hutterite Colony (Barnwell, Alberta, Canada)|Hillridge]]||Barnwell, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Justice, Manitoba, Canada)|Hillside]]||Justice, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]]||Sweetgrass, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Hillside]]||Doland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillsvale Hutterite Colony (Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillsvale]]||Cut Knife, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillview Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Hillview]]||Rosebud, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hodgeville Hutterite Colony (Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hodgeville]]||Hodgeville, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holden Hutterite Colony (Holden, Alberta, Canada)|Holden]]||Holden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holmfield Hutterite Colony (Holmfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Holmfield]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]]||Irma, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Homewood Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Homewood]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Horizon]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Lowe Farm, Manitoba, Canada)|Horizon]]||Lowe Farm, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Hughenden Hutterite Colony (Hughenden, Alberta, Canada)|Hughenden]]||Hughenden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Brownlee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Huron]]||Brownlee, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Stratford, South Dakota, USA)|Hutterville]]||Stratford, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Huxley Hutterite Colony (Huxley, Alberta, Canada)|Huxley]]||Huxley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Interlake Hutterite Colony (Teulon, Manitoba, Canada)|Interlake]]||Teulon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Iron Creek Hutterite Colony (Bruce, Alberta, Canada)|Iron Creek]]||Bruce, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]]||Utica, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jenner Hutterite Colony (Jenner, Alberta, Canada)|Jenner]]||Jenner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kamsley Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Kamsley]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Keho Lake Hutterite Colony (Barons, Alberta, Canada)|Keho Lake]]||Barons, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Keystone Hutterite Colony (Warren, Manitoba, Canada)|Keystone]]||Warren, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Kilby Butte Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Kilby Butte]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch]]||Lewiston, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Kings Lake Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Kings Lake]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsbury Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Kingsbury]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsland Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Kingsland]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kyle Hutterite Colony (Elrose, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Kyle]]||Kyle, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Lajord Hutterite Colony (White City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lajord]]||White City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lake View Hutterite Colony (Lake Andes, South Dakota, USA)|Lake View]]||Lake Andes, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cranford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Lakeview Hutterite Colony (Unity, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lakeview]]||Unity, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lathom Hutterite Colony (Brooks, Alberta, Canada)|Lathom]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Leask Hutterite Colony (Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Leask]]||Leask, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Leedale Hutterite Colony (Rimbey, Alberta, Canada)|Leedale]]||Rimbey, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lismore Hutterite Colony (Clinton, Minnesota, USA)|Lismore]]||Clinton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Little Bow Hutterite Colony (Champion, Alberta, Canada)|Little Bow]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Little Creek Hutterite Colony (Marquette, Manitoba, Canada)|Little Creek]]||Marquette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Livingstone Hutterite Colony (Lundbreck, Alberta, Canada)|Livingstone]]||Lundbreck, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lomond Hutterite Colony (Lomond, Alberta, Canada)|Lomond]]||Lomond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lone Pine Hutterite Colony (Botha, Alberta, Canada)|Lone Pine]]||Botha, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Long Lake Hutterite Colony (Wetonka, South Dakota, USA)|Long Lake]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Loring Hutterite Colony (Loring, Montana, USA)|Loring]]||Loring, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lost River Hutterite Colony (Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lost River]]||Allan, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lougheed Hutterite Colony (Lougheed, Alberta, Canada)|Lougheed]]||Lougheed, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|MacMillan]]||Cayley, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Main Centre Hutterite Colony (Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Main Centre]]||Rush Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mannville Hutterite Colony (Mannville, Alberta, Canada)|Mannville]]||Mannville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Maple Grove Hutterite Colony (Lauder, Manitoba, Canada)|Maple Grove]]||Lauder, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Maple River Hutterite Colony (Fullerton, North Dakota, USA)|Maple River]]||Fullerton, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marble Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hodgson, Manitoba, Canada)|Marble Ridge]]||Hodgson, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marlin Hutterite Colony (Marlin, Washington, USA)|Marlin]]||Marlin, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Martinsdale Hutterite Colony (Martinsdale, Montana, USA)|Martinsdale]]||Martinsdale, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Maxwell]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell]]||Scotland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfair Hutterite Colony (Killarney, Manitoba, Canada)|Mayfair]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Mayfield]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Willow Lake, South Dakota, USA)|Mayfield]]||Willow Lake, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[McGee Hutterite Colony (McGee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McGee]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[McMahon Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McMahon]]||MacMahon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mialta Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Mialta]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Miami]]||Morden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Midland Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Midland]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Midway Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|Midway]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milden Hutterite Colony (Milden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Milden]]||Milden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Wolf Creek, Montana, USA)|Milford]]||Wolf Creek, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millbrook Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Millbrook]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Miller Hutterite Colony (Choteau, Montana, USA)|Miller]]||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]]||Miller, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[MillsHof Hutterite Colony (Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada)|MillsHof]]||Glenboro, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Miltow Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Miltow]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mixburn Hutterite Colony (Minburn, Alberta, Canada)|Mixburn]]||Minburn, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Morinville Hutterite Colony (Alcomdale, Alberta, Canada)|Morinville]]||Morinville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Mountain View]]||Strathmore, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Broadview, Montana, USA)|Mountain View]]||Broadview, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Netley Hutterite Colony (Petersfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Netley]]||Petersfield, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Neu Muehl Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Neu Muehl]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neudorf Hutterite Colony (Kersey, Alberta, Canada)|Neudorf]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neuhof Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Neuhof]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring]]||Ethan, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New Miami Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|New Miami]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| New Rockport||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York]]||Lethbridge, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|Newdale]]||Milo, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Souris, Manitoba, Canada)|Newdale]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Elkton, South Dakota, USA)|Newdale]]||Elkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newell Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Newell]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newhaven Hutterite Colony (Argyle, Manitoba, Canada)|Newhaven]]||Argyle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newport Hutterite Colony (Claremont, South Dakota, USA)|Newport]]||Claremont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norfeld Hutterite Colony (White, South Dakota, USA)|Norfeld]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norquay Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Norquay]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[North Harlem Hutterite Colony (Harlem, Montana, USA)|North Harlem]]||Harlem, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Northern Breeze Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Northern Breeze]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[O. B. Hutterite Colony (Marwayne, Alberta, Canada)|O.B.]]||Marwayne, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O. K.]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]]||Morris, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oak Lane Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Oak Lane]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Oak River Hutterite Colony (Oak River, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak River]]||Oak River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oaklane Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Oaklane]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oakridge Hutterite Colony (Holland, Manitoba, Canada)|Oakridge]]||Holland, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Odanah Hutterite Colony (Rufford, Manitoba, Canada)|Odanah]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Parkston, South Dakota, USA)|Old Elm Spring]]||Parkston, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Orland Hutterite Colony (Montrose, South Dakota, USA)|Orland]]||Montrose, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Parkland Hutterite Colony (Parkland, Alberta, Canada)|Parkland]]||Nanton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Parkview Hutterite Colony (Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Parkview]]||Riding Mountain, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Peace View Hutterite Colony (Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace View]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]]||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembina Hutterite Colony (Darlingford, Manitoba, Canada)|Pembina]]||Darlingford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembrook Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Pembrook]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pennant Hutterite Colony (Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Pennant]]||Pennant, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Creek Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Pine Creek]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pine Haven Hutterite Colony (Westaskiwin, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Haven]]||Wetaskiwin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill]]||Red Deer, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pineland Hutterite Colony (Piney, Manitoba, Canada)|Pineland]]||Piney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Plain Lake Hutterite Colony (Two Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Plain Lake]]||Two Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Plainview]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Plainview]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Plainview]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Clive, Alberta, Canada)|Pleasant Valley]]||Clive, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Belt, Montana, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Belt, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Flandreau, South Dakota, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Flandreau, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Poinsett Hutterite Colony (Estelline, South Dakota, USA)|Poinsett]]||Estelline, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pondera Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Pondera]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponderosa Hutterite Colony (Grassy Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Ponderosa]]||Grassy Lake, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponteix Hutterite Colony (Ponteix, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ponteix]]||Ponteix, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Prairie Blossom Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Prairie Blossom]]||Stonewall, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Prairie Elk Hutterite Colony (Wolf Point, Montana, USA)|Prairie Elk]]||Wolf Point, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Prairie Home Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie Home]]||Wrentham, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Prairie View Hutterite Colony (Sibbald, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie View]]||Sibbald, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Quill Lake Hutterite Colony (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Quill Lake]]||Quill Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rainbow Hutterite Colony (Innisfail, Alberta, Canada)|Rainbow]]||Innisfail, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Raymore Hutterite Colony (Raymore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Raymore]]||Raymore, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Red Willow]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Toronto, South Dakota, USA)|Red Willow]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ribstone Hutterite Colony (Edgerton, Alberta, Canada)|Ribstone]]||Edgerton, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridge Valley Hutterite Colony (Crooked Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Ridge Valley]]||Crooked Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Hussar, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ridgeville Hutterite Colony (Ridgeville, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeville]]||Ridgeville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rimrock Hutterite Colony (Sunburst, Montana, USA)|Rimrock]]||Sunburst, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[River Road Hutterite Colony (Milk River, Alberta, Canada)|River Road]]||Milk River, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Mossleigh, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Waldheim, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Waldheim, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]]||Arden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Riverview]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverview]]||Saskatoon, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Grosse Isle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]]||Pendroy, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Roland||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rolling Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Rolling Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosalind Hutterite Colony (Rosalind, Alberta, Canada)|Rosalind]]||Camrose, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Glen Hutterite Colony (Hilda, Alberta, Canada)|Rose Glen]]||Hilda, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Graysville, Manitoba, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Graysville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Verwood, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Assiniboia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosebank Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosebank]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosetown Hutterite Colony (Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosetown]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rustic Acres Hutterite Colony (Madison, South Dakota, USA)|Rustic Acres]]||Madison, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sage Creek Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sage Creek]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sand Lake Hutterite Colony (Orkney, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sand Lake]]||Val Marie, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhills]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Schoonover Hutterite Colony (Odessa, Washington, USA)|Schoonover]]||Odessa, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]]||Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scott Hutterite Colony (Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Scott]]||Scott, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Seville Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Seville]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shadow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Airdrie, Alberta, Canada)|Shadow Ranch]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Wanham, Alberta, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Treherne, Manitoba, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Treherne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Shamrock]]||Bow Island, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Shamrock]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Shannon Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Shannon]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Silver Creek Hutterite Colony (Ferintosh, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Creek]]||Ferintoch, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Lake Hutterite Colony (Clark, South Dakota, USA)|Silver Lake]]||Clark, South Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Sage Hutterite Colony (Nemiskam, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Sage]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Silverwinds Hutterite Colony (Sperling, Manitoba, Canada)|Silverwinds]]||Sperling, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Simmie Hutterite Colony (Simmie, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Simmie]]||Admiral, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sky Light Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Sky Light]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sky View Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Sky View]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Smiley Hutterite Colony (Smiley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Smiley]]||Smiley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Smoky Lake Hutterite Colony (Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Smoky Lake]]||Smoky Lake, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sommerfeld Hutterite Colony (High Bluff, Manitoba, Canada)|Sommerfeld]]||High Bluff, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Souris River Hutterite Colony (Elgin, Manitoba, Canada)|Souris River]]||Elgin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[South Bend Hutterite Colony (Alliance, Alberta, Canada)|South Bend]]||Alliance, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[South Peace Hutterite Colony (Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada)|South Peace]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Southland Hutterite Colony (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Southland]]||Herbert, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sovereign Hutterite Colony (Sovereign, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sovereign]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spokane Hutterite Colony (Reardan, Washington, USA)|Spokane]]||Reardan, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Walsh, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Creek]]||Walsh, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Hill Hutterite Colony (Springhill, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Hill]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (Oldham, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Lake]]||Arlington, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Lake]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Point Hutterite Colony (Brocket, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Point]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Prairie Hutterite Colony (Hawley, Minnesota, USA)|Spring Prairie]]||Hawley, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Ridge Hutterite Colony (Wainwright, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Ridge]]||Wainwright, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Side Hutterite Colony (Duchess, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Side]]||Duchess, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Spring Coulee, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Spring Coulee, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Shilo, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Wessington Springs, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Valley]]||Wessington Springs, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring View Hutterite Colony (Gem, Alberta, Canada)|Spring View]]||Gem, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Water Hutterite Colony (Ruthilda, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Water]]||Ruthilda, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springdale Hutterite Colony (White Sulpher Springs, Montana, USA)|Springdale]]||White Sulphur, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Springfield]]||Kindersley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springwater Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Springwater]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Spruce Lane||Blanchard, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sprucewood Hutterite Colony (Brookdale, Manitoba, Canada)|Sprucewood]]||Brookdale, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Stahl Hutterite Colony (Ritzville, Washington, USA)|Stahl]]||Ritzville, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Standard Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Standard]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Standoff Hutterite Colony (Fort MacLeod, Alberta, Canada)|Standoff]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stanfield Hutterite Colony (Stanfield, Oregon, USA)|Stanfield]]||Stanfield, Oregon||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Star City Hutterite Colony (Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Star City]]||Star City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starbrite Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Starbrite]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Starland]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Gibbon, Minnesota, USA)|Starland]]||Gibbon, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Starlite Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Starlite]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]]||Headingley, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Kleefeld, Manitoba, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Tourond, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sundale Hutterite Colony (Milnor, North Dakota, USA)|Sundale]]||Milnor, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunny Bend Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Bend]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Brook Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sunny Brook]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunny Dale Hutterite Colony (Arelee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sunny Dale]]||Perdue, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Site Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Site]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sunrise Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Sunrise]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunset Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Sunset]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunshine Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Sunshine]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Surprise Creek Hutterite Colony (Stanford, Montana, USA)|Surprise Creek]]||Stanford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Swift Current Hutterite Colony (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Three Hills Hutterite Colony (Three Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Three Hills]]||Three Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thunderbird Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Thunderbird]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tofield Hutterite Colony (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)|Tofield]], Alberta||Tofield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tompkins Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Sasakatchewan, Canada)|Tompkins]]||Tompkins, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Treesbank Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Treesbank]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Trileaf Hutterite Colony (Baldur, Manitoba, Canada)|Trileaf]]||Baldur, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter]]||Irricana, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Turin Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Turin]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Turner Hutterite Colony (Turner, Montana, USA)|Turner]]||Turner, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Falher, Alberta, Canada)|Twilight]]||Falher, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada)|Twilight]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Twin Creek Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Creek]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Hills Hutterite Colony (Carter, Montana, USA)|Twin Hills]]||Carter, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Rivers Hutterite Colony (Manning, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Rivers]]||Manning, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Upland Hutterite Colony (Letcher, South Dakota, USA)|Upland]]||Artesian, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Valley Centre Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Valley Centre]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Linden, Alberta, Canada)|Valley View]]||Torrington, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Valley View]]||Swan Lake, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Valleyview Ranch Hutterite Colony (Valley View, Alberta, Canada)|Valleyview Ranch]]||Valley View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Vanguard Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Vanguard]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vegreville Hutterite Colony (Vegreville, Alberta, Canada)|Vegreville]]||Vegreville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Verdant Valley Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Verdant Valley]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vermillion Hutterite Colony (Sanford, Manitoba, Canada)|Vermillion]]||Sanford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Veteran Hutterite Colony (Veteran, Alberta, Canada)|Veteran]]||Veteran, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Viking Hutterite Colony (Viking, Alberta, Canada)|Viking]]||Viking, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waldeck Hutterite Colony (Waldeck, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Waldeck]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Warburg Hutterite Colony (Warburg, Alberta, Canada)|Warburg]]||Warburg, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Warden Hutterite Colony (Warden, Washington, USA)|Warden]]||Warden, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waterton Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Waterton]]||Hillspring, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Webb Hutterite Colony (Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Webb]]||Webb, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wellwood Hutterite Colony (Ninette, Manitoba, Canada)|Wellwood]]||Ninette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[West Bench Hutterite Colony (Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada)|West Bench]]||East End, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Westroc Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Westroc]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Westwood Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Westwood]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tudor, Alberta, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tower City, North Dakota, USA)|Wheatland]]||Tower City, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Shackleton, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Cabri, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[White Lake Hutterite Colony (Nobleford, Alberta, Canada)|White Lake]]||Nobleford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[White Rock Hutterite Colony (White Rock, South Dakota, USA)|White Rock]]||Rosholt, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Whiteshell Hutterite Colony (River Hills, Manitoba, Canada)|Whiteshell]]||River Hills, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wild Rose Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Wild Rose]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Claresholm, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Cartwright, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Willow Park Hutterite Colony (Tessier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Willow Park]]||Tessier, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Willowbank Hutterite Colony (Edgeley, North Dakota, USA)|Willowbank]]||Edgeley, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Windy Bay Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Windy Bay]]||Pilot Mound, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wingham Hutterite Colony (Wingham, Manitoba, Canada)|Wingham]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Winnifred Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Winnifred]]||Medicine Hat, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Wintering Hills Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Wintering Hills]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]]||Stirling, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (Hutchinson County, South Dakota, USA)|Wolf Creek]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wollman Ranch Hutterite Colony (Elgin, North Dakota, USA)|Wollman Ranch]]||Elgin, North Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Woodland Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Woodland]]||Poplar Point, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wymark Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wymark]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Zenith Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Zenith]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|}

== 2026 Update ==
In 2026 a study published in The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities summarized the first attempt at a detailed census of Hutterites, based on a 2024 Hutterite-published directory. The total population of Hutterites was 58,392 in 544 colonies in North America. The number of colonies had grown 12.6% from 483 in 2009 to 544 in 2024. The Lehrerleut, the smallest of the three groups, added the most colonies in the last 15 years, growing by 16.5% to 162 colonies. The Dariusleut grew by 20 to 179 colonies, and the Schmiedeleut grew by 16 to 195 colonies. The census also indicated that the Lehrerleut had 18 colonies in formation, the Dariusleut 10, and the Schmiedeleut 11.

<center>
=== Number of Hutterite Colonies, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 120
| | 2
| |
| | 35
| | 157
| |
| |
| | 15
| | 1
| | 1
| |
| | 5
| | 22
| | 179
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 76
| |
| |
| | 40
| | 116
| |
| |
| | 46
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 46
| | 162
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 113
| |
| | 113
| | 7
| |
| |
| | 8
| |
| | 67
| |
| | 82
| | 195
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 54
| |
| | 54
| | 3
| |
| |
| | 1
| |
| | 6
| |
| | 10
| | 64
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 59
| |
| | 59
| | 4
| |
| |
| | 7
| |
| | 61
| |
| | 72
| | 131
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 1
| | 2
| | 2
| | 5
| | 2
| | 1
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 3
| | 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 196
| | 3
| | 115
| | 77
| | 391
| | 9
| | 1
| | 61
| | 9
| | 1
| | 67
| | 5
| | 153
| | 544
|}
</center>

<center>
=== Population of Hutterites, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 12,093
| | 258
| |
| | 3,609
| | 15,960
| |
| |
| | 738
| | 23
| | 77
| |
| | 648
| | 1,486
| | 17,446
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 8,906
| |
| | 4,045
| | 12,951
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| | 17,919
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 12,616
| |
| | 12,616
| | 750
| |
| |
| | 1,026
| |
| | 7,955
| |
| | 9,731
| | 22,347
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 5,864
| |
| | 5,864
| | 210
| |
| |
| | 43
| |
| | 692
| |
| | 945
| | 6,809
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 6,752
| |
| | 6,752
| | 540
| |
| |
| | 983
| |
| | 7,263
| |
| | 8,786
| | 15,538
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 36
| | 39
| | 219
| | 294
| | 308
| | 78
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 386
| | 680
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 20,999
| | 294
| | 12,655
| | 7,873
| | 41,821
| | 1,058
| | 78
| | 5,706
| | 1,049
| | 77
| | 7,955
| | 648
| | 16,571
| | 58,392
|}
</center>
Note: All data is from ''The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities'' (2026). Colonies outside of North America are not included. Schmeideleut Group 1 has a colony in Utu-Abak, Nigeria, and there is an independent
colony in Paraguay (recently relocated from Australia).

See also [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof, ]][[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]

= Bibliography =
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Arnold, Eberhard. <em>God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold</em>, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount</em>, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>The Early Anabaptists.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. <em>When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas</em>, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. <em>Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities</em>, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." <em>Sojourners</em> 13 (May 1984): 16-20.

Beck, Josef. <em>Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn</em>. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.

Bennett, John W. <em>Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People.</em> Stanford U. Press, 1967.

<em>The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch]</em>, trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.

Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." <em>Journal of Political Economy </em>(1924): 357-374, 468-486.

Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. <em>Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. </em>Glencoe, Ill, 1954.

Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. <em>Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population </em>(Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.

Eggers, Ulrich. <em>Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA.</em> Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. <em>Community for Life.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. <em>Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.

Fischer, Hans. <em>Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. </em>Newton, KS, 1957.

Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>(1955).

Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." <em>Mennonite Life </em>(July 1946): 38-43.

Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>30 (October 1956): 259-266.

Friedmann, Robert, ed., <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer</em>, vol. 3: <em>Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter</em>, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.

Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons."<em> Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 128-136.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary</em>, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667.</em> Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." <em>Mennonite Life</em> 25 (October 1970): 159-64.

Gross, Leonard. <em>The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Gross, Paul. <em>The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites.</em> Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.

Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.

Hofer, John. <em>The History of the Hutterites.</em> Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

Hofer, Joshua. <em>Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde.</em> Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.

Hofer, Peter. <em>The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs.</em> Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. <em>Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada.</em> Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Hutterite Life</em>, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.

Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. </em> Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.

<em>Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767</em>, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.

<em>Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder...</em>. Scottdale, PA, 1914; reprints: Winnipeg, 1953; Cayley, AB, 1962.

Horsch, John. <em>The Hutterian Brethren. </em>Goshen, IN, 1931.

Hruby, Fr. <em>Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren. </em>Leipzig, 1935.

Huber, Tim. "Census Documents Growth of Hutterite Population, Colonies." ''Anabaptist World'' (3 April 2026). Web. 4 April 2026. https://anabaptistworld.org/census-documents-growth-of-hutterite-population-colonies/.

Hutter, Jakob. <em>Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1979.

Kleinsasser, Jacob, Hardy Arnold, Jakob Hofer and Daniel Moody. <em>For the Sake of Divine Truth</em>. Rifton, NY: Plough 1974, a report on a journey to Europe in the summer of 1974.

Längin, Bernd. <em>Die Hutterer: Gefangene der Vergangenheit, Pilger der Gegenwart, Propheten der Zukunft.</em> Hamburg und Zürich: Rasch and Roehring, 1986.

Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).

Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." <em>Mennonite Historical Bulletin</em> 41 (July 1980): 1-6.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em> (<em>MWH</em>), ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference [MWC], 1978: 352-56.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em>, Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, I:: MWC, 1984: 141.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook,</em> ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, IL: MWC, 1990: 413.

Mow, Merrill. "Community Living in our Time. An Account of the Bruderhof Communities." <em>Brethren Life and Thought</em> 1, no. 5 (Autumn 1956): 43-52.

Müller, Lydia. <em>Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. </em>Leipzig, 1927.

Müller, Lydia, ed. <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 1</em>, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 20. Leipzig, 1938.

Nolt, S. M. "Research Note: Hutterite Population and Colonies, 2024, with a 15-Year Comparison of Colony Numbers." ''The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities'' 6 (1) (2026): 52-56. https://doi.org/10.18061/jpac.7063.

Peters, Victor. <em>All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life.</em> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.

Riedemann, Peter. <em>Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith</em>, trans. Kathleen E. Hasenberg. London: Hodder and Stoughton, and Plough Publishing House, 1938, 1950, 1970.

Sommer, J. "Hutterite Medicine and Physicians in Moravia in the 16th Century and After." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 111-127.

Thomson, Barbara R. "The Challenge of True Brotherhood." <em>Christianity Today</em> (25 March 1985): 22-28.

Waltner, Gary J. "The Educational System of the Hutterian Anabaptists and their <em>Schulordnung</em> of the 16th and 17th Centuries." MA thesis, History Dept., U. of South Dakota, 1975.

Wiswedel, Wilhelm. <em>Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum,</em> 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.

Wolkan, Rudolf. <em>Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit</em> Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947. With exhaustive bibliography to that date.
{{GAMEO_footer-4|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409|date=April 2026|a1_last=Friedmann|a1_first=Robert|a2_last=Hofer|a2_first=John|a3_last=Meier|a3_first=Hans|a4_last=Hinde|a4_first=John V.}}
[[Category:Denominations]]

Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

2026-04-04T16:54:57Z

RichardThiessen: /* Number of Hutterite Colonies, 2024 */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
== 1955 Article ==
=== Introduction ===
[[File:ME2_858.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & [[Transylvania|Transylvania]].<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.'']]

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

=== Early Development ===

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] territories, [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Austria|Austria]], [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]], etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that [[Blaurock, Georg (ca. 1492-1529)|Georg Blaurock]] of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the [[Inn Valley (Austria)|Inn Valley]]. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] (and in particular the manorial estate [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Hubmaier]] could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, [[Liechtenstein, Leonhard von (1482-1534)|one of the Liechtensteins]] himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

[[File:ME2_860.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860'']]

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "[[Schwertler|Schwertler]]" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was [[Wideman, Jakob (d. 1535/6)|Jacob Wiedemann]], the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were [[Schützinger, Simon (16th century)|Siegmund Schützinger]], [[Zaunring, Georg (d. 1531/38)|Jörg Zaunring]], and [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]] (for details see [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]], [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]], also [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]] and [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], an Anabaptist from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] broke up into three groups: <em>(a) </em>Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on <em>Hutterische Brüder. </em>Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, <em>(b) </em>The Philippites, named after [[Weber, Philipp|Philipp Plener]] or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see [[Ausbund|Ausbund]]), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it <em>[[Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]] </em>(see also [[Haffner, Hans (16th century)|Hans Haffner]]). <em>(c) </em>The [[Gabrielites|Gabrielites]], named after [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]]. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the <em>Geschicht-Buch, </em>Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "[[Swiss Brethren|Swiss Brethren]]," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of [[Marpeck, Pilgram (d. 1556)|Pilgram Marpeck ]] were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

[[File:AMC_X-31-1_17_30.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.<br />
Scan courtesy [http://www.mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/ Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen] X-31.1, Box 17/30'']]

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Hans Amon]] of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]] of Tyrol, [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon [[Mandates|mandates]] by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564)|Ferdinand]] (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

[[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the <em>Vorsteher </em>or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners <em>(Sendboten) </em>were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 [[Falkenstein (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Falkenstein]] Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the <em>Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft)</em> 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with [[Lanzenstiel, Leonhard (d. 1565)|Leonhard Lanzenstiel]] or Seiler.

[[File:ME2_861a.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

=== The Golden Period ===

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]]; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the [[Dietrichstein family|Dietrichsteins]] bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

[[File:ME2_861b.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]], a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], the <em>Handbüchlein, </em>the book called <em>Anschlag und Fürwenden, </em>etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a <em>Schreibstube </em>or <em>scriptorium)</em>; the great <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>was then begun by [[Braitmichel, Kaspar (d. 1573)|Kaspar Braitmichel]] on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see [[Antitrinitarianism|Antitrinitarianism]]), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the <em>Vorsteher </em>[[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. <em>(a) </em>The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]]. [[Dietrichstein family|Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein]] gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and [[Fischer, Christoph Andreas (1560-after 1610)|Christoph Andreas Fischer]], in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see [[Eysvogel, Johann (16th century)|Eysvogel]] and [[Jedelshauser, Hans (16th century)|Jedelshauser]]). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, <em>(b) </em>Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see [[Böger, Salomon (d. 1610)|Böger]]). Eventually <em>(c) </em>the event, later called the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]], 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>(570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

[[File:ME2_863.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863'']]
[[File:ME2_864.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864'']]

=== Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis ===

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see [[Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoph von (1621-1676)|Grimmelshausen]]). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Andreas Ehrenpreis]], 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in [[Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Mannheim]] in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]]). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called <em>Lehr und Vorred). </em>The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such <em>Lehren </em>(some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many <em>Vorreden </em>(shorter sermons). The <em>Klein-Geschichtsbueh </em>(204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]]). [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Gemeinde Ordnung </em>of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

=== Persecution of the 18th Century ===

After [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The [[Hutterite Chronicles|Great Chronicle]] ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded <em>(Inv. Arch. Amst. </em>II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for [[Hungary|Hungary]]. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname <em>[[Habáner|Habaner]] </em>became the general name for these people.

=== Immigration to Russia ===

In [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]] to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter [[Walachia (Romania)|Walachia]] (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against [[Russia|Russia]]) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general [[Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovitch (1725-1796)|Count Rumyantsev]], who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] (then a rather sparsely populated area). At [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Radichev]], 10 miles north. It was [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner]] (born in [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]]) who was then the most outstanding <em>Vorsteher </em>of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna district]], under the sponsorship of the Mennonite [[Cornies, Johann (1789-1848)|Johann Cornies]]), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.

=== Immigration to America ===

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the [[United States of America|United States]], where they chose the prairie land of the Dakota Territory that later became the state of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879. About one third, approximately 400 people, chose settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the <em>[[Dariusleut|Darius-Leut]] </em>(named after [[Walter, Darius (1835-1903)|Darius Walter]], their leader), [[Schmiedeleut|<em>Schmiede-Leut </em>]](after [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner]], a blacksmith, their leader), and <em>[[Lehrerleut|Lehrer-Leut]] </em>(named after Jacob Wipf, a teacher called the <em>Lehrer). </em>The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. The other two thirds of the Brethren chose to settle close together on individual farms and in time became known as [[Prairieleut Hutterian Brethren|Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren]]. They also settled in the Dakota Territory. The Prairieleut formed their own congregations and in time most of these congregations joined the [[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] or the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonites]].

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to [[Canada|Canada]] where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], and south central [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central [[Montana (USA)|Montana]] from Alberta. The American federal government treated Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren in a similar manner with discrimination, harassment, and imprisonment for a few. A number of Prairieleut families also fled to Canada.

In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. [[Bruderhof Communities]] has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]]) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]] and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's <em>Rechenschaft </em>of 1540 and [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' great <em>Sendbrief </em>of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]], [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Ceramics|Ceramics]], [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts]], [[Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren|Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren]], [[Education, Hutterite|Education — Hutterite]], Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Hutter]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Amon]], Riedemann, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Walpot]], [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Braidl]], [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]], and on their books, [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]], Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]], regarding their regulations and discipline, [[Marriage, Hutterite Practices|Marriage]], [[Medicine Among the Hutterites|Medicine among the Hutterites]], dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article [[Habáner|Habaner]] which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

<div align="center">

<h3 style="text-align: center;">List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s</h3> <strong>Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622</strong>

(According to E. Crous, <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alecowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Alexowitz]] (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)
|-
| 2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 3. [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]]
|-
| 4. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]
|-
| 5. [[Pergen (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bergen]] (Pergen)
|-
| 6. [[Billowitz Hutterite Colony (Moravia)|Bilowitz]] (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)
|-
| 7. Birnbaum
|-
| 8. Bisenz ([[Bisenz Hutterite Colony (Bisenz, Moravia)|Bisentz]]) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)
|-
| 10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/[[Podusilna (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)|Bochtitz]]-Pochtitz) (1546)
|-
| 11. Boretitz/Borzetitz ([[Paraditz (Czech Republic)|Paraditz]]) (1545)
|-
| 12. Budespitz/Butschowitz ([[Bučovice (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bucovic]], Pudespitz) (1536)
|-
| 13. [[Budkov (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Budkau (Budkaw)]]
|-
| 14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)
|-
| 15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz ([[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]) (Kaunitz, 1550)
|-
| 16. [[Eibenschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Eibenschitz]] (Lipa)
|-
| 17. Eihis
|-
| 18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)
|-
| 19. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]] (1581)
|-
| 20. [[Gobschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gobschitz/Gubschitz]] (1545)
|-
| 21. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]] (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 22. Gurda/[[Gurdau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gurdau]]
|-
| 23. Herspitz ([[Gerspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gerspitz]])
|-
| 24. Hosterlitz
|-
| 25. Hrubschitz ([[Rupschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Rupschitz]]) (1546)
|-
| 26. Jamnitz
|-
| 27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)
|-
| 28. Kanitz
|-
| 29. [[Kobylí (Okres Břeclav, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kobily]]/Kobyli (Kobelitz)
|-
| 30. Kostl/Kostel ([[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]]) (Zierotin)
|-
| 31. Kreuz ([[Creutz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Creutz]]) (Lipa, 1565)
|-
| 32. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]] (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz ([[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]])
|-
| 34. [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg (Breclav)]]
|-
| 35. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz/Millotitz]]
|-
| 36. Mistrin/Mistrin
|-
| 37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)
|-
| 38. Muschau
|-
| 39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 40. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (east of Auspitz)
|-
| 41. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (near Prahlitz) (1562)
|-
| 42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)
|-
| 43. [[Neudorf (Morava, Czech Republic)|Neudorf near Lundenburg]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)
|-
| 44. [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] (Liechtenstein, 1558)
|-
| 45. [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)
|-
| 46. Nikolschitz/[[Nikoltschitz (Olomoucký kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikoltschitz]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 47. [[Nusslau (Morava, Czech Republic)|Nusslau]] (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)
|-
| 48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)
|-
| 50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)
|-
| 51. Polau/Pollau
|-
| 52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)
|-
| 53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)
|-
| 54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 55. Pruschank/Pruschanek
|-
| 56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)
|-
| 57. [[Bohuslavice (Moravskoslezský kraj, Czech Republic)|Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz)]] (1546)
|-
| 58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)
|-
| 61. Rohatetz
|-
| 62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)
|-
| 63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)
|-
| 65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)
|-
| 66. [[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)
|-
| 67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz
|-
| 68. Skalitz ([[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]) (1563)
|-
| 69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz
|-
| 69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz
|-
| 70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz
|-
| 71. Swetlau
|-
| 72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)
|-
| 73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz
|-
| 74. Tracht (1558)
|-
| 75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)
|-
| 76. Turnitz-[[Durdenitz (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Durdenitz]]
|-
| 77. [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)
|-
| 78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)
|-
| 79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)
|-
| 79a. Weisstätten
|-
| 80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)
|-
| 81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)
|-
| 82. Wessely (1546)
|-
| 83. Wischenau
|-
| 84. Wisternitz
|-
| 85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)
|}

<strong>Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762</strong>

(According to E. Crous,<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

{| class="wikitable"
| I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547)
|-
| II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra)
|-
| III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)
|-
| IV. Egbell (Neutra)
|-
| V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)
|-
| VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra)
|-
| VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)
|-
| VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550)
|-
| IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)
|-
| X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]])
|-
| XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622)
|-
| XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)
|-
| XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)
|-
| XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548)
|}
<strong>Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622</strong>

(According to Fr. Hruby,<em> Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, </em>Leipzig, 1935)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. <em>Lundenburg-Billowitz:</em> [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf
|-
| 2. <em>Seelowitz: </em>Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz
|-
| 3. <em>[[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: </em>Austerlitz and Gerspitz
|-
| 4. <em>Nikolsburg: </em>[[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht
|-
| 5. <em>Steinitz: </em>[[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]
|-
| 6. <em>Kanitz: </em>Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)
|-
| 7. <em>Landshut: </em>Landshut
|-
| 8. <em>[[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: </em>Lettnitz
|-
| 9. <em>Skalitz: </em>[[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]
|-
| 10. <em>Wischenau: </em>Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]]
|-
| 11. <em>Tscheikowitz:</em>[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan
|-
| 12. <em>Bochtitz: </em>[[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]]
|-
| 13. <em>[[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: </em>Frischau
|-
| 14. <em>[[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: </em>Göding and Koblitz
|-
| 15. <em>Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: </em>Maskowitz and Oleckowitz
|-
| 16. <em>[[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: </em>Wäzenobis
|-
| 17. <em>Uhritz: </em>[[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]
|-
| 18. <em>Wesseli: </em>Wessela
|-
| 19. <em>[[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: </em>Schädewitz
|-
| 20. <em>Ungarisch-Ostra: </em>Neudorf
|-
| 21. <em>Eisgrub: </em>[[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]]
|-
| 22. <em>Ober-Tannowitz: </em>Tannewitz
|-
| 23. <em>Tulleschitz: </em>Schermankowitz
|-
| 24. <em>[[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: </em>(Wostite), Weisstätten
|-
| 25. <em>Polehraditz: </em>[[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]]
|-
| 26. <em>Tawikowitz: </em>Teikowitz
|}

<strong>Table 4: [[Transylvania|Transylvania]]</strong>

{| align="center" class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767
|-
| 2. Kreuz, 1761-1767
|-
| 3. Stein, 1761-1767
|}

<strong>Table 5: Ukraine</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802)
|-
| 2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842)
|-
| 3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1874)
|-
| 4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)
|-
| 5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)
|-
| 6. Sheromet (1868-1874)
|-
| 7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)
|}

<strong>Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches</strong> (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

{| class="wikitable"
| <strong>Name & Address of Colony</strong> || <div align="center"><strong><em>Yr. Settled</em></strong></div> || <strong><em>Population in 1950</em></strong>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]] || 1949 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| 2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">80</div>
|-
| 3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">81</div>
|-
| 4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod || 1928 || <div align="right">69</div>
|-
| 5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka || 1949 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum || 1930 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma || 1949 || <div align="right">57</div>
|-
| 8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]] || 1948 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]] || 1944 || <div align="right">78</div>
|-
| 10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford || 1935 || <div align="right">91</div>
|-
| 11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]] || 1926 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Stirling]] || 1924 || <div align="right">110</div>
|-
| 13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]] || 1926 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]] || 1948 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod || 1933 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland || 1918 || <div align="right">187</div>
|-
| 17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker || 1936 || <div align="right">114</div>
|-
| 18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford || 1918 || <div align="right">77</div>
|-
| 19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford || 1919 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]] || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]] || 1949 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]] || 1918 || <div align="right">140</div>
|-
| 25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling || 1924 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range || 1945 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers || 1947 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]] || 1935 || <div align="right">61</div>
|-
| 29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown || 1945 || <div align="right">26</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford || 1920 || <div align="right">129</div>
|-
| 31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath || 1937 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner || 1929 || <div align="right">177</div>
|-
| 33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath || 1932 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">127</div>
|-
| 35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]] || 1924 || <div align="right">103</div>
|-
| 36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond || 1918 || <div align="right">134</div>
|-
| 37. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">115</div>
|-
| 38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton || 1932 || <div align="right">113</div>
|-
| 39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond || -- || <div align="right">96</div>
|-
| 40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown || 1950 || <div align="right">60</div>
|-
| 42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham || 1935 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner || 1935 || <div align="right">186</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 45. [[Birch Creek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier || 1947 || <div align="right">95</div>
|-
| 46. Miami, Pendroy || 1948 || <div align="right">112</div>
|-
| 47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta || 1945 || <div align="right">105</div>
|-
| 48. Miller Ranch, Choteau || 1949 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau || 1948 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy || 1947 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge || 1924 || <div align="right">25</div>
|-
| 53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket || 1920 || <div align="right">15</div>
|-
| 54. Monarch, Monarch || 1942 || <div align="right">31</div>
|-
| 55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling || 1944 || <div align="right">30</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 56. [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]], Headingly || 1920 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]] || 1922 || <div align="right">132</div>
|-
| 58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">108</div>
|-
| 59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding || 1934 || <div align="right">153</div>
|-
| 60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara || 1918 || <div align="right">193</div>
|-
| 61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly || 1919 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly || 1946 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]] || 1918 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]] || 1944 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point || 1938 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone || 1946 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden || 1934 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle || 1947 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly || 1938 || <div align="right">118</div>
|-
| 73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding || 1925 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie || 1935 || <div align="right">121</div>
|-
| 75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian || 1950 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor || 1874 || <div align="right">58</div>
|-
| 78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort || 1949 || <div align="right">97</div>
|-
| 79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred || 1948 || <div align="right">71</div>
|-
| 80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron || 1944 || <div align="right">74</div>
|-
| 81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica || 1937 || <div align="right">107</div>
|-
| 82. [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]] || 1949 || <div align="right">72</div>
|-
| 83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller || 1949 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 84. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]] || 1936 || <div align="right">102</div>
|-
| 85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois || 1949 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy || 1949 || <div align="right">68</div>
|-
| 87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron || 1949 || <div align="right">48</div>
|-
| 88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria || 1934 || <div align="right">84</div>
|-
| 89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell || 1945 || <div align="right">92</div>
|-
| 90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort || 1945 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet || 1942 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>CONVERT COLONIES</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>ONTARIO</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright || 1941 || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>Bruderhof Communities</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>NEW YORK (State) </strong></div> || ||
|-
| [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton || 1954 || <div align="right">135</div>
|}

<strong>Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| || || <strong>Total</strong>
|-
| <strong>Dariusleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">2,247</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">206</div> || <div align="right">2,453</div>
|-
| <strong>Lehrerleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">1,852</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">613</div> || <div align="right">2,465</div>
|-
| <strong>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]]</strong> || ||
|-
| Manitoba || <div align="right">2,272</div> ||
|-
| South Dakota || <div align="right">1,209</div> || <div align="right">3,481</div>
|-
| <strong>Unaffiliated colonies</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">101</div> || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Kinship Colonies</strong> || || <div align="right">8,500</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)</strong> || || <div align="right">1,100</div>
|-
| <div align="right" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Total No. of Hutterites</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,600</strong></div>
|-
| || ||
|-
| <strong>SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION</strong> || ||
|-
| Montana || || <div align="right">819</div>
|-
| South Dakota || || <div align="right">1,209</div>
|-
| Alberta || || <div align="right">4,200</div>
|-
| Manitoba || || <div align="right">2,272</div>
|-
| Ontario || || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
|-
| <div align="right"><strong>Total</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,211</strong></div>
|}

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]):

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Dariusleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch
|-
| colspan="2" | 99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 100. Acadia Valley, Oyen
|-
| colspan="2" | 101. New Milford, Winnifred
|-
| colspan="2" | 102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom
|-
| colspan="2" | 103. Springside, Duchess
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon
|-
| colspan="2" | 105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek
|-
| colspan="2" | 106. Slade Colony, Tompkins
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Montana</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, Manitoba</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne
|-
| colspan="2" | 109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe
|-
| colspan="2" | 110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]]
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, South Dakota</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota
|}

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

</div> <strong>Note for the Maps: </strong><em>Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.</em>

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] in Europe with locations (concerning [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article <em>Rabenska </em>in the <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches ]]</em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|<em>Lexikon</em>]] (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his <em>Communismus </em>(1894) p. 246. This list he published in<em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1619-1622, in his <em>Wiedertäufer in Mähren </em>(Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs <em>(Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] and [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]in existence in 1947. -- <em>Robert Friedmann</em>

== 1990 Update ==

The Hutterian Brethren practice [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]], [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], Saskatchewan, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Washington (USA)|Washington]], [[Montana (USA)|Montana]], [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Minnesota (USA)|Minnesota]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], [[New York (USA)|New York]], Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the [[United States of America|United States]] from [[Russia|Russia]] in the 1870s and moved to [[Canada|Canada]] after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The <em>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] </em>(Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian [[Children|children]] attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]and [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

<em>John Hofer</em>

== 2014 Update ==

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! Colony !! Location !! Leut
|-
| [[Abbey Hutterite Colony (Abbey, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Abbey]]||Abbey, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Oyen, Alberta, Canada)|Acadia]]||Oyen, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Acadia]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Airport Hutterite Colony (Macdonald, Manitoba, Canada)|Airport]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Albion Ridge Hutterite Colony (Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada)|Albion Ridge]]||Picture Butte, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Alix Hutterite Colony (Alix, Alberta, Canada)|Alix]]||Alix, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Altona Hutterite Colony (Henderson, Minnesota, USA)|Altona]]||Henderson, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River]]||Lumsden, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Armada Hutterite Colony (Armada, Alberta, Canada)|Armada]]||Lomond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Arrowwood Hutterite Colony (Blackie, Alberta, Canada)|Arrowwood]]||Blackie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Aspenheim Hutterite Colony (Bagot, Manitoba, Canada)|Aspenheim]]||Bagot, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Athabasca||Athabasca, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Baildon Hutterite Colony (Briercrest, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Baildon]]||Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Baker Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Baker]]||Mac Gregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Beechy Hutterite Colony (Beechy, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Beechy]]||Beechy, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Belle Plaine Hutterite Colony (Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Belle Plaine]]||Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]]||Shaunavon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Bentley Hutterite Colony (Bentley, Alberta, Canada)|Bentley]]||Blackfalds, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Berry Creek Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Berry Creek]]||Hanna, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]]||Cardston, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Rose Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Big Rose]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Sky Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Big Sky]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Graceville, Minnesota, USA)|Big Stone]]||Graceville, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Sand Coulee, Montana, USA)|Big Stone]]||Sand Coulee, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Birch Creek||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Birch Hills Hutterite Colony (Peoria, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Hills]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Birch Meadows Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Meadows]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blooming Prairie Hutterite Colony (Homewood, Manitoba, Canada)|Blooming Prairie]]||Homewood, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Clay Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Blue Clay]]||Arnaud, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Ridge]]||Mountain View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Blue Sky Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Sky]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bluegrass Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Bluegrass]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengart]]||Plum Coulee, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]]||Tabor, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bone Creek Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bone Creek]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Boundary Lane Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Boundary Lane]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Bow City Hutterite Colony (Bow City, Alberta, Canada)|Bow City]]||Brooks, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Box Elder Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Box Elder]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Brant Hutterite Colony (Brant, Alberta, Canada)|Brant]]||Brant, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Brantwood Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Brantwood]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Brentwood Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Brentwood]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Brightstone Hutterite Colony (La du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada)|Brightstone]]||Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Britestone Hutterite Colony (Carbon, Alberta, Canada)|Britestone]]||Carbon, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Broad Valley Hutterite Colony (Arborg, Manitoba, Canada)|Broad Valley]]||Arborg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Brocket||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Butte Hutterite Colony (Bracken, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Butte]]||Bracken, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Byemoor Hutterite Colony (Byemoor, Alberta, Canada)|Byemoor]]||Byemoor, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cameron Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Cameron]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Cameron||Viborg, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose]]||Camrose, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Ledger, Montana, USA)|Camrose]]||Ledger, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Camrose||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[CanAm Hutterite Colony (Margaret, Manitoba, Canada)|CanAm]]||Margaret, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Carmangay Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Carmangay]]||Carmangay, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Carmichael Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Carmichael]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Cascade]]||MacGregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (Fort Shaw, Montana, USA)|Cascade]]||Sun River, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Castor Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Castor]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]]||Cayley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cedar Grove Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Cedar Grove]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Claremont Hutterite Colony (Castlewood, South Dakota, USA)|Claremont]]||Castlewood, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clark Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Clark]]||Raymond, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clear Lake Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Clear Lake]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clear Spring Hutterite Colony (Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Clear Spring]]||Kenaston, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cleardale Hutterite Colony (Cleardale, Alberta, Canada)|Cleardale]]||Cleardale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Clearfield Hutterite Colony (Wagner, South Dakota, USA)|Clearfield]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Clearview]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Elm Creek, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearview]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Clearwater Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearwater]]||Balmoral, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cloverleaf Hutterite Colony (Delia, Alberta, Canada)|Cloverleaf]]||Delia, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cluny Hutterite Colony (Cluny, Alberta, Canada)|Cluny]]||Cluny, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Codessa Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Codessa]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Collins||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Concord Hutterite Colony (Stony Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Concord]]||Winnipeg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cool Spring Hutterite Colony (Polonia, Manitoba, Canada)|Cool Spring]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Cool Springs||Rudyard, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Copperfield Hutterite Colony (Vauxhall, Alberta, Canada)|Copperfield]]||Vauxhall, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Craigmyle Hutterite Colony (Craigmyle, Alberta, Canada)|Craigmyle]]||Craigmyle, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Ste. Agathe, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Cypress River, Manitoba, Canada)|Cypress]]||Cypress River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Decker Hutterite Colony (Decker, Manitoba, Canada)|Decker]]||Decker, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Deerboine Hutterite Colony (Alexander, Manitoba, Canada)|Deerboine]]||Alexander, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Deerfield]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Deerfield]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Delco Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Delco]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Delta Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Delta]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Dinsmore Hutterite Colony (Dinsmore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Dinsmore]]||Dinsmore, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Donalda Hutterite Colony (Donalda, Alberta, Canada)|Donalda]]||Donalda, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Downie Lake Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Downie Lake]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Duncan Ranch Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Duncan Ranch]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Galata, Montana, USA)|Eagle Creek]]||Galata, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eagle Creek]]||Asquith, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ear View Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ear View]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East End Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|East End]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[East Malta Hutterite Colony (Malta, Montana, USA)|East Malta]]||Malta, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Raymond Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|East Raymond]]||Raymond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Eatonia Hutterite Colony (Eatonia, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eatonia]]||Eatonia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| Elk Creek||Augusta, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater]]||Irvine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elm Spring]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elmendorf Christian Community (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Elmendorf]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Emerald Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Emerald]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Enchant Hutterite Colony (Enchant, Alberta, Canada)|Enchant]]||Enchant, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Erskine Hutterite Colony (Erskine, Alberta, Canada)|Erskine]]||Erskine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Estuary Hutterite Colony (Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Estuary]]||Leader, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Evergreen]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fair Haven Hutterite Colony (Ulm, Montana, USA)|Fair Haven]]||Ulm, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairholme Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairholme]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fairlane Hutterite Colony (Skiff, Alberta, Canada)|Fairlane]]||Skiff, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (La Moure, North Dakota, USA)|Fairview]]||La Moure, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fairville Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Fairville]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairway Hutterite Colony (Douglas, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairway]]||Douglas, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ferrybank Hutterite Colony (Ponoka, Alberta, Canada)|Ferrybank]]||Ponoka, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Flat Willow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Flat Willow Ranch]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fordham Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Fordham]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fords Creek Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Fords Creek]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]]||Fordville, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fort Pitt Hutterite Colony (Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Fort Pitt]]||Lloydminister, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forty Mile Hutterite Colony (Lodge Grass, Montana, USA)|Forty Mile]]||Lodge Grass, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Gadsby Hutterite Colony (Hackett, Alberta, Canada)|Gadsby]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Garden Plane Hutterite Colony (Frontier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Garden Plane]]||Frontier, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Gildford Hutterite Colony (Gildford, Montana, USA)|Gildford]]||Gildford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glendale]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Glenway Hutterite Colony (Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada)|Glenway]]||Dominion City, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Glidden Hutterite Colony (Glidden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Glidden]]||Glidden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Golden Valley Hutterite Colony (Ryegate, Montana, USA)|Golden Valley]]||Ryegate, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Golden View||Salem, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Golden View Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Golden View]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Good Hope Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Good Hope]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grand Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Grand]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grandview Hutterite Colony (Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada)|Grandview]]||Grand Prairie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grant Hutterite Colony (Enderlin, North Dakota, USA)|Grant]]||Enderlin, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]]||Granum, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grass Ranch Hutterite Colony (Kimball, South Dakota, USA)|Grass Ranch]]||Kimball, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grass River Hutterite Colony (Glenella, Manitoba, Canada)|Grass River]]||Glenella, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassland Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Grassland]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassy Hill Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Grassy Hill]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Green Leaf Hutterite Colony (Marcelin, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Green Leaf]]||Marcelin, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Greenwald Hutterite Colony (Brokenhead, Manitoba, Canada)|Greenwald]]||Beausejour, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Stand Off, Alberta, Canada)|Greenwood]]||Fort Macleod, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Delmont, South Dakota, USA)|Greenwood]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hairy Hill Hutterite Colony (Hairy Hill, Alberta, Canada)|Hairy Hill]]||Hairy Hill, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hand Hills Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Hand Hills]]||Hanna, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Bashaw, Alberta, Canada)|Hartland]]||Bashaw, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hartland]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Dexter, Minnesota, USA)|Haven]]||Dexter, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Fox Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Haven]]||Fox Valley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Hazelridge, Manitoba, Canada)|Heartland]]||Hazelridge, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Lake Benton, Minnesota, USA)|Heartland]]||Lake Benton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hidden Lake Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Hidden Lake]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hidden Valley Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Hidden Valley]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[High River Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|High River]]||High River, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Garden City, South Dakota, USA)|Hillcrest]]||Garden City, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillcrest]]||Dundurn, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hilldale Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hilldale]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillridge Hutterite Colony (Barnwell, Alberta, Canada)|Hillridge]]||Barnwell, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Justice, Manitoba, Canada)|Hillside]]||Justice, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]]||Sweetgrass, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Hillside]]||Doland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillsvale Hutterite Colony (Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillsvale]]||Cut Knife, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillview Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Hillview]]||Rosebud, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hodgeville Hutterite Colony (Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hodgeville]]||Hodgeville, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holden Hutterite Colony (Holden, Alberta, Canada)|Holden]]||Holden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holmfield Hutterite Colony (Holmfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Holmfield]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]]||Irma, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Homewood Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Homewood]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Horizon]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Lowe Farm, Manitoba, Canada)|Horizon]]||Lowe Farm, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Hughenden Hutterite Colony (Hughenden, Alberta, Canada)|Hughenden]]||Hughenden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Brownlee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Huron]]||Brownlee, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Stratford, South Dakota, USA)|Hutterville]]||Stratford, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Huxley Hutterite Colony (Huxley, Alberta, Canada)|Huxley]]||Huxley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Interlake Hutterite Colony (Teulon, Manitoba, Canada)|Interlake]]||Teulon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Iron Creek Hutterite Colony (Bruce, Alberta, Canada)|Iron Creek]]||Bruce, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]]||Utica, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jenner Hutterite Colony (Jenner, Alberta, Canada)|Jenner]]||Jenner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kamsley Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Kamsley]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Keho Lake Hutterite Colony (Barons, Alberta, Canada)|Keho Lake]]||Barons, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Keystone Hutterite Colony (Warren, Manitoba, Canada)|Keystone]]||Warren, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Kilby Butte Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Kilby Butte]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch]]||Lewiston, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Kings Lake Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Kings Lake]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsbury Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Kingsbury]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsland Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Kingsland]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kyle Hutterite Colony (Elrose, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Kyle]]||Kyle, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Lajord Hutterite Colony (White City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lajord]]||White City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lake View Hutterite Colony (Lake Andes, South Dakota, USA)|Lake View]]||Lake Andes, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cranford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Lakeview Hutterite Colony (Unity, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lakeview]]||Unity, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lathom Hutterite Colony (Brooks, Alberta, Canada)|Lathom]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Leask Hutterite Colony (Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Leask]]||Leask, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Leedale Hutterite Colony (Rimbey, Alberta, Canada)|Leedale]]||Rimbey, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lismore Hutterite Colony (Clinton, Minnesota, USA)|Lismore]]||Clinton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Little Bow Hutterite Colony (Champion, Alberta, Canada)|Little Bow]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Little Creek Hutterite Colony (Marquette, Manitoba, Canada)|Little Creek]]||Marquette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Livingstone Hutterite Colony (Lundbreck, Alberta, Canada)|Livingstone]]||Lundbreck, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lomond Hutterite Colony (Lomond, Alberta, Canada)|Lomond]]||Lomond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lone Pine Hutterite Colony (Botha, Alberta, Canada)|Lone Pine]]||Botha, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Long Lake Hutterite Colony (Wetonka, South Dakota, USA)|Long Lake]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Loring Hutterite Colony (Loring, Montana, USA)|Loring]]||Loring, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lost River Hutterite Colony (Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lost River]]||Allan, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lougheed Hutterite Colony (Lougheed, Alberta, Canada)|Lougheed]]||Lougheed, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|MacMillan]]||Cayley, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Main Centre Hutterite Colony (Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Main Centre]]||Rush Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mannville Hutterite Colony (Mannville, Alberta, Canada)|Mannville]]||Mannville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Maple Grove Hutterite Colony (Lauder, Manitoba, Canada)|Maple Grove]]||Lauder, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Maple River Hutterite Colony (Fullerton, North Dakota, USA)|Maple River]]||Fullerton, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marble Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hodgson, Manitoba, Canada)|Marble Ridge]]||Hodgson, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marlin Hutterite Colony (Marlin, Washington, USA)|Marlin]]||Marlin, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Martinsdale Hutterite Colony (Martinsdale, Montana, USA)|Martinsdale]]||Martinsdale, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Maxwell]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell]]||Scotland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfair Hutterite Colony (Killarney, Manitoba, Canada)|Mayfair]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Mayfield]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Willow Lake, South Dakota, USA)|Mayfield]]||Willow Lake, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[McGee Hutterite Colony (McGee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McGee]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[McMahon Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McMahon]]||MacMahon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mialta Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Mialta]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Miami]]||Morden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Midland Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Midland]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Midway Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|Midway]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milden Hutterite Colony (Milden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Milden]]||Milden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Wolf Creek, Montana, USA)|Milford]]||Wolf Creek, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millbrook Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Millbrook]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Miller Hutterite Colony (Choteau, Montana, USA)|Miller]]||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]]||Miller, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[MillsHof Hutterite Colony (Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada)|MillsHof]]||Glenboro, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Miltow Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Miltow]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mixburn Hutterite Colony (Minburn, Alberta, Canada)|Mixburn]]||Minburn, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Morinville Hutterite Colony (Alcomdale, Alberta, Canada)|Morinville]]||Morinville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Mountain View]]||Strathmore, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Broadview, Montana, USA)|Mountain View]]||Broadview, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Netley Hutterite Colony (Petersfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Netley]]||Petersfield, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Neu Muehl Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Neu Muehl]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neudorf Hutterite Colony (Kersey, Alberta, Canada)|Neudorf]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neuhof Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Neuhof]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring]]||Ethan, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New Miami Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|New Miami]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| New Rockport||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York]]||Lethbridge, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|Newdale]]||Milo, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Souris, Manitoba, Canada)|Newdale]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Elkton, South Dakota, USA)|Newdale]]||Elkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newell Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Newell]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newhaven Hutterite Colony (Argyle, Manitoba, Canada)|Newhaven]]||Argyle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newport Hutterite Colony (Claremont, South Dakota, USA)|Newport]]||Claremont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norfeld Hutterite Colony (White, South Dakota, USA)|Norfeld]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norquay Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Norquay]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[North Harlem Hutterite Colony (Harlem, Montana, USA)|North Harlem]]||Harlem, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Northern Breeze Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Northern Breeze]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[O. B. Hutterite Colony (Marwayne, Alberta, Canada)|O.B.]]||Marwayne, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O. K.]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]]||Morris, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oak Lane Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Oak Lane]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Oak River Hutterite Colony (Oak River, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak River]]||Oak River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oaklane Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Oaklane]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oakridge Hutterite Colony (Holland, Manitoba, Canada)|Oakridge]]||Holland, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Odanah Hutterite Colony (Rufford, Manitoba, Canada)|Odanah]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Parkston, South Dakota, USA)|Old Elm Spring]]||Parkston, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Orland Hutterite Colony (Montrose, South Dakota, USA)|Orland]]||Montrose, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Parkland Hutterite Colony (Parkland, Alberta, Canada)|Parkland]]||Nanton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Parkview Hutterite Colony (Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Parkview]]||Riding Mountain, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Peace View Hutterite Colony (Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace View]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]]||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembina Hutterite Colony (Darlingford, Manitoba, Canada)|Pembina]]||Darlingford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembrook Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Pembrook]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pennant Hutterite Colony (Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Pennant]]||Pennant, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Creek Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Pine Creek]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pine Haven Hutterite Colony (Westaskiwin, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Haven]]||Wetaskiwin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill]]||Red Deer, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pineland Hutterite Colony (Piney, Manitoba, Canada)|Pineland]]||Piney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Plain Lake Hutterite Colony (Two Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Plain Lake]]||Two Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Plainview]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Plainview]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Plainview]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Clive, Alberta, Canada)|Pleasant Valley]]||Clive, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Belt, Montana, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Belt, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Flandreau, South Dakota, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Flandreau, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Poinsett Hutterite Colony (Estelline, South Dakota, USA)|Poinsett]]||Estelline, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pondera Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Pondera]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponderosa Hutterite Colony (Grassy Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Ponderosa]]||Grassy Lake, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponteix Hutterite Colony (Ponteix, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ponteix]]||Ponteix, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Prairie Blossom Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Prairie Blossom]]||Stonewall, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Prairie Elk Hutterite Colony (Wolf Point, Montana, USA)|Prairie Elk]]||Wolf Point, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Prairie Home Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie Home]]||Wrentham, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Prairie View Hutterite Colony (Sibbald, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie View]]||Sibbald, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Quill Lake Hutterite Colony (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Quill Lake]]||Quill Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rainbow Hutterite Colony (Innisfail, Alberta, Canada)|Rainbow]]||Innisfail, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Raymore Hutterite Colony (Raymore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Raymore]]||Raymore, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Red Willow]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Toronto, South Dakota, USA)|Red Willow]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ribstone Hutterite Colony (Edgerton, Alberta, Canada)|Ribstone]]||Edgerton, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridge Valley Hutterite Colony (Crooked Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Ridge Valley]]||Crooked Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Hussar, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ridgeville Hutterite Colony (Ridgeville, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeville]]||Ridgeville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rimrock Hutterite Colony (Sunburst, Montana, USA)|Rimrock]]||Sunburst, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[River Road Hutterite Colony (Milk River, Alberta, Canada)|River Road]]||Milk River, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Mossleigh, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Waldheim, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Waldheim, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]]||Arden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Riverview]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverview]]||Saskatoon, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Grosse Isle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]]||Pendroy, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Roland||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rolling Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Rolling Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosalind Hutterite Colony (Rosalind, Alberta, Canada)|Rosalind]]||Camrose, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Glen Hutterite Colony (Hilda, Alberta, Canada)|Rose Glen]]||Hilda, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Graysville, Manitoba, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Graysville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Verwood, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Assiniboia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosebank Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosebank]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosetown Hutterite Colony (Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosetown]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rustic Acres Hutterite Colony (Madison, South Dakota, USA)|Rustic Acres]]||Madison, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sage Creek Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sage Creek]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sand Lake Hutterite Colony (Orkney, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sand Lake]]||Val Marie, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhills]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Schoonover Hutterite Colony (Odessa, Washington, USA)|Schoonover]]||Odessa, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]]||Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scott Hutterite Colony (Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Scott]]||Scott, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Seville Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Seville]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shadow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Airdrie, Alberta, Canada)|Shadow Ranch]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Wanham, Alberta, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Treherne, Manitoba, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Treherne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Shamrock]]||Bow Island, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Shamrock]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Shannon Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Shannon]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Silver Creek Hutterite Colony (Ferintosh, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Creek]]||Ferintoch, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Lake Hutterite Colony (Clark, South Dakota, USA)|Silver Lake]]||Clark, South Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Sage Hutterite Colony (Nemiskam, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Sage]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Silverwinds Hutterite Colony (Sperling, Manitoba, Canada)|Silverwinds]]||Sperling, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Simmie Hutterite Colony (Simmie, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Simmie]]||Admiral, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sky Light Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Sky Light]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sky View Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Sky View]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Smiley Hutterite Colony (Smiley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Smiley]]||Smiley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Smoky Lake Hutterite Colony (Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Smoky Lake]]||Smoky Lake, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sommerfeld Hutterite Colony (High Bluff, Manitoba, Canada)|Sommerfeld]]||High Bluff, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Souris River Hutterite Colony (Elgin, Manitoba, Canada)|Souris River]]||Elgin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[South Bend Hutterite Colony (Alliance, Alberta, Canada)|South Bend]]||Alliance, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[South Peace Hutterite Colony (Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada)|South Peace]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Southland Hutterite Colony (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Southland]]||Herbert, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sovereign Hutterite Colony (Sovereign, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sovereign]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spokane Hutterite Colony (Reardan, Washington, USA)|Spokane]]||Reardan, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Walsh, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Creek]]||Walsh, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Hill Hutterite Colony (Springhill, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Hill]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (Oldham, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Lake]]||Arlington, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Lake]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Point Hutterite Colony (Brocket, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Point]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Prairie Hutterite Colony (Hawley, Minnesota, USA)|Spring Prairie]]||Hawley, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Ridge Hutterite Colony (Wainwright, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Ridge]]||Wainwright, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Side Hutterite Colony (Duchess, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Side]]||Duchess, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Spring Coulee, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Spring Coulee, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Shilo, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Wessington Springs, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Valley]]||Wessington Springs, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring View Hutterite Colony (Gem, Alberta, Canada)|Spring View]]||Gem, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Water Hutterite Colony (Ruthilda, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Water]]||Ruthilda, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springdale Hutterite Colony (White Sulpher Springs, Montana, USA)|Springdale]]||White Sulphur, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Springfield]]||Kindersley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springwater Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Springwater]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Spruce Lane||Blanchard, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sprucewood Hutterite Colony (Brookdale, Manitoba, Canada)|Sprucewood]]||Brookdale, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Stahl Hutterite Colony (Ritzville, Washington, USA)|Stahl]]||Ritzville, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Standard Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Standard]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Standoff Hutterite Colony (Fort MacLeod, Alberta, Canada)|Standoff]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stanfield Hutterite Colony (Stanfield, Oregon, USA)|Stanfield]]||Stanfield, Oregon||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Star City Hutterite Colony (Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Star City]]||Star City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starbrite Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Starbrite]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Starland]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Gibbon, Minnesota, USA)|Starland]]||Gibbon, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Starlite Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Starlite]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]]||Headingley, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Kleefeld, Manitoba, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Tourond, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sundale Hutterite Colony (Milnor, North Dakota, USA)|Sundale]]||Milnor, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunny Bend Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Bend]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Brook Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sunny Brook]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunny Dale Hutterite Colony (Arelee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sunny Dale]]||Perdue, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Site Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Site]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sunrise Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Sunrise]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunset Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Sunset]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunshine Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Sunshine]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Surprise Creek Hutterite Colony (Stanford, Montana, USA)|Surprise Creek]]||Stanford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Swift Current Hutterite Colony (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Three Hills Hutterite Colony (Three Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Three Hills]]||Three Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thunderbird Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Thunderbird]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tofield Hutterite Colony (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)|Tofield]], Alberta||Tofield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tompkins Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Sasakatchewan, Canada)|Tompkins]]||Tompkins, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Treesbank Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Treesbank]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Trileaf Hutterite Colony (Baldur, Manitoba, Canada)|Trileaf]]||Baldur, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter]]||Irricana, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Turin Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Turin]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Turner Hutterite Colony (Turner, Montana, USA)|Turner]]||Turner, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Falher, Alberta, Canada)|Twilight]]||Falher, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada)|Twilight]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Twin Creek Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Creek]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Hills Hutterite Colony (Carter, Montana, USA)|Twin Hills]]||Carter, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Rivers Hutterite Colony (Manning, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Rivers]]||Manning, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Upland Hutterite Colony (Letcher, South Dakota, USA)|Upland]]||Artesian, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Valley Centre Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Valley Centre]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Linden, Alberta, Canada)|Valley View]]||Torrington, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Valley View]]||Swan Lake, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Valleyview Ranch Hutterite Colony (Valley View, Alberta, Canada)|Valleyview Ranch]]||Valley View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Vanguard Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Vanguard]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vegreville Hutterite Colony (Vegreville, Alberta, Canada)|Vegreville]]||Vegreville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Verdant Valley Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Verdant Valley]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vermillion Hutterite Colony (Sanford, Manitoba, Canada)|Vermillion]]||Sanford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Veteran Hutterite Colony (Veteran, Alberta, Canada)|Veteran]]||Veteran, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Viking Hutterite Colony (Viking, Alberta, Canada)|Viking]]||Viking, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waldeck Hutterite Colony (Waldeck, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Waldeck]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Warburg Hutterite Colony (Warburg, Alberta, Canada)|Warburg]]||Warburg, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Warden Hutterite Colony (Warden, Washington, USA)|Warden]]||Warden, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waterton Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Waterton]]||Hillspring, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Webb Hutterite Colony (Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Webb]]||Webb, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wellwood Hutterite Colony (Ninette, Manitoba, Canada)|Wellwood]]||Ninette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[West Bench Hutterite Colony (Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada)|West Bench]]||East End, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Westroc Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Westroc]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Westwood Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Westwood]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tudor, Alberta, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tower City, North Dakota, USA)|Wheatland]]||Tower City, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Shackleton, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Cabri, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[White Lake Hutterite Colony (Nobleford, Alberta, Canada)|White Lake]]||Nobleford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[White Rock Hutterite Colony (White Rock, South Dakota, USA)|White Rock]]||Rosholt, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Whiteshell Hutterite Colony (River Hills, Manitoba, Canada)|Whiteshell]]||River Hills, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wild Rose Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Wild Rose]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Claresholm, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Cartwright, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Willow Park Hutterite Colony (Tessier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Willow Park]]||Tessier, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Willowbank Hutterite Colony (Edgeley, North Dakota, USA)|Willowbank]]||Edgeley, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Windy Bay Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Windy Bay]]||Pilot Mound, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wingham Hutterite Colony (Wingham, Manitoba, Canada)|Wingham]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Winnifred Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Winnifred]]||Medicine Hat, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Wintering Hills Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Wintering Hills]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]]||Stirling, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (Hutchinson County, South Dakota, USA)|Wolf Creek]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wollman Ranch Hutterite Colony (Elgin, North Dakota, USA)|Wollman Ranch]]||Elgin, North Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Woodland Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Woodland]]||Poplar Point, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wymark Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wymark]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Zenith Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Zenith]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|}

== 2026 Update ==
In 2026 a study published in The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities summarized the first attempt at a detailed census of Hutterites, based on a 2024 Hutterite-published directory. The total population of Hutterites was 58,392 in 544 colonies in North America. The number of colonies had grown 12.6% from 483 in 2009 to 544 in 2024. The Lehrerleut, the smallest of the three groups, added the most colonies in the last 15 years, growing by 16.5% to 162 colonies. The Dariusleut grew by 20 to 179 colonies, and the Schmiedeleut grew by 16 to 195 colonies. The census also indicated that the Lehrerleut had 18 colonies in formation, the Dariusleut 10, and the Schmiedeleut 11.

<center>
=== Number of Hutterite Colonies, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 120
| | 2
| |
| | 35
| | 157
| |
| |
| | 15
| | 1
| | 1
| |
| | 5
| | 22
| | 179
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 76
| |
| |
| | 40
| | 116
| |
| |
| | 46
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 46
| | 162
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 113
| |
| | 113
| | 7
| |
| |
| | 8
| |
| | 67
| |
| | 82
| | 195
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 54
| |
| | 54
| | 3
| |
| |
| | 1
| |
| | 6
| |
| | 10
| | 64
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 59
| |
| | 59
| | 4
| |
| |
| | 7
| |
| | 61
| |
| | 72
| | 131
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 1
| | 2
| | 2
| | 5
| | 2
| | 1
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 3
| | 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 196
| | 3
| | 115
| | 77
| | 391
| | 9
| | 1
| | 61
| | 9
| | 1
| | 67
| | 5
| | 153
| | 544
|}
</center>

=== Population of Hutterites, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 12,093
| | 258
| |
| | 3,609
| | 15,960
| |
| |
| | 738
| | 23
| | 77
| |
| | 648
| | 1,486
| | 17,446
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 8,906
| |
| | 4,045
| | 12,951
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| | 17,919
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 12,616
| |
| | 12,616
| | 750
| |
| |
| | 1,026
| |
| | 7,955
| |
| | 9,731
| | 22,347
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 5,864
| |
| | 5,864
| | 210
| |
| |
| | 43
| |
| | 692
| |
| | 945
| | 6,809
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 6,752
| |
| | 6,752
| | 540
| |
| |
| | 983
| |
| | 7,263
| |
| | 8,786
| | 15,538
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 36
| | 39
| | 219
| | 294
| | 308
| | 78
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 386
| | 680
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 20,999
| | 294
| | 12,655
| | 7,873
| | 41,821
| | 1,058
| | 78
| | 5,706
| | 1,049
| | 77
| | 7,955
| | 648
| | 16,571
| | 58,392
|}
Note: All data is from ''The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities'' (2026). Colonies outside of North America are not included. Schmeideleut Group 1 has a colony in Utu-Abak, Nigeria, and there is an independent
colony in Paraguay (recently relocated from Australia).

See also [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof, ]][[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]

= Bibliography =
Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible</em>, 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold</em>, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount</em>, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>The Early Anabaptists.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. <em>When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas</em>, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. <em>Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities</em>, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." <em>Sojourners</em> 13 (May 1984): 16-20.

Beck, Josef. <em>Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn</em>. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.

Bennett, John W. <em>Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People.</em> Stanford U. Press, 1967.

<em>The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch]</em>, trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.

Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." <em>Journal of Political Economy </em>(1924): 357-374, 468-486.

Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. <em>Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. </em>Glencoe, Ill, 1954.

Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. <em>Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population </em>(Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.

Eggers, Ulrich. <em>Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA.</em> Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. <em>Community for Life.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. <em>Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.

Fischer, Hans. <em>Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. </em>Newton, KS, 1957.

Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>(1955).

Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." <em>Mennonite Life </em>(July 1946): 38-43.

Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>30 (October 1956): 259-266.

Friedmann, Robert, ed., <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer</em>, vol. 3: <em>Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter</em>, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.

Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons."<em> Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 128-136.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary</em>, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667.</em> Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." <em>Mennonite Life</em> 25 (October 1970): 159-64.

Gross, Leonard. <em>The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Gross, Paul. <em>The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites.</em> Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.

Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.

Hofer, John. <em>The History of the Hutterites.</em> Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

Hofer, Joshua. <em>Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde.</em> Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.

Hofer, Peter. <em>The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs.</em> Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. <em>Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada.</em> Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

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[[Category:Denominations]]

Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

2026-04-04T16:53:49Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2026 Update */

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== 1955 Article ==
=== Introduction ===
[[File:ME2_858.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & [[Transylvania|Transylvania]].<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.'']]

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

=== Early Development ===

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] territories, [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Austria|Austria]], [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]], etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that [[Blaurock, Georg (ca. 1492-1529)|Georg Blaurock]] of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the [[Inn Valley (Austria)|Inn Valley]]. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] (and in particular the manorial estate [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Hubmaier]] could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, [[Liechtenstein, Leonhard von (1482-1534)|one of the Liechtensteins]] himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

[[File:ME2_860.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860'']]

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "[[Schwertler|Schwertler]]" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was [[Wideman, Jakob (d. 1535/6)|Jacob Wiedemann]], the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were [[Schützinger, Simon (16th century)|Siegmund Schützinger]], [[Zaunring, Georg (d. 1531/38)|Jörg Zaunring]], and [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]] (for details see [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]], [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]], also [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]] and [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], an Anabaptist from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] broke up into three groups: <em>(a) </em>Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on <em>Hutterische Brüder. </em>Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, <em>(b) </em>The Philippites, named after [[Weber, Philipp|Philipp Plener]] or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see [[Ausbund|Ausbund]]), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it <em>[[Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]] </em>(see also [[Haffner, Hans (16th century)|Hans Haffner]]). <em>(c) </em>The [[Gabrielites|Gabrielites]], named after [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]]. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the <em>Geschicht-Buch, </em>Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "[[Swiss Brethren|Swiss Brethren]]," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of [[Marpeck, Pilgram (d. 1556)|Pilgram Marpeck ]] were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

[[File:AMC_X-31-1_17_30.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.<br />
Scan courtesy [http://www.mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/ Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen] X-31.1, Box 17/30'']]

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Hans Amon]] of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]] of Tyrol, [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon [[Mandates|mandates]] by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564)|Ferdinand]] (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

[[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the <em>Vorsteher </em>or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners <em>(Sendboten) </em>were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 [[Falkenstein (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Falkenstein]] Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the <em>Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft)</em> 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with [[Lanzenstiel, Leonhard (d. 1565)|Leonhard Lanzenstiel]] or Seiler.

[[File:ME2_861a.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

=== The Golden Period ===

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]]; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the [[Dietrichstein family|Dietrichsteins]] bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

[[File:ME2_861b.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]], a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], the <em>Handbüchlein, </em>the book called <em>Anschlag und Fürwenden, </em>etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a <em>Schreibstube </em>or <em>scriptorium)</em>; the great <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>was then begun by [[Braitmichel, Kaspar (d. 1573)|Kaspar Braitmichel]] on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see [[Antitrinitarianism|Antitrinitarianism]]), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the <em>Vorsteher </em>[[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. <em>(a) </em>The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]]. [[Dietrichstein family|Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein]] gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and [[Fischer, Christoph Andreas (1560-after 1610)|Christoph Andreas Fischer]], in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see [[Eysvogel, Johann (16th century)|Eysvogel]] and [[Jedelshauser, Hans (16th century)|Jedelshauser]]). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, <em>(b) </em>Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see [[Böger, Salomon (d. 1610)|Böger]]). Eventually <em>(c) </em>the event, later called the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]], 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>(570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

[[File:ME2_863.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863'']]
[[File:ME2_864.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864'']]

=== Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis ===

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see [[Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoph von (1621-1676)|Grimmelshausen]]). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Andreas Ehrenpreis]], 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in [[Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Mannheim]] in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]]). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called <em>Lehr und Vorred). </em>The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such <em>Lehren </em>(some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many <em>Vorreden </em>(shorter sermons). The <em>Klein-Geschichtsbueh </em>(204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]]). [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Gemeinde Ordnung </em>of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

=== Persecution of the 18th Century ===

After [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The [[Hutterite Chronicles|Great Chronicle]] ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded <em>(Inv. Arch. Amst. </em>II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for [[Hungary|Hungary]]. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname <em>[[Habáner|Habaner]] </em>became the general name for these people.

=== Immigration to Russia ===

In [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]] to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter [[Walachia (Romania)|Walachia]] (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against [[Russia|Russia]]) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general [[Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovitch (1725-1796)|Count Rumyantsev]], who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] (then a rather sparsely populated area). At [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Radichev]], 10 miles north. It was [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner]] (born in [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]]) who was then the most outstanding <em>Vorsteher </em>of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna district]], under the sponsorship of the Mennonite [[Cornies, Johann (1789-1848)|Johann Cornies]]), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.

=== Immigration to America ===

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the [[United States of America|United States]], where they chose the prairie land of the Dakota Territory that later became the state of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879. About one third, approximately 400 people, chose settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the <em>[[Dariusleut|Darius-Leut]] </em>(named after [[Walter, Darius (1835-1903)|Darius Walter]], their leader), [[Schmiedeleut|<em>Schmiede-Leut </em>]](after [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner]], a blacksmith, their leader), and <em>[[Lehrerleut|Lehrer-Leut]] </em>(named after Jacob Wipf, a teacher called the <em>Lehrer). </em>The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. The other two thirds of the Brethren chose to settle close together on individual farms and in time became known as [[Prairieleut Hutterian Brethren|Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren]]. They also settled in the Dakota Territory. The Prairieleut formed their own congregations and in time most of these congregations joined the [[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] or the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonites]].

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to [[Canada|Canada]] where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], and south central [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central [[Montana (USA)|Montana]] from Alberta. The American federal government treated Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren in a similar manner with discrimination, harassment, and imprisonment for a few. A number of Prairieleut families also fled to Canada.

In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. [[Bruderhof Communities]] has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]]) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]] and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's <em>Rechenschaft </em>of 1540 and [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' great <em>Sendbrief </em>of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]], [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Ceramics|Ceramics]], [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts]], [[Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren|Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren]], [[Education, Hutterite|Education — Hutterite]], Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Hutter]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Amon]], Riedemann, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Walpot]], [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Braidl]], [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]], and on their books, [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]], Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]], regarding their regulations and discipline, [[Marriage, Hutterite Practices|Marriage]], [[Medicine Among the Hutterites|Medicine among the Hutterites]], dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article [[Habáner|Habaner]] which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

<div align="center">

<h3 style="text-align: center;">List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s</h3> <strong>Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622</strong>

(According to E. Crous, <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alecowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Alexowitz]] (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)
|-
| 2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 3. [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]]
|-
| 4. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]
|-
| 5. [[Pergen (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bergen]] (Pergen)
|-
| 6. [[Billowitz Hutterite Colony (Moravia)|Bilowitz]] (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)
|-
| 7. Birnbaum
|-
| 8. Bisenz ([[Bisenz Hutterite Colony (Bisenz, Moravia)|Bisentz]]) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)
|-
| 10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/[[Podusilna (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)|Bochtitz]]-Pochtitz) (1546)
|-
| 11. Boretitz/Borzetitz ([[Paraditz (Czech Republic)|Paraditz]]) (1545)
|-
| 12. Budespitz/Butschowitz ([[Bučovice (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bucovic]], Pudespitz) (1536)
|-
| 13. [[Budkov (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Budkau (Budkaw)]]
|-
| 14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)
|-
| 15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz ([[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]) (Kaunitz, 1550)
|-
| 16. [[Eibenschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Eibenschitz]] (Lipa)
|-
| 17. Eihis
|-
| 18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)
|-
| 19. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]] (1581)
|-
| 20. [[Gobschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gobschitz/Gubschitz]] (1545)
|-
| 21. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]] (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 22. Gurda/[[Gurdau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gurdau]]
|-
| 23. Herspitz ([[Gerspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gerspitz]])
|-
| 24. Hosterlitz
|-
| 25. Hrubschitz ([[Rupschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Rupschitz]]) (1546)
|-
| 26. Jamnitz
|-
| 27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)
|-
| 28. Kanitz
|-
| 29. [[Kobylí (Okres Břeclav, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kobily]]/Kobyli (Kobelitz)
|-
| 30. Kostl/Kostel ([[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]]) (Zierotin)
|-
| 31. Kreuz ([[Creutz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Creutz]]) (Lipa, 1565)
|-
| 32. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]] (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz ([[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]])
|-
| 34. [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg (Breclav)]]
|-
| 35. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz/Millotitz]]
|-
| 36. Mistrin/Mistrin
|-
| 37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)
|-
| 38. Muschau
|-
| 39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 40. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (east of Auspitz)
|-
| 41. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (near Prahlitz) (1562)
|-
| 42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)
|-
| 43. [[Neudorf (Morava, Czech Republic)|Neudorf near Lundenburg]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)
|-
| 44. [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] (Liechtenstein, 1558)
|-
| 45. [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)
|-
| 46. Nikolschitz/[[Nikoltschitz (Olomoucký kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikoltschitz]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 47. [[Nusslau (Morava, Czech Republic)|Nusslau]] (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)
|-
| 48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)
|-
| 50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)
|-
| 51. Polau/Pollau
|-
| 52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)
|-
| 53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)
|-
| 54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 55. Pruschank/Pruschanek
|-
| 56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)
|-
| 57. [[Bohuslavice (Moravskoslezský kraj, Czech Republic)|Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz)]] (1546)
|-
| 58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)
|-
| 61. Rohatetz
|-
| 62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)
|-
| 63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)
|-
| 65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)
|-
| 66. [[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)
|-
| 67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz
|-
| 68. Skalitz ([[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]) (1563)
|-
| 69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz
|-
| 69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz
|-
| 70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz
|-
| 71. Swetlau
|-
| 72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)
|-
| 73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz
|-
| 74. Tracht (1558)
|-
| 75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)
|-
| 76. Turnitz-[[Durdenitz (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Durdenitz]]
|-
| 77. [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)
|-
| 78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)
|-
| 79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)
|-
| 79a. Weisstätten
|-
| 80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)
|-
| 81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)
|-
| 82. Wessely (1546)
|-
| 83. Wischenau
|-
| 84. Wisternitz
|-
| 85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)
|}

<strong>Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762</strong>

(According to E. Crous,<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

{| class="wikitable"
| I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547)
|-
| II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra)
|-
| III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)
|-
| IV. Egbell (Neutra)
|-
| V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)
|-
| VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra)
|-
| VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)
|-
| VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550)
|-
| IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)
|-
| X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]])
|-
| XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622)
|-
| XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)
|-
| XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)
|-
| XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548)
|}
<strong>Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622</strong>

(According to Fr. Hruby,<em> Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, </em>Leipzig, 1935)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. <em>Lundenburg-Billowitz:</em> [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf
|-
| 2. <em>Seelowitz: </em>Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz
|-
| 3. <em>[[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: </em>Austerlitz and Gerspitz
|-
| 4. <em>Nikolsburg: </em>[[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht
|-
| 5. <em>Steinitz: </em>[[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]
|-
| 6. <em>Kanitz: </em>Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)
|-
| 7. <em>Landshut: </em>Landshut
|-
| 8. <em>[[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: </em>Lettnitz
|-
| 9. <em>Skalitz: </em>[[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]
|-
| 10. <em>Wischenau: </em>Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]]
|-
| 11. <em>Tscheikowitz:</em>[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan
|-
| 12. <em>Bochtitz: </em>[[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]]
|-
| 13. <em>[[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: </em>Frischau
|-
| 14. <em>[[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: </em>Göding and Koblitz
|-
| 15. <em>Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: </em>Maskowitz and Oleckowitz
|-
| 16. <em>[[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: </em>Wäzenobis
|-
| 17. <em>Uhritz: </em>[[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]
|-
| 18. <em>Wesseli: </em>Wessela
|-
| 19. <em>[[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: </em>Schädewitz
|-
| 20. <em>Ungarisch-Ostra: </em>Neudorf
|-
| 21. <em>Eisgrub: </em>[[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]]
|-
| 22. <em>Ober-Tannowitz: </em>Tannewitz
|-
| 23. <em>Tulleschitz: </em>Schermankowitz
|-
| 24. <em>[[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: </em>(Wostite), Weisstätten
|-
| 25. <em>Polehraditz: </em>[[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]]
|-
| 26. <em>Tawikowitz: </em>Teikowitz
|}

<strong>Table 4: [[Transylvania|Transylvania]]</strong>

{| align="center" class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767
|-
| 2. Kreuz, 1761-1767
|-
| 3. Stein, 1761-1767
|}

<strong>Table 5: Ukraine</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802)
|-
| 2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842)
|-
| 3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1874)
|-
| 4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)
|-
| 5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)
|-
| 6. Sheromet (1868-1874)
|-
| 7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)
|}

<strong>Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches</strong> (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

{| class="wikitable"
| <strong>Name & Address of Colony</strong> || <div align="center"><strong><em>Yr. Settled</em></strong></div> || <strong><em>Population in 1950</em></strong>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]] || 1949 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| 2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">80</div>
|-
| 3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">81</div>
|-
| 4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod || 1928 || <div align="right">69</div>
|-
| 5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka || 1949 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum || 1930 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma || 1949 || <div align="right">57</div>
|-
| 8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]] || 1948 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]] || 1944 || <div align="right">78</div>
|-
| 10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford || 1935 || <div align="right">91</div>
|-
| 11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]] || 1926 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Stirling]] || 1924 || <div align="right">110</div>
|-
| 13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]] || 1926 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]] || 1948 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod || 1933 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland || 1918 || <div align="right">187</div>
|-
| 17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker || 1936 || <div align="right">114</div>
|-
| 18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford || 1918 || <div align="right">77</div>
|-
| 19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford || 1919 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]] || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]] || 1949 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]] || 1918 || <div align="right">140</div>
|-
| 25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling || 1924 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range || 1945 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers || 1947 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]] || 1935 || <div align="right">61</div>
|-
| 29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown || 1945 || <div align="right">26</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford || 1920 || <div align="right">129</div>
|-
| 31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath || 1937 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner || 1929 || <div align="right">177</div>
|-
| 33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath || 1932 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">127</div>
|-
| 35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]] || 1924 || <div align="right">103</div>
|-
| 36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond || 1918 || <div align="right">134</div>
|-
| 37. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">115</div>
|-
| 38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton || 1932 || <div align="right">113</div>
|-
| 39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond || -- || <div align="right">96</div>
|-
| 40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown || 1950 || <div align="right">60</div>
|-
| 42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham || 1935 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner || 1935 || <div align="right">186</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 45. [[Birch Creek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier || 1947 || <div align="right">95</div>
|-
| 46. Miami, Pendroy || 1948 || <div align="right">112</div>
|-
| 47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta || 1945 || <div align="right">105</div>
|-
| 48. Miller Ranch, Choteau || 1949 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau || 1948 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy || 1947 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge || 1924 || <div align="right">25</div>
|-
| 53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket || 1920 || <div align="right">15</div>
|-
| 54. Monarch, Monarch || 1942 || <div align="right">31</div>
|-
| 55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling || 1944 || <div align="right">30</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 56. [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]], Headingly || 1920 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]] || 1922 || <div align="right">132</div>
|-
| 58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">108</div>
|-
| 59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding || 1934 || <div align="right">153</div>
|-
| 60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara || 1918 || <div align="right">193</div>
|-
| 61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly || 1919 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly || 1946 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]] || 1918 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]] || 1944 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point || 1938 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone || 1946 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden || 1934 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle || 1947 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly || 1938 || <div align="right">118</div>
|-
| 73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding || 1925 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie || 1935 || <div align="right">121</div>
|-
| 75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian || 1950 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor || 1874 || <div align="right">58</div>
|-
| 78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort || 1949 || <div align="right">97</div>
|-
| 79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred || 1948 || <div align="right">71</div>
|-
| 80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron || 1944 || <div align="right">74</div>
|-
| 81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica || 1937 || <div align="right">107</div>
|-
| 82. [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]] || 1949 || <div align="right">72</div>
|-
| 83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller || 1949 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 84. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]] || 1936 || <div align="right">102</div>
|-
| 85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois || 1949 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy || 1949 || <div align="right">68</div>
|-
| 87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron || 1949 || <div align="right">48</div>
|-
| 88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria || 1934 || <div align="right">84</div>
|-
| 89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell || 1945 || <div align="right">92</div>
|-
| 90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort || 1945 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet || 1942 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>CONVERT COLONIES</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>ONTARIO</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright || 1941 || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>Bruderhof Communities</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>NEW YORK (State) </strong></div> || ||
|-
| [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton || 1954 || <div align="right">135</div>
|}

<strong>Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| || || <strong>Total</strong>
|-
| <strong>Dariusleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">2,247</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">206</div> || <div align="right">2,453</div>
|-
| <strong>Lehrerleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">1,852</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">613</div> || <div align="right">2,465</div>
|-
| <strong>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]]</strong> || ||
|-
| Manitoba || <div align="right">2,272</div> ||
|-
| South Dakota || <div align="right">1,209</div> || <div align="right">3,481</div>
|-
| <strong>Unaffiliated colonies</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">101</div> || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Kinship Colonies</strong> || || <div align="right">8,500</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)</strong> || || <div align="right">1,100</div>
|-
| <div align="right" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Total No. of Hutterites</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,600</strong></div>
|-
| || ||
|-
| <strong>SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION</strong> || ||
|-
| Montana || || <div align="right">819</div>
|-
| South Dakota || || <div align="right">1,209</div>
|-
| Alberta || || <div align="right">4,200</div>
|-
| Manitoba || || <div align="right">2,272</div>
|-
| Ontario || || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
|-
| <div align="right"><strong>Total</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,211</strong></div>
|}

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]):

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Dariusleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch
|-
| colspan="2" | 99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 100. Acadia Valley, Oyen
|-
| colspan="2" | 101. New Milford, Winnifred
|-
| colspan="2" | 102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom
|-
| colspan="2" | 103. Springside, Duchess
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon
|-
| colspan="2" | 105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek
|-
| colspan="2" | 106. Slade Colony, Tompkins
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Montana</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, Manitoba</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne
|-
| colspan="2" | 109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe
|-
| colspan="2" | 110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]]
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, South Dakota</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota
|}

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

</div> <strong>Note for the Maps: </strong><em>Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.</em>

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] in Europe with locations (concerning [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article <em>Rabenska </em>in the <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches ]]</em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|<em>Lexikon</em>]] (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his <em>Communismus </em>(1894) p. 246. This list he published in<em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1619-1622, in his <em>Wiedertäufer in Mähren </em>(Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs <em>(Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] and [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]in existence in 1947. -- <em>Robert Friedmann</em>

== 1990 Update ==

The Hutterian Brethren practice [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]], [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], Saskatchewan, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Washington (USA)|Washington]], [[Montana (USA)|Montana]], [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Minnesota (USA)|Minnesota]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], [[New York (USA)|New York]], Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the [[United States of America|United States]] from [[Russia|Russia]] in the 1870s and moved to [[Canada|Canada]] after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The <em>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] </em>(Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian [[Children|children]] attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]and [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

<em>John Hofer</em>

== 2014 Update ==

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! Colony !! Location !! Leut
|-
| [[Abbey Hutterite Colony (Abbey, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Abbey]]||Abbey, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Oyen, Alberta, Canada)|Acadia]]||Oyen, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Acadia]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Airport Hutterite Colony (Macdonald, Manitoba, Canada)|Airport]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Albion Ridge Hutterite Colony (Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada)|Albion Ridge]]||Picture Butte, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Alix Hutterite Colony (Alix, Alberta, Canada)|Alix]]||Alix, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Altona Hutterite Colony (Henderson, Minnesota, USA)|Altona]]||Henderson, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River]]||Lumsden, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Armada Hutterite Colony (Armada, Alberta, Canada)|Armada]]||Lomond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Arrowwood Hutterite Colony (Blackie, Alberta, Canada)|Arrowwood]]||Blackie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Aspenheim Hutterite Colony (Bagot, Manitoba, Canada)|Aspenheim]]||Bagot, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Athabasca||Athabasca, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Baildon Hutterite Colony (Briercrest, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Baildon]]||Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Baker Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Baker]]||Mac Gregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Beechy Hutterite Colony (Beechy, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Beechy]]||Beechy, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Belle Plaine Hutterite Colony (Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Belle Plaine]]||Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]]||Shaunavon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Bentley Hutterite Colony (Bentley, Alberta, Canada)|Bentley]]||Blackfalds, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Berry Creek Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Berry Creek]]||Hanna, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]]||Cardston, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Rose Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Big Rose]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Sky Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Big Sky]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Graceville, Minnesota, USA)|Big Stone]]||Graceville, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Sand Coulee, Montana, USA)|Big Stone]]||Sand Coulee, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Birch Creek||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Birch Hills Hutterite Colony (Peoria, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Hills]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Birch Meadows Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Meadows]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blooming Prairie Hutterite Colony (Homewood, Manitoba, Canada)|Blooming Prairie]]||Homewood, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Clay Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Blue Clay]]||Arnaud, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Ridge]]||Mountain View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Blue Sky Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Sky]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bluegrass Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Bluegrass]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengart]]||Plum Coulee, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]]||Tabor, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bone Creek Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bone Creek]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Boundary Lane Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Boundary Lane]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Bow City Hutterite Colony (Bow City, Alberta, Canada)|Bow City]]||Brooks, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Box Elder Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Box Elder]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Brant Hutterite Colony (Brant, Alberta, Canada)|Brant]]||Brant, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Brantwood Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Brantwood]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Brentwood Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Brentwood]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Brightstone Hutterite Colony (La du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada)|Brightstone]]||Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Britestone Hutterite Colony (Carbon, Alberta, Canada)|Britestone]]||Carbon, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Broad Valley Hutterite Colony (Arborg, Manitoba, Canada)|Broad Valley]]||Arborg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Brocket||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Butte Hutterite Colony (Bracken, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Butte]]||Bracken, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Byemoor Hutterite Colony (Byemoor, Alberta, Canada)|Byemoor]]||Byemoor, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cameron Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Cameron]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Cameron||Viborg, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose]]||Camrose, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Ledger, Montana, USA)|Camrose]]||Ledger, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Camrose||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[CanAm Hutterite Colony (Margaret, Manitoba, Canada)|CanAm]]||Margaret, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Carmangay Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Carmangay]]||Carmangay, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Carmichael Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Carmichael]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Cascade]]||MacGregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (Fort Shaw, Montana, USA)|Cascade]]||Sun River, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Castor Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Castor]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]]||Cayley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cedar Grove Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Cedar Grove]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Claremont Hutterite Colony (Castlewood, South Dakota, USA)|Claremont]]||Castlewood, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clark Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Clark]]||Raymond, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clear Lake Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Clear Lake]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clear Spring Hutterite Colony (Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Clear Spring]]||Kenaston, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cleardale Hutterite Colony (Cleardale, Alberta, Canada)|Cleardale]]||Cleardale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Clearfield Hutterite Colony (Wagner, South Dakota, USA)|Clearfield]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Clearview]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Elm Creek, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearview]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Clearwater Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearwater]]||Balmoral, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cloverleaf Hutterite Colony (Delia, Alberta, Canada)|Cloverleaf]]||Delia, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cluny Hutterite Colony (Cluny, Alberta, Canada)|Cluny]]||Cluny, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Codessa Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Codessa]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Collins||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Concord Hutterite Colony (Stony Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Concord]]||Winnipeg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cool Spring Hutterite Colony (Polonia, Manitoba, Canada)|Cool Spring]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Cool Springs||Rudyard, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Copperfield Hutterite Colony (Vauxhall, Alberta, Canada)|Copperfield]]||Vauxhall, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Craigmyle Hutterite Colony (Craigmyle, Alberta, Canada)|Craigmyle]]||Craigmyle, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Ste. Agathe, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Cypress River, Manitoba, Canada)|Cypress]]||Cypress River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Decker Hutterite Colony (Decker, Manitoba, Canada)|Decker]]||Decker, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Deerboine Hutterite Colony (Alexander, Manitoba, Canada)|Deerboine]]||Alexander, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Deerfield]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Deerfield]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Delco Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Delco]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Delta Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Delta]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Dinsmore Hutterite Colony (Dinsmore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Dinsmore]]||Dinsmore, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Donalda Hutterite Colony (Donalda, Alberta, Canada)|Donalda]]||Donalda, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Downie Lake Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Downie Lake]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Duncan Ranch Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Duncan Ranch]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Galata, Montana, USA)|Eagle Creek]]||Galata, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eagle Creek]]||Asquith, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ear View Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ear View]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East End Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|East End]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[East Malta Hutterite Colony (Malta, Montana, USA)|East Malta]]||Malta, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Raymond Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|East Raymond]]||Raymond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Eatonia Hutterite Colony (Eatonia, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eatonia]]||Eatonia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| Elk Creek||Augusta, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater]]||Irvine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elm Spring]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elmendorf Christian Community (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Elmendorf]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Emerald Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Emerald]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Enchant Hutterite Colony (Enchant, Alberta, Canada)|Enchant]]||Enchant, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Erskine Hutterite Colony (Erskine, Alberta, Canada)|Erskine]]||Erskine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Estuary Hutterite Colony (Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Estuary]]||Leader, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Evergreen]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fair Haven Hutterite Colony (Ulm, Montana, USA)|Fair Haven]]||Ulm, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairholme Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairholme]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fairlane Hutterite Colony (Skiff, Alberta, Canada)|Fairlane]]||Skiff, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (La Moure, North Dakota, USA)|Fairview]]||La Moure, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fairville Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Fairville]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairway Hutterite Colony (Douglas, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairway]]||Douglas, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ferrybank Hutterite Colony (Ponoka, Alberta, Canada)|Ferrybank]]||Ponoka, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Flat Willow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Flat Willow Ranch]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fordham Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Fordham]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fords Creek Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Fords Creek]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]]||Fordville, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fort Pitt Hutterite Colony (Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Fort Pitt]]||Lloydminister, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forty Mile Hutterite Colony (Lodge Grass, Montana, USA)|Forty Mile]]||Lodge Grass, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Gadsby Hutterite Colony (Hackett, Alberta, Canada)|Gadsby]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Garden Plane Hutterite Colony (Frontier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Garden Plane]]||Frontier, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Gildford Hutterite Colony (Gildford, Montana, USA)|Gildford]]||Gildford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glendale]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Glenway Hutterite Colony (Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada)|Glenway]]||Dominion City, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Glidden Hutterite Colony (Glidden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Glidden]]||Glidden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Golden Valley Hutterite Colony (Ryegate, Montana, USA)|Golden Valley]]||Ryegate, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Golden View||Salem, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Golden View Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Golden View]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Good Hope Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Good Hope]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grand Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Grand]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grandview Hutterite Colony (Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada)|Grandview]]||Grand Prairie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grant Hutterite Colony (Enderlin, North Dakota, USA)|Grant]]||Enderlin, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]]||Granum, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grass Ranch Hutterite Colony (Kimball, South Dakota, USA)|Grass Ranch]]||Kimball, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grass River Hutterite Colony (Glenella, Manitoba, Canada)|Grass River]]||Glenella, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassland Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Grassland]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassy Hill Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Grassy Hill]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Green Leaf Hutterite Colony (Marcelin, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Green Leaf]]||Marcelin, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Greenwald Hutterite Colony (Brokenhead, Manitoba, Canada)|Greenwald]]||Beausejour, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Stand Off, Alberta, Canada)|Greenwood]]||Fort Macleod, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Delmont, South Dakota, USA)|Greenwood]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hairy Hill Hutterite Colony (Hairy Hill, Alberta, Canada)|Hairy Hill]]||Hairy Hill, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hand Hills Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Hand Hills]]||Hanna, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Bashaw, Alberta, Canada)|Hartland]]||Bashaw, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hartland]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Dexter, Minnesota, USA)|Haven]]||Dexter, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Fox Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Haven]]||Fox Valley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Hazelridge, Manitoba, Canada)|Heartland]]||Hazelridge, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Lake Benton, Minnesota, USA)|Heartland]]||Lake Benton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hidden Lake Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Hidden Lake]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hidden Valley Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Hidden Valley]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[High River Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|High River]]||High River, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Garden City, South Dakota, USA)|Hillcrest]]||Garden City, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillcrest]]||Dundurn, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hilldale Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hilldale]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillridge Hutterite Colony (Barnwell, Alberta, Canada)|Hillridge]]||Barnwell, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Justice, Manitoba, Canada)|Hillside]]||Justice, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]]||Sweetgrass, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Hillside]]||Doland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillsvale Hutterite Colony (Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillsvale]]||Cut Knife, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillview Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Hillview]]||Rosebud, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hodgeville Hutterite Colony (Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hodgeville]]||Hodgeville, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holden Hutterite Colony (Holden, Alberta, Canada)|Holden]]||Holden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holmfield Hutterite Colony (Holmfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Holmfield]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]]||Irma, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Homewood Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Homewood]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Horizon]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Lowe Farm, Manitoba, Canada)|Horizon]]||Lowe Farm, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Hughenden Hutterite Colony (Hughenden, Alberta, Canada)|Hughenden]]||Hughenden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Brownlee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Huron]]||Brownlee, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Stratford, South Dakota, USA)|Hutterville]]||Stratford, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Huxley Hutterite Colony (Huxley, Alberta, Canada)|Huxley]]||Huxley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Interlake Hutterite Colony (Teulon, Manitoba, Canada)|Interlake]]||Teulon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Iron Creek Hutterite Colony (Bruce, Alberta, Canada)|Iron Creek]]||Bruce, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]]||Utica, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jenner Hutterite Colony (Jenner, Alberta, Canada)|Jenner]]||Jenner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kamsley Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Kamsley]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Keho Lake Hutterite Colony (Barons, Alberta, Canada)|Keho Lake]]||Barons, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Keystone Hutterite Colony (Warren, Manitoba, Canada)|Keystone]]||Warren, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Kilby Butte Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Kilby Butte]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch]]||Lewiston, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Kings Lake Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Kings Lake]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsbury Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Kingsbury]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsland Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Kingsland]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kyle Hutterite Colony (Elrose, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Kyle]]||Kyle, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Lajord Hutterite Colony (White City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lajord]]||White City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lake View Hutterite Colony (Lake Andes, South Dakota, USA)|Lake View]]||Lake Andes, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cranford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Lakeview Hutterite Colony (Unity, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lakeview]]||Unity, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lathom Hutterite Colony (Brooks, Alberta, Canada)|Lathom]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Leask Hutterite Colony (Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Leask]]||Leask, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Leedale Hutterite Colony (Rimbey, Alberta, Canada)|Leedale]]||Rimbey, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lismore Hutterite Colony (Clinton, Minnesota, USA)|Lismore]]||Clinton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Little Bow Hutterite Colony (Champion, Alberta, Canada)|Little Bow]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Little Creek Hutterite Colony (Marquette, Manitoba, Canada)|Little Creek]]||Marquette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Livingstone Hutterite Colony (Lundbreck, Alberta, Canada)|Livingstone]]||Lundbreck, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lomond Hutterite Colony (Lomond, Alberta, Canada)|Lomond]]||Lomond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lone Pine Hutterite Colony (Botha, Alberta, Canada)|Lone Pine]]||Botha, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Long Lake Hutterite Colony (Wetonka, South Dakota, USA)|Long Lake]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Loring Hutterite Colony (Loring, Montana, USA)|Loring]]||Loring, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lost River Hutterite Colony (Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lost River]]||Allan, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lougheed Hutterite Colony (Lougheed, Alberta, Canada)|Lougheed]]||Lougheed, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|MacMillan]]||Cayley, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Main Centre Hutterite Colony (Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Main Centre]]||Rush Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mannville Hutterite Colony (Mannville, Alberta, Canada)|Mannville]]||Mannville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Maple Grove Hutterite Colony (Lauder, Manitoba, Canada)|Maple Grove]]||Lauder, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Maple River Hutterite Colony (Fullerton, North Dakota, USA)|Maple River]]||Fullerton, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marble Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hodgson, Manitoba, Canada)|Marble Ridge]]||Hodgson, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marlin Hutterite Colony (Marlin, Washington, USA)|Marlin]]||Marlin, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Martinsdale Hutterite Colony (Martinsdale, Montana, USA)|Martinsdale]]||Martinsdale, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Maxwell]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell]]||Scotland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfair Hutterite Colony (Killarney, Manitoba, Canada)|Mayfair]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Mayfield]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Willow Lake, South Dakota, USA)|Mayfield]]||Willow Lake, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[McGee Hutterite Colony (McGee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McGee]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[McMahon Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McMahon]]||MacMahon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mialta Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Mialta]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Miami]]||Morden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Midland Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Midland]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Midway Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|Midway]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milden Hutterite Colony (Milden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Milden]]||Milden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Wolf Creek, Montana, USA)|Milford]]||Wolf Creek, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millbrook Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Millbrook]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Miller Hutterite Colony (Choteau, Montana, USA)|Miller]]||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]]||Miller, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[MillsHof Hutterite Colony (Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada)|MillsHof]]||Glenboro, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Miltow Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Miltow]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mixburn Hutterite Colony (Minburn, Alberta, Canada)|Mixburn]]||Minburn, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Morinville Hutterite Colony (Alcomdale, Alberta, Canada)|Morinville]]||Morinville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Mountain View]]||Strathmore, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Broadview, Montana, USA)|Mountain View]]||Broadview, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Netley Hutterite Colony (Petersfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Netley]]||Petersfield, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Neu Muehl Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Neu Muehl]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neudorf Hutterite Colony (Kersey, Alberta, Canada)|Neudorf]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neuhof Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Neuhof]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring]]||Ethan, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New Miami Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|New Miami]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| New Rockport||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York]]||Lethbridge, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|Newdale]]||Milo, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Souris, Manitoba, Canada)|Newdale]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Elkton, South Dakota, USA)|Newdale]]||Elkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newell Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Newell]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newhaven Hutterite Colony (Argyle, Manitoba, Canada)|Newhaven]]||Argyle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newport Hutterite Colony (Claremont, South Dakota, USA)|Newport]]||Claremont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norfeld Hutterite Colony (White, South Dakota, USA)|Norfeld]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norquay Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Norquay]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[North Harlem Hutterite Colony (Harlem, Montana, USA)|North Harlem]]||Harlem, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Northern Breeze Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Northern Breeze]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[O. B. Hutterite Colony (Marwayne, Alberta, Canada)|O.B.]]||Marwayne, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O. K.]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]]||Morris, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oak Lane Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Oak Lane]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Oak River Hutterite Colony (Oak River, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak River]]||Oak River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oaklane Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Oaklane]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oakridge Hutterite Colony (Holland, Manitoba, Canada)|Oakridge]]||Holland, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Odanah Hutterite Colony (Rufford, Manitoba, Canada)|Odanah]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Parkston, South Dakota, USA)|Old Elm Spring]]||Parkston, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Orland Hutterite Colony (Montrose, South Dakota, USA)|Orland]]||Montrose, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Parkland Hutterite Colony (Parkland, Alberta, Canada)|Parkland]]||Nanton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Parkview Hutterite Colony (Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Parkview]]||Riding Mountain, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Peace View Hutterite Colony (Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace View]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]]||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembina Hutterite Colony (Darlingford, Manitoba, Canada)|Pembina]]||Darlingford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembrook Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Pembrook]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pennant Hutterite Colony (Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Pennant]]||Pennant, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Creek Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Pine Creek]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pine Haven Hutterite Colony (Westaskiwin, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Haven]]||Wetaskiwin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill]]||Red Deer, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pineland Hutterite Colony (Piney, Manitoba, Canada)|Pineland]]||Piney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Plain Lake Hutterite Colony (Two Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Plain Lake]]||Two Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Plainview]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Plainview]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Plainview]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Clive, Alberta, Canada)|Pleasant Valley]]||Clive, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Belt, Montana, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Belt, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Flandreau, South Dakota, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Flandreau, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Poinsett Hutterite Colony (Estelline, South Dakota, USA)|Poinsett]]||Estelline, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pondera Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Pondera]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponderosa Hutterite Colony (Grassy Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Ponderosa]]||Grassy Lake, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponteix Hutterite Colony (Ponteix, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ponteix]]||Ponteix, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Prairie Blossom Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Prairie Blossom]]||Stonewall, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Prairie Elk Hutterite Colony (Wolf Point, Montana, USA)|Prairie Elk]]||Wolf Point, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Prairie Home Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie Home]]||Wrentham, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Prairie View Hutterite Colony (Sibbald, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie View]]||Sibbald, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Quill Lake Hutterite Colony (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Quill Lake]]||Quill Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rainbow Hutterite Colony (Innisfail, Alberta, Canada)|Rainbow]]||Innisfail, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Raymore Hutterite Colony (Raymore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Raymore]]||Raymore, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Red Willow]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Toronto, South Dakota, USA)|Red Willow]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ribstone Hutterite Colony (Edgerton, Alberta, Canada)|Ribstone]]||Edgerton, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridge Valley Hutterite Colony (Crooked Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Ridge Valley]]||Crooked Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Hussar, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ridgeville Hutterite Colony (Ridgeville, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeville]]||Ridgeville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rimrock Hutterite Colony (Sunburst, Montana, USA)|Rimrock]]||Sunburst, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[River Road Hutterite Colony (Milk River, Alberta, Canada)|River Road]]||Milk River, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Mossleigh, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Waldheim, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Waldheim, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]]||Arden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Riverview]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverview]]||Saskatoon, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Grosse Isle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]]||Pendroy, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Roland||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rolling Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Rolling Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosalind Hutterite Colony (Rosalind, Alberta, Canada)|Rosalind]]||Camrose, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Glen Hutterite Colony (Hilda, Alberta, Canada)|Rose Glen]]||Hilda, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Graysville, Manitoba, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Graysville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Verwood, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Assiniboia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosebank Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosebank]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosetown Hutterite Colony (Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosetown]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rustic Acres Hutterite Colony (Madison, South Dakota, USA)|Rustic Acres]]||Madison, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sage Creek Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sage Creek]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sand Lake Hutterite Colony (Orkney, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sand Lake]]||Val Marie, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhills]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Schoonover Hutterite Colony (Odessa, Washington, USA)|Schoonover]]||Odessa, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]]||Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scott Hutterite Colony (Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Scott]]||Scott, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Seville Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Seville]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shadow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Airdrie, Alberta, Canada)|Shadow Ranch]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Wanham, Alberta, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Treherne, Manitoba, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Treherne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Shamrock]]||Bow Island, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Shamrock]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Shannon Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Shannon]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Silver Creek Hutterite Colony (Ferintosh, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Creek]]||Ferintoch, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Lake Hutterite Colony (Clark, South Dakota, USA)|Silver Lake]]||Clark, South Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Sage Hutterite Colony (Nemiskam, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Sage]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Silverwinds Hutterite Colony (Sperling, Manitoba, Canada)|Silverwinds]]||Sperling, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Simmie Hutterite Colony (Simmie, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Simmie]]||Admiral, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sky Light Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Sky Light]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sky View Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Sky View]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Smiley Hutterite Colony (Smiley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Smiley]]||Smiley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Smoky Lake Hutterite Colony (Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Smoky Lake]]||Smoky Lake, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sommerfeld Hutterite Colony (High Bluff, Manitoba, Canada)|Sommerfeld]]||High Bluff, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Souris River Hutterite Colony (Elgin, Manitoba, Canada)|Souris River]]||Elgin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[South Bend Hutterite Colony (Alliance, Alberta, Canada)|South Bend]]||Alliance, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[South Peace Hutterite Colony (Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada)|South Peace]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Southland Hutterite Colony (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Southland]]||Herbert, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sovereign Hutterite Colony (Sovereign, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sovereign]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spokane Hutterite Colony (Reardan, Washington, USA)|Spokane]]||Reardan, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Walsh, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Creek]]||Walsh, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Hill Hutterite Colony (Springhill, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Hill]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (Oldham, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Lake]]||Arlington, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Lake]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Point Hutterite Colony (Brocket, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Point]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Prairie Hutterite Colony (Hawley, Minnesota, USA)|Spring Prairie]]||Hawley, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Ridge Hutterite Colony (Wainwright, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Ridge]]||Wainwright, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Side Hutterite Colony (Duchess, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Side]]||Duchess, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Spring Coulee, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Spring Coulee, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Shilo, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Wessington Springs, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Valley]]||Wessington Springs, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring View Hutterite Colony (Gem, Alberta, Canada)|Spring View]]||Gem, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Water Hutterite Colony (Ruthilda, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Water]]||Ruthilda, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springdale Hutterite Colony (White Sulpher Springs, Montana, USA)|Springdale]]||White Sulphur, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Springfield]]||Kindersley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springwater Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Springwater]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Spruce Lane||Blanchard, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sprucewood Hutterite Colony (Brookdale, Manitoba, Canada)|Sprucewood]]||Brookdale, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Stahl Hutterite Colony (Ritzville, Washington, USA)|Stahl]]||Ritzville, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Standard Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Standard]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Standoff Hutterite Colony (Fort MacLeod, Alberta, Canada)|Standoff]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stanfield Hutterite Colony (Stanfield, Oregon, USA)|Stanfield]]||Stanfield, Oregon||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Star City Hutterite Colony (Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Star City]]||Star City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starbrite Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Starbrite]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Starland]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Gibbon, Minnesota, USA)|Starland]]||Gibbon, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Starlite Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Starlite]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]]||Headingley, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Kleefeld, Manitoba, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Tourond, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sundale Hutterite Colony (Milnor, North Dakota, USA)|Sundale]]||Milnor, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunny Bend Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Bend]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Brook Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sunny Brook]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunny Dale Hutterite Colony (Arelee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sunny Dale]]||Perdue, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Site Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Site]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sunrise Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Sunrise]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunset Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Sunset]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunshine Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Sunshine]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Surprise Creek Hutterite Colony (Stanford, Montana, USA)|Surprise Creek]]||Stanford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Swift Current Hutterite Colony (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Three Hills Hutterite Colony (Three Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Three Hills]]||Three Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thunderbird Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Thunderbird]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tofield Hutterite Colony (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)|Tofield]], Alberta||Tofield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tompkins Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Sasakatchewan, Canada)|Tompkins]]||Tompkins, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Treesbank Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Treesbank]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Trileaf Hutterite Colony (Baldur, Manitoba, Canada)|Trileaf]]||Baldur, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter]]||Irricana, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Turin Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Turin]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Turner Hutterite Colony (Turner, Montana, USA)|Turner]]||Turner, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Falher, Alberta, Canada)|Twilight]]||Falher, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada)|Twilight]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Twin Creek Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Creek]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Hills Hutterite Colony (Carter, Montana, USA)|Twin Hills]]||Carter, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Rivers Hutterite Colony (Manning, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Rivers]]||Manning, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Upland Hutterite Colony (Letcher, South Dakota, USA)|Upland]]||Artesian, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Valley Centre Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Valley Centre]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Linden, Alberta, Canada)|Valley View]]||Torrington, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Valley View]]||Swan Lake, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Valleyview Ranch Hutterite Colony (Valley View, Alberta, Canada)|Valleyview Ranch]]||Valley View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Vanguard Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Vanguard]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vegreville Hutterite Colony (Vegreville, Alberta, Canada)|Vegreville]]||Vegreville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Verdant Valley Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Verdant Valley]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vermillion Hutterite Colony (Sanford, Manitoba, Canada)|Vermillion]]||Sanford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Veteran Hutterite Colony (Veteran, Alberta, Canada)|Veteran]]||Veteran, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Viking Hutterite Colony (Viking, Alberta, Canada)|Viking]]||Viking, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waldeck Hutterite Colony (Waldeck, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Waldeck]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Warburg Hutterite Colony (Warburg, Alberta, Canada)|Warburg]]||Warburg, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Warden Hutterite Colony (Warden, Washington, USA)|Warden]]||Warden, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waterton Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Waterton]]||Hillspring, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Webb Hutterite Colony (Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Webb]]||Webb, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wellwood Hutterite Colony (Ninette, Manitoba, Canada)|Wellwood]]||Ninette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[West Bench Hutterite Colony (Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada)|West Bench]]||East End, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Westroc Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Westroc]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Westwood Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Westwood]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tudor, Alberta, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tower City, North Dakota, USA)|Wheatland]]||Tower City, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Shackleton, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Cabri, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[White Lake Hutterite Colony (Nobleford, Alberta, Canada)|White Lake]]||Nobleford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[White Rock Hutterite Colony (White Rock, South Dakota, USA)|White Rock]]||Rosholt, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Whiteshell Hutterite Colony (River Hills, Manitoba, Canada)|Whiteshell]]||River Hills, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wild Rose Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Wild Rose]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Claresholm, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Cartwright, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Willow Park Hutterite Colony (Tessier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Willow Park]]||Tessier, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Willowbank Hutterite Colony (Edgeley, North Dakota, USA)|Willowbank]]||Edgeley, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Windy Bay Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Windy Bay]]||Pilot Mound, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wingham Hutterite Colony (Wingham, Manitoba, Canada)|Wingham]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Winnifred Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Winnifred]]||Medicine Hat, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Wintering Hills Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Wintering Hills]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]]||Stirling, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (Hutchinson County, South Dakota, USA)|Wolf Creek]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wollman Ranch Hutterite Colony (Elgin, North Dakota, USA)|Wollman Ranch]]||Elgin, North Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Woodland Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Woodland]]||Poplar Point, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wymark Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wymark]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Zenith Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Zenith]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|}

== 2026 Update ==
In 2026 a study published in The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities summarized the first attempt at a detailed census of Hutterites, based on a 2024 Hutterite-published directory. The total population of Hutterites was 58,392 in 544 colonies in North America. The number of colonies had grown 12.6% from 483 in 2009 to 544 in 2024. The Lehrerleut, the smallest of the three groups, added the most colonies in the last 15 years, growing by 16.5% to 162 colonies. The Dariusleut grew by 20 to 179 colonies, and the Schmiedeleut grew by 16 to 195 colonies. The census also indicated that the Lehrerleut had 18 colonies in formation, the Dariusleut 10, and the Schmiedeleut 11.

=== Number of Hutterite Colonies, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 120
| | 2
| |
| | 35
| | 157
| |
| |
| | 15
| | 1
| | 1
| |
| | 5
| | 22
| | 179
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 76
| |
| |
| | 40
| | 116
| |
| |
| | 46
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 46
| | 162
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 113
| |
| | 113
| | 7
| |
| |
| | 8
| |
| | 67
| |
| | 82
| | 195
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 54
| |
| | 54
| | 3
| |
| |
| | 1
| |
| | 6
| |
| | 10
| | 64
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 59
| |
| | 59
| | 4
| |
| |
| | 7
| |
| | 61
| |
| | 72
| | 131
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 1
| | 2
| | 2
| | 5
| | 2
| | 1
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 3
| | 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 196
| | 3
| | 115
| | 77
| | 391
| | 9
| | 1
| | 61
| | 9
| | 1
| | 67
| | 5
| | 153
| | 544
|}

=== Population of Hutterites, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 12,093
| | 258
| |
| | 3,609
| | 15,960
| |
| |
| | 738
| | 23
| | 77
| |
| | 648
| | 1,486
| | 17,446
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 8,906
| |
| | 4,045
| | 12,951
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| | 17,919
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 12,616
| |
| | 12,616
| | 750
| |
| |
| | 1,026
| |
| | 7,955
| |
| | 9,731
| | 22,347
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 5,864
| |
| | 5,864
| | 210
| |
| |
| | 43
| |
| | 692
| |
| | 945
| | 6,809
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 6,752
| |
| | 6,752
| | 540
| |
| |
| | 983
| |
| | 7,263
| |
| | 8,786
| | 15,538
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 36
| | 39
| | 219
| | 294
| | 308
| | 78
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 386
| | 680
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 20,999
| | 294
| | 12,655
| | 7,873
| | 41,821
| | 1,058
| | 78
| | 5,706
| | 1,049
| | 77
| | 7,955
| | 648
| | 16,571
| | 58,392
|}
Note: All data is from ''The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities'' (2026). Colonies outside of North America are not included. Schmeideleut Group 1 has a colony in Utu-Abak, Nigeria, and there is an independent
colony in Paraguay (recently relocated from Australia).

See also [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof, ]][[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]

= Bibliography =
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Arnold, Eberhard. <em>God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold</em>, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount</em>, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>The Early Anabaptists.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. <em>When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas</em>, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. <em>Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities</em>, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." <em>Sojourners</em> 13 (May 1984): 16-20.

Beck, Josef. <em>Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn</em>. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.

Bennett, John W. <em>Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People.</em> Stanford U. Press, 1967.

<em>The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch]</em>, trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.

Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." <em>Journal of Political Economy </em>(1924): 357-374, 468-486.

Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. <em>Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. </em>Glencoe, Ill, 1954.

Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. <em>Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population </em>(Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.

Eggers, Ulrich. <em>Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA.</em> Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. <em>Community for Life.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. <em>Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.

Fischer, Hans. <em>Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. </em>Newton, KS, 1957.

Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>(1955).

Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." <em>Mennonite Life </em>(July 1946): 38-43.

Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>30 (October 1956): 259-266.

Friedmann, Robert, ed., <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer</em>, vol. 3: <em>Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter</em>, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.

Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons."<em> Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 128-136.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary</em>, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667.</em> Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." <em>Mennonite Life</em> 25 (October 1970): 159-64.

Gross, Leonard. <em>The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Gross, Paul. <em>The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites.</em> Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.

Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.

Hofer, John. <em>The History of the Hutterites.</em> Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

Hofer, Joshua. <em>Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde.</em> Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.

Hofer, Peter. <em>The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs.</em> Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. <em>Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada.</em> Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Hutterite Life</em>, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.

Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. </em> Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.

<em>Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767</em>, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.

<em>Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder...</em>. Scottdale, PA, 1914; reprints: Winnipeg, 1953; Cayley, AB, 1962.

Horsch, John. <em>The Hutterian Brethren. </em>Goshen, IN, 1931.

Hruby, Fr. <em>Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren. </em>Leipzig, 1935.

Huber, Tim. "Census Documents Growth of Hutterite Population, Colonies." ''Anabaptist World'' (3 April 2026). Web. 4 April 2026. https://anabaptistworld.org/census-documents-growth-of-hutterite-population-colonies/.

Hutter, Jakob. <em>Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1979.

Kleinsasser, Jacob, Hardy Arnold, Jakob Hofer and Daniel Moody. <em>For the Sake of Divine Truth</em>. Rifton, NY: Plough 1974, a report on a journey to Europe in the summer of 1974.

Längin, Bernd. <em>Die Hutterer: Gefangene der Vergangenheit, Pilger der Gegenwart, Propheten der Zukunft.</em> Hamburg und Zürich: Rasch and Roehring, 1986.

Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).

Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." <em>Mennonite Historical Bulletin</em> 41 (July 1980): 1-6.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em> (<em>MWH</em>), ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference [MWC], 1978: 352-56.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em>, Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, I:: MWC, 1984: 141.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook,</em> ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, IL: MWC, 1990: 413.

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Müller, Lydia. <em>Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. </em>Leipzig, 1927.

Müller, Lydia, ed. <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 1</em>, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 20. Leipzig, 1938.

Nolt, S. M. "Research Note: Hutterite Population and Colonies, 2024, with a 15-Year Comparison of Colony Numbers." ''The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities'' 6 (1) (2026): 52-56. https://doi.org/10.18061/jpac.7063.

Peters, Victor. <em>All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life.</em> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.

Riedemann, Peter. <em>Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith</em>, trans. Kathleen E. Hasenberg. London: Hodder and Stoughton, and Plough Publishing House, 1938, 1950, 1970.

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Waltner, Gary J. "The Educational System of the Hutterian Anabaptists and their <em>Schulordnung</em> of the 16th and 17th Centuries." MA thesis, History Dept., U. of South Dakota, 1975.

Wiswedel, Wilhelm. <em>Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum,</em> 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.

Wolkan, Rudolf. <em>Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.

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{{GAMEO_footer-4|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409|date=April 2026|a1_last=Friedmann|a1_first=Robert|a2_last=Hofer|a2_first=John|a3_last=Meier|a3_first=Hans|a4_last=Hinde|a4_first=John V.}}
[[Category:Denominations]]

Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

2026-04-04T16:51:49Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
== 1955 Article ==
=== Introduction ===
[[File:ME2_858.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & [[Transylvania|Transylvania]].<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.'']]

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

=== Early Development ===

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] territories, [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Austria|Austria]], [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]], etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that [[Blaurock, Georg (ca. 1492-1529)|Georg Blaurock]] of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the [[Inn Valley (Austria)|Inn Valley]]. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] (and in particular the manorial estate [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Hubmaier]] could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, [[Liechtenstein, Leonhard von (1482-1534)|one of the Liechtensteins]] himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

[[File:ME2_860.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860'']]

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "[[Schwertler|Schwertler]]" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was [[Wideman, Jakob (d. 1535/6)|Jacob Wiedemann]], the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were [[Schützinger, Simon (16th century)|Siegmund Schützinger]], [[Zaunring, Georg (d. 1531/38)|Jörg Zaunring]], and [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]] (for details see [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]], [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]], also [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]] and [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], an Anabaptist from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] broke up into three groups: <em>(a) </em>Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on <em>Hutterische Brüder. </em>Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, <em>(b) </em>The Philippites, named after [[Weber, Philipp|Philipp Plener]] or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see [[Ausbund|Ausbund]]), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it <em>[[Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]] </em>(see also [[Haffner, Hans (16th century)|Hans Haffner]]). <em>(c) </em>The [[Gabrielites|Gabrielites]], named after [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]]. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the <em>Geschicht-Buch, </em>Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "[[Swiss Brethren|Swiss Brethren]]," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of [[Marpeck, Pilgram (d. 1556)|Pilgram Marpeck ]] were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

[[File:AMC_X-31-1_17_30.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.<br />
Scan courtesy [http://www.mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/ Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen] X-31.1, Box 17/30'']]

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Hans Amon]] of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]] of Tyrol, [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon [[Mandates|mandates]] by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564)|Ferdinand]] (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

[[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the <em>Vorsteher </em>or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners <em>(Sendboten) </em>were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 [[Falkenstein (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Falkenstein]] Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the <em>Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft)</em> 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with [[Lanzenstiel, Leonhard (d. 1565)|Leonhard Lanzenstiel]] or Seiler.

[[File:ME2_861a.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

=== The Golden Period ===

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]]; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the [[Dietrichstein family|Dietrichsteins]] bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

[[File:ME2_861b.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]], a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], the <em>Handbüchlein, </em>the book called <em>Anschlag und Fürwenden, </em>etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a <em>Schreibstube </em>or <em>scriptorium)</em>; the great <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>was then begun by [[Braitmichel, Kaspar (d. 1573)|Kaspar Braitmichel]] on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see [[Antitrinitarianism|Antitrinitarianism]]), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the <em>Vorsteher </em>[[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. <em>(a) </em>The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]]. [[Dietrichstein family|Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein]] gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and [[Fischer, Christoph Andreas (1560-after 1610)|Christoph Andreas Fischer]], in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see [[Eysvogel, Johann (16th century)|Eysvogel]] and [[Jedelshauser, Hans (16th century)|Jedelshauser]]). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, <em>(b) </em>Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see [[Böger, Salomon (d. 1610)|Böger]]). Eventually <em>(c) </em>the event, later called the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]], 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>(570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

[[File:ME2_863.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863'']]
[[File:ME2_864.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864'']]

=== Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis ===

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see [[Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoph von (1621-1676)|Grimmelshausen]]). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Andreas Ehrenpreis]], 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in [[Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Mannheim]] in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]]). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called <em>Lehr und Vorred). </em>The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such <em>Lehren </em>(some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many <em>Vorreden </em>(shorter sermons). The <em>Klein-Geschichtsbueh </em>(204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]]). [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Gemeinde Ordnung </em>of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

=== Persecution of the 18th Century ===

After [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The [[Hutterite Chronicles|Great Chronicle]] ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded <em>(Inv. Arch. Amst. </em>II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for [[Hungary|Hungary]]. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname <em>[[Habáner|Habaner]] </em>became the general name for these people.

=== Immigration to Russia ===

In [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]] to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter [[Walachia (Romania)|Walachia]] (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against [[Russia|Russia]]) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general [[Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovitch (1725-1796)|Count Rumyantsev]], who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] (then a rather sparsely populated area). At [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Radichev]], 10 miles north. It was [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner]] (born in [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]]) who was then the most outstanding <em>Vorsteher </em>of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna district]], under the sponsorship of the Mennonite [[Cornies, Johann (1789-1848)|Johann Cornies]]), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.

=== Immigration to America ===

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the [[United States of America|United States]], where they chose the prairie land of the Dakota Territory that later became the state of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879. About one third, approximately 400 people, chose settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the <em>[[Dariusleut|Darius-Leut]] </em>(named after [[Walter, Darius (1835-1903)|Darius Walter]], their leader), [[Schmiedeleut|<em>Schmiede-Leut </em>]](after [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner]], a blacksmith, their leader), and <em>[[Lehrerleut|Lehrer-Leut]] </em>(named after Jacob Wipf, a teacher called the <em>Lehrer). </em>The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. The other two thirds of the Brethren chose to settle close together on individual farms and in time became known as [[Prairieleut Hutterian Brethren|Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren]]. They also settled in the Dakota Territory. The Prairieleut formed their own congregations and in time most of these congregations joined the [[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] or the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonites]].

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to [[Canada|Canada]] where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], and south central [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central [[Montana (USA)|Montana]] from Alberta. The American federal government treated Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren in a similar manner with discrimination, harassment, and imprisonment for a few. A number of Prairieleut families also fled to Canada.

In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. [[Bruderhof Communities]] has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]]) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]] and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's <em>Rechenschaft </em>of 1540 and [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' great <em>Sendbrief </em>of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]], [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Ceramics|Ceramics]], [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts]], [[Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren|Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren]], [[Education, Hutterite|Education — Hutterite]], Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Hutter]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Amon]], Riedemann, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Walpot]], [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Braidl]], [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]], and on their books, [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]], Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]], regarding their regulations and discipline, [[Marriage, Hutterite Practices|Marriage]], [[Medicine Among the Hutterites|Medicine among the Hutterites]], dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article [[Habáner|Habaner]] which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

<div align="center">

<h3 style="text-align: center;">List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s</h3> <strong>Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622</strong>

(According to E. Crous, <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alecowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Alexowitz]] (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)
|-
| 2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 3. [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]]
|-
| 4. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]
|-
| 5. [[Pergen (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bergen]] (Pergen)
|-
| 6. [[Billowitz Hutterite Colony (Moravia)|Bilowitz]] (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)
|-
| 7. Birnbaum
|-
| 8. Bisenz ([[Bisenz Hutterite Colony (Bisenz, Moravia)|Bisentz]]) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)
|-
| 10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/[[Podusilna (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)|Bochtitz]]-Pochtitz) (1546)
|-
| 11. Boretitz/Borzetitz ([[Paraditz (Czech Republic)|Paraditz]]) (1545)
|-
| 12. Budespitz/Butschowitz ([[Bučovice (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bucovic]], Pudespitz) (1536)
|-
| 13. [[Budkov (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Budkau (Budkaw)]]
|-
| 14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)
|-
| 15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz ([[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]) (Kaunitz, 1550)
|-
| 16. [[Eibenschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Eibenschitz]] (Lipa)
|-
| 17. Eihis
|-
| 18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)
|-
| 19. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]] (1581)
|-
| 20. [[Gobschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gobschitz/Gubschitz]] (1545)
|-
| 21. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]] (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 22. Gurda/[[Gurdau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gurdau]]
|-
| 23. Herspitz ([[Gerspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gerspitz]])
|-
| 24. Hosterlitz
|-
| 25. Hrubschitz ([[Rupschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Rupschitz]]) (1546)
|-
| 26. Jamnitz
|-
| 27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)
|-
| 28. Kanitz
|-
| 29. [[Kobylí (Okres Břeclav, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kobily]]/Kobyli (Kobelitz)
|-
| 30. Kostl/Kostel ([[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]]) (Zierotin)
|-
| 31. Kreuz ([[Creutz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Creutz]]) (Lipa, 1565)
|-
| 32. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]] (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz ([[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]])
|-
| 34. [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg (Breclav)]]
|-
| 35. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz/Millotitz]]
|-
| 36. Mistrin/Mistrin
|-
| 37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)
|-
| 38. Muschau
|-
| 39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 40. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (east of Auspitz)
|-
| 41. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (near Prahlitz) (1562)
|-
| 42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)
|-
| 43. [[Neudorf (Morava, Czech Republic)|Neudorf near Lundenburg]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)
|-
| 44. [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] (Liechtenstein, 1558)
|-
| 45. [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)
|-
| 46. Nikolschitz/[[Nikoltschitz (Olomoucký kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikoltschitz]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 47. [[Nusslau (Morava, Czech Republic)|Nusslau]] (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)
|-
| 48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)
|-
| 50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)
|-
| 51. Polau/Pollau
|-
| 52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)
|-
| 53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)
|-
| 54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 55. Pruschank/Pruschanek
|-
| 56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)
|-
| 57. [[Bohuslavice (Moravskoslezský kraj, Czech Republic)|Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz)]] (1546)
|-
| 58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)
|-
| 61. Rohatetz
|-
| 62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)
|-
| 63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)
|-
| 65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)
|-
| 66. [[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)
|-
| 67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz
|-
| 68. Skalitz ([[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]) (1563)
|-
| 69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz
|-
| 69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz
|-
| 70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz
|-
| 71. Swetlau
|-
| 72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)
|-
| 73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz
|-
| 74. Tracht (1558)
|-
| 75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)
|-
| 76. Turnitz-[[Durdenitz (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Durdenitz]]
|-
| 77. [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)
|-
| 78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)
|-
| 79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)
|-
| 79a. Weisstätten
|-
| 80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)
|-
| 81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)
|-
| 82. Wessely (1546)
|-
| 83. Wischenau
|-
| 84. Wisternitz
|-
| 85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)
|}

<strong>Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762</strong>

(According to E. Crous,<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

{| class="wikitable"
| I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547)
|-
| II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra)
|-
| III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)
|-
| IV. Egbell (Neutra)
|-
| V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)
|-
| VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra)
|-
| VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)
|-
| VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550)
|-
| IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)
|-
| X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]])
|-
| XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622)
|-
| XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)
|-
| XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)
|-
| XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548)
|}
<strong>Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622</strong>

(According to Fr. Hruby,<em> Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, </em>Leipzig, 1935)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. <em>Lundenburg-Billowitz:</em> [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf
|-
| 2. <em>Seelowitz: </em>Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz
|-
| 3. <em>[[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: </em>Austerlitz and Gerspitz
|-
| 4. <em>Nikolsburg: </em>[[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht
|-
| 5. <em>Steinitz: </em>[[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]
|-
| 6. <em>Kanitz: </em>Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)
|-
| 7. <em>Landshut: </em>Landshut
|-
| 8. <em>[[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: </em>Lettnitz
|-
| 9. <em>Skalitz: </em>[[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]
|-
| 10. <em>Wischenau: </em>Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]]
|-
| 11. <em>Tscheikowitz:</em>[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan
|-
| 12. <em>Bochtitz: </em>[[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]]
|-
| 13. <em>[[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: </em>Frischau
|-
| 14. <em>[[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: </em>Göding and Koblitz
|-
| 15. <em>Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: </em>Maskowitz and Oleckowitz
|-
| 16. <em>[[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: </em>Wäzenobis
|-
| 17. <em>Uhritz: </em>[[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]
|-
| 18. <em>Wesseli: </em>Wessela
|-
| 19. <em>[[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: </em>Schädewitz
|-
| 20. <em>Ungarisch-Ostra: </em>Neudorf
|-
| 21. <em>Eisgrub: </em>[[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]]
|-
| 22. <em>Ober-Tannowitz: </em>Tannewitz
|-
| 23. <em>Tulleschitz: </em>Schermankowitz
|-
| 24. <em>[[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: </em>(Wostite), Weisstätten
|-
| 25. <em>Polehraditz: </em>[[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]]
|-
| 26. <em>Tawikowitz: </em>Teikowitz
|}

<strong>Table 4: [[Transylvania|Transylvania]]</strong>

{| align="center" class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767
|-
| 2. Kreuz, 1761-1767
|-
| 3. Stein, 1761-1767
|}

<strong>Table 5: Ukraine</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802)
|-
| 2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842)
|-
| 3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1874)
|-
| 4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)
|-
| 5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)
|-
| 6. Sheromet (1868-1874)
|-
| 7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)
|}

<strong>Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches</strong> (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

{| class="wikitable"
| <strong>Name & Address of Colony</strong> || <div align="center"><strong><em>Yr. Settled</em></strong></div> || <strong><em>Population in 1950</em></strong>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]] || 1949 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| 2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">80</div>
|-
| 3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">81</div>
|-
| 4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod || 1928 || <div align="right">69</div>
|-
| 5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka || 1949 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum || 1930 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma || 1949 || <div align="right">57</div>
|-
| 8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]] || 1948 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]] || 1944 || <div align="right">78</div>
|-
| 10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford || 1935 || <div align="right">91</div>
|-
| 11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]] || 1926 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Stirling]] || 1924 || <div align="right">110</div>
|-
| 13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]] || 1926 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]] || 1948 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod || 1933 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland || 1918 || <div align="right">187</div>
|-
| 17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker || 1936 || <div align="right">114</div>
|-
| 18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford || 1918 || <div align="right">77</div>
|-
| 19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford || 1919 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]] || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]] || 1949 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]] || 1918 || <div align="right">140</div>
|-
| 25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling || 1924 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range || 1945 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers || 1947 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]] || 1935 || <div align="right">61</div>
|-
| 29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown || 1945 || <div align="right">26</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford || 1920 || <div align="right">129</div>
|-
| 31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath || 1937 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner || 1929 || <div align="right">177</div>
|-
| 33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath || 1932 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">127</div>
|-
| 35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]] || 1924 || <div align="right">103</div>
|-
| 36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond || 1918 || <div align="right">134</div>
|-
| 37. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">115</div>
|-
| 38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton || 1932 || <div align="right">113</div>
|-
| 39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond || -- || <div align="right">96</div>
|-
| 40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown || 1950 || <div align="right">60</div>
|-
| 42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham || 1935 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner || 1935 || <div align="right">186</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 45. [[Birch Creek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier || 1947 || <div align="right">95</div>
|-
| 46. Miami, Pendroy || 1948 || <div align="right">112</div>
|-
| 47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta || 1945 || <div align="right">105</div>
|-
| 48. Miller Ranch, Choteau || 1949 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau || 1948 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy || 1947 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge || 1924 || <div align="right">25</div>
|-
| 53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket || 1920 || <div align="right">15</div>
|-
| 54. Monarch, Monarch || 1942 || <div align="right">31</div>
|-
| 55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling || 1944 || <div align="right">30</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 56. [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]], Headingly || 1920 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]] || 1922 || <div align="right">132</div>
|-
| 58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">108</div>
|-
| 59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding || 1934 || <div align="right">153</div>
|-
| 60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara || 1918 || <div align="right">193</div>
|-
| 61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly || 1919 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly || 1946 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]] || 1918 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]] || 1944 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point || 1938 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone || 1946 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden || 1934 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle || 1947 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly || 1938 || <div align="right">118</div>
|-
| 73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding || 1925 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie || 1935 || <div align="right">121</div>
|-
| 75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian || 1950 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor || 1874 || <div align="right">58</div>
|-
| 78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort || 1949 || <div align="right">97</div>
|-
| 79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred || 1948 || <div align="right">71</div>
|-
| 80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron || 1944 || <div align="right">74</div>
|-
| 81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica || 1937 || <div align="right">107</div>
|-
| 82. [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]] || 1949 || <div align="right">72</div>
|-
| 83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller || 1949 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 84. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]] || 1936 || <div align="right">102</div>
|-
| 85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois || 1949 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy || 1949 || <div align="right">68</div>
|-
| 87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron || 1949 || <div align="right">48</div>
|-
| 88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria || 1934 || <div align="right">84</div>
|-
| 89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell || 1945 || <div align="right">92</div>
|-
| 90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort || 1945 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet || 1942 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>CONVERT COLONIES</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>ONTARIO</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright || 1941 || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>Bruderhof Communities</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>NEW YORK (State) </strong></div> || ||
|-
| [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton || 1954 || <div align="right">135</div>
|}

<strong>Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| || || <strong>Total</strong>
|-
| <strong>Dariusleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">2,247</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">206</div> || <div align="right">2,453</div>
|-
| <strong>Lehrerleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">1,852</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">613</div> || <div align="right">2,465</div>
|-
| <strong>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]]</strong> || ||
|-
| Manitoba || <div align="right">2,272</div> ||
|-
| South Dakota || <div align="right">1,209</div> || <div align="right">3,481</div>
|-
| <strong>Unaffiliated colonies</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">101</div> || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Kinship Colonies</strong> || || <div align="right">8,500</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)</strong> || || <div align="right">1,100</div>
|-
| <div align="right" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Total No. of Hutterites</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,600</strong></div>
|-
| || ||
|-
| <strong>SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION</strong> || ||
|-
| Montana || || <div align="right">819</div>
|-
| South Dakota || || <div align="right">1,209</div>
|-
| Alberta || || <div align="right">4,200</div>
|-
| Manitoba || || <div align="right">2,272</div>
|-
| Ontario || || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
|-
| <div align="right"><strong>Total</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,211</strong></div>
|}

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]):

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Dariusleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch
|-
| colspan="2" | 99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 100. Acadia Valley, Oyen
|-
| colspan="2" | 101. New Milford, Winnifred
|-
| colspan="2" | 102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom
|-
| colspan="2" | 103. Springside, Duchess
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon
|-
| colspan="2" | 105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek
|-
| colspan="2" | 106. Slade Colony, Tompkins
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Montana</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, Manitoba</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne
|-
| colspan="2" | 109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe
|-
| colspan="2" | 110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]]
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, South Dakota</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota
|}

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

</div> <strong>Note for the Maps: </strong><em>Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.</em>

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] in Europe with locations (concerning [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article <em>Rabenska </em>in the <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches ]]</em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|<em>Lexikon</em>]] (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his <em>Communismus </em>(1894) p. 246. This list he published in<em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1619-1622, in his <em>Wiedertäufer in Mähren </em>(Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs <em>(Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] and [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]in existence in 1947. -- <em>Robert Friedmann</em>

== 1990 Update ==

The Hutterian Brethren practice [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]], [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], Saskatchewan, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Washington (USA)|Washington]], [[Montana (USA)|Montana]], [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Minnesota (USA)|Minnesota]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], [[New York (USA)|New York]], Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the [[United States of America|United States]] from [[Russia|Russia]] in the 1870s and moved to [[Canada|Canada]] after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The <em>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] </em>(Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian [[Children|children]] attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]and [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

<em>John Hofer</em>

== 2014 Update ==

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! Colony !! Location !! Leut
|-
| [[Abbey Hutterite Colony (Abbey, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Abbey]]||Abbey, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Oyen, Alberta, Canada)|Acadia]]||Oyen, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Acadia]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Airport Hutterite Colony (Macdonald, Manitoba, Canada)|Airport]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Albion Ridge Hutterite Colony (Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada)|Albion Ridge]]||Picture Butte, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Alix Hutterite Colony (Alix, Alberta, Canada)|Alix]]||Alix, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Altona Hutterite Colony (Henderson, Minnesota, USA)|Altona]]||Henderson, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River]]||Lumsden, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Armada Hutterite Colony (Armada, Alberta, Canada)|Armada]]||Lomond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Arrowwood Hutterite Colony (Blackie, Alberta, Canada)|Arrowwood]]||Blackie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Aspenheim Hutterite Colony (Bagot, Manitoba, Canada)|Aspenheim]]||Bagot, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Athabasca||Athabasca, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Baildon Hutterite Colony (Briercrest, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Baildon]]||Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Baker Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Baker]]||Mac Gregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Beechy Hutterite Colony (Beechy, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Beechy]]||Beechy, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Belle Plaine Hutterite Colony (Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Belle Plaine]]||Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]]||Shaunavon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Bentley Hutterite Colony (Bentley, Alberta, Canada)|Bentley]]||Blackfalds, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Berry Creek Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Berry Creek]]||Hanna, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]]||Cardston, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Rose Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Big Rose]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Sky Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Big Sky]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Graceville, Minnesota, USA)|Big Stone]]||Graceville, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Sand Coulee, Montana, USA)|Big Stone]]||Sand Coulee, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Birch Creek||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Birch Hills Hutterite Colony (Peoria, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Hills]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Birch Meadows Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Meadows]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blooming Prairie Hutterite Colony (Homewood, Manitoba, Canada)|Blooming Prairie]]||Homewood, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Clay Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Blue Clay]]||Arnaud, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Ridge]]||Mountain View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Blue Sky Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Sky]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bluegrass Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Bluegrass]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengart]]||Plum Coulee, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]]||Tabor, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bone Creek Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bone Creek]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Boundary Lane Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Boundary Lane]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Bow City Hutterite Colony (Bow City, Alberta, Canada)|Bow City]]||Brooks, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Box Elder Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Box Elder]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Brant Hutterite Colony (Brant, Alberta, Canada)|Brant]]||Brant, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Brantwood Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Brantwood]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Brentwood Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Brentwood]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Brightstone Hutterite Colony (La du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada)|Brightstone]]||Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Britestone Hutterite Colony (Carbon, Alberta, Canada)|Britestone]]||Carbon, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Broad Valley Hutterite Colony (Arborg, Manitoba, Canada)|Broad Valley]]||Arborg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Brocket||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Butte Hutterite Colony (Bracken, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Butte]]||Bracken, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Byemoor Hutterite Colony (Byemoor, Alberta, Canada)|Byemoor]]||Byemoor, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cameron Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Cameron]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Cameron||Viborg, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose]]||Camrose, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Ledger, Montana, USA)|Camrose]]||Ledger, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Camrose||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[CanAm Hutterite Colony (Margaret, Manitoba, Canada)|CanAm]]||Margaret, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Carmangay Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Carmangay]]||Carmangay, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Carmichael Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Carmichael]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Cascade]]||MacGregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (Fort Shaw, Montana, USA)|Cascade]]||Sun River, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Castor Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Castor]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]]||Cayley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cedar Grove Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Cedar Grove]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Claremont Hutterite Colony (Castlewood, South Dakota, USA)|Claremont]]||Castlewood, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clark Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Clark]]||Raymond, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clear Lake Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Clear Lake]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clear Spring Hutterite Colony (Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Clear Spring]]||Kenaston, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cleardale Hutterite Colony (Cleardale, Alberta, Canada)|Cleardale]]||Cleardale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Clearfield Hutterite Colony (Wagner, South Dakota, USA)|Clearfield]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Clearview]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Elm Creek, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearview]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Clearwater Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearwater]]||Balmoral, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cloverleaf Hutterite Colony (Delia, Alberta, Canada)|Cloverleaf]]||Delia, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cluny Hutterite Colony (Cluny, Alberta, Canada)|Cluny]]||Cluny, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Codessa Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Codessa]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Collins||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Concord Hutterite Colony (Stony Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Concord]]||Winnipeg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cool Spring Hutterite Colony (Polonia, Manitoba, Canada)|Cool Spring]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Cool Springs||Rudyard, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Copperfield Hutterite Colony (Vauxhall, Alberta, Canada)|Copperfield]]||Vauxhall, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Craigmyle Hutterite Colony (Craigmyle, Alberta, Canada)|Craigmyle]]||Craigmyle, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Ste. Agathe, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Cypress River, Manitoba, Canada)|Cypress]]||Cypress River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Decker Hutterite Colony (Decker, Manitoba, Canada)|Decker]]||Decker, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Deerboine Hutterite Colony (Alexander, Manitoba, Canada)|Deerboine]]||Alexander, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Deerfield]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Deerfield]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Delco Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Delco]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Delta Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Delta]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Dinsmore Hutterite Colony (Dinsmore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Dinsmore]]||Dinsmore, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Donalda Hutterite Colony (Donalda, Alberta, Canada)|Donalda]]||Donalda, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Downie Lake Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Downie Lake]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Duncan Ranch Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Duncan Ranch]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Galata, Montana, USA)|Eagle Creek]]||Galata, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eagle Creek]]||Asquith, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ear View Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ear View]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East End Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|East End]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[East Malta Hutterite Colony (Malta, Montana, USA)|East Malta]]||Malta, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Raymond Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|East Raymond]]||Raymond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Eatonia Hutterite Colony (Eatonia, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eatonia]]||Eatonia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| Elk Creek||Augusta, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater]]||Irvine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elm Spring]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elmendorf Christian Community (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Elmendorf]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Emerald Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Emerald]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Enchant Hutterite Colony (Enchant, Alberta, Canada)|Enchant]]||Enchant, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Erskine Hutterite Colony (Erskine, Alberta, Canada)|Erskine]]||Erskine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Estuary Hutterite Colony (Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Estuary]]||Leader, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Evergreen]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fair Haven Hutterite Colony (Ulm, Montana, USA)|Fair Haven]]||Ulm, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairholme Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairholme]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fairlane Hutterite Colony (Skiff, Alberta, Canada)|Fairlane]]||Skiff, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (La Moure, North Dakota, USA)|Fairview]]||La Moure, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fairville Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Fairville]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairway Hutterite Colony (Douglas, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairway]]||Douglas, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ferrybank Hutterite Colony (Ponoka, Alberta, Canada)|Ferrybank]]||Ponoka, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Flat Willow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Flat Willow Ranch]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fordham Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Fordham]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fords Creek Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Fords Creek]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]]||Fordville, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fort Pitt Hutterite Colony (Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Fort Pitt]]||Lloydminister, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forty Mile Hutterite Colony (Lodge Grass, Montana, USA)|Forty Mile]]||Lodge Grass, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Gadsby Hutterite Colony (Hackett, Alberta, Canada)|Gadsby]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Garden Plane Hutterite Colony (Frontier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Garden Plane]]||Frontier, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Gildford Hutterite Colony (Gildford, Montana, USA)|Gildford]]||Gildford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glendale]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Glenway Hutterite Colony (Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada)|Glenway]]||Dominion City, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Glidden Hutterite Colony (Glidden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Glidden]]||Glidden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Golden Valley Hutterite Colony (Ryegate, Montana, USA)|Golden Valley]]||Ryegate, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Golden View||Salem, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Golden View Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Golden View]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Good Hope Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Good Hope]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grand Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Grand]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grandview Hutterite Colony (Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada)|Grandview]]||Grand Prairie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grant Hutterite Colony (Enderlin, North Dakota, USA)|Grant]]||Enderlin, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]]||Granum, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grass Ranch Hutterite Colony (Kimball, South Dakota, USA)|Grass Ranch]]||Kimball, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grass River Hutterite Colony (Glenella, Manitoba, Canada)|Grass River]]||Glenella, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassland Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Grassland]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassy Hill Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Grassy Hill]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Green Leaf Hutterite Colony (Marcelin, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Green Leaf]]||Marcelin, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Greenwald Hutterite Colony (Brokenhead, Manitoba, Canada)|Greenwald]]||Beausejour, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Stand Off, Alberta, Canada)|Greenwood]]||Fort Macleod, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Delmont, South Dakota, USA)|Greenwood]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hairy Hill Hutterite Colony (Hairy Hill, Alberta, Canada)|Hairy Hill]]||Hairy Hill, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hand Hills Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Hand Hills]]||Hanna, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Bashaw, Alberta, Canada)|Hartland]]||Bashaw, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hartland]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Dexter, Minnesota, USA)|Haven]]||Dexter, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Fox Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Haven]]||Fox Valley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Hazelridge, Manitoba, Canada)|Heartland]]||Hazelridge, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Lake Benton, Minnesota, USA)|Heartland]]||Lake Benton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hidden Lake Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Hidden Lake]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hidden Valley Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Hidden Valley]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[High River Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|High River]]||High River, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Garden City, South Dakota, USA)|Hillcrest]]||Garden City, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillcrest]]||Dundurn, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hilldale Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hilldale]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillridge Hutterite Colony (Barnwell, Alberta, Canada)|Hillridge]]||Barnwell, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Justice, Manitoba, Canada)|Hillside]]||Justice, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]]||Sweetgrass, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Hillside]]||Doland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillsvale Hutterite Colony (Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillsvale]]||Cut Knife, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillview Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Hillview]]||Rosebud, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hodgeville Hutterite Colony (Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hodgeville]]||Hodgeville, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holden Hutterite Colony (Holden, Alberta, Canada)|Holden]]||Holden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holmfield Hutterite Colony (Holmfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Holmfield]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]]||Irma, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Homewood Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Homewood]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Horizon]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Lowe Farm, Manitoba, Canada)|Horizon]]||Lowe Farm, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Hughenden Hutterite Colony (Hughenden, Alberta, Canada)|Hughenden]]||Hughenden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Brownlee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Huron]]||Brownlee, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Stratford, South Dakota, USA)|Hutterville]]||Stratford, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Huxley Hutterite Colony (Huxley, Alberta, Canada)|Huxley]]||Huxley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Interlake Hutterite Colony (Teulon, Manitoba, Canada)|Interlake]]||Teulon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Iron Creek Hutterite Colony (Bruce, Alberta, Canada)|Iron Creek]]||Bruce, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]]||Utica, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jenner Hutterite Colony (Jenner, Alberta, Canada)|Jenner]]||Jenner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kamsley Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Kamsley]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Keho Lake Hutterite Colony (Barons, Alberta, Canada)|Keho Lake]]||Barons, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Keystone Hutterite Colony (Warren, Manitoba, Canada)|Keystone]]||Warren, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Kilby Butte Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Kilby Butte]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch]]||Lewiston, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Kings Lake Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Kings Lake]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsbury Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Kingsbury]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsland Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Kingsland]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kyle Hutterite Colony (Elrose, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Kyle]]||Kyle, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Lajord Hutterite Colony (White City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lajord]]||White City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lake View Hutterite Colony (Lake Andes, South Dakota, USA)|Lake View]]||Lake Andes, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cranford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Lakeview Hutterite Colony (Unity, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lakeview]]||Unity, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lathom Hutterite Colony (Brooks, Alberta, Canada)|Lathom]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Leask Hutterite Colony (Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Leask]]||Leask, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Leedale Hutterite Colony (Rimbey, Alberta, Canada)|Leedale]]||Rimbey, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lismore Hutterite Colony (Clinton, Minnesota, USA)|Lismore]]||Clinton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Little Bow Hutterite Colony (Champion, Alberta, Canada)|Little Bow]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Little Creek Hutterite Colony (Marquette, Manitoba, Canada)|Little Creek]]||Marquette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Livingstone Hutterite Colony (Lundbreck, Alberta, Canada)|Livingstone]]||Lundbreck, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lomond Hutterite Colony (Lomond, Alberta, Canada)|Lomond]]||Lomond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lone Pine Hutterite Colony (Botha, Alberta, Canada)|Lone Pine]]||Botha, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Long Lake Hutterite Colony (Wetonka, South Dakota, USA)|Long Lake]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Loring Hutterite Colony (Loring, Montana, USA)|Loring]]||Loring, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lost River Hutterite Colony (Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lost River]]||Allan, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lougheed Hutterite Colony (Lougheed, Alberta, Canada)|Lougheed]]||Lougheed, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|MacMillan]]||Cayley, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Main Centre Hutterite Colony (Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Main Centre]]||Rush Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mannville Hutterite Colony (Mannville, Alberta, Canada)|Mannville]]||Mannville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Maple Grove Hutterite Colony (Lauder, Manitoba, Canada)|Maple Grove]]||Lauder, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Maple River Hutterite Colony (Fullerton, North Dakota, USA)|Maple River]]||Fullerton, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marble Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hodgson, Manitoba, Canada)|Marble Ridge]]||Hodgson, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marlin Hutterite Colony (Marlin, Washington, USA)|Marlin]]||Marlin, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Martinsdale Hutterite Colony (Martinsdale, Montana, USA)|Martinsdale]]||Martinsdale, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Maxwell]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell]]||Scotland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfair Hutterite Colony (Killarney, Manitoba, Canada)|Mayfair]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Mayfield]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Willow Lake, South Dakota, USA)|Mayfield]]||Willow Lake, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[McGee Hutterite Colony (McGee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McGee]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[McMahon Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McMahon]]||MacMahon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mialta Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Mialta]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Miami]]||Morden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Midland Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Midland]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Midway Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|Midway]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milden Hutterite Colony (Milden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Milden]]||Milden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Wolf Creek, Montana, USA)|Milford]]||Wolf Creek, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millbrook Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Millbrook]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Miller Hutterite Colony (Choteau, Montana, USA)|Miller]]||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]]||Miller, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[MillsHof Hutterite Colony (Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada)|MillsHof]]||Glenboro, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Miltow Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Miltow]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mixburn Hutterite Colony (Minburn, Alberta, Canada)|Mixburn]]||Minburn, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Morinville Hutterite Colony (Alcomdale, Alberta, Canada)|Morinville]]||Morinville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Mountain View]]||Strathmore, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Broadview, Montana, USA)|Mountain View]]||Broadview, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Netley Hutterite Colony (Petersfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Netley]]||Petersfield, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Neu Muehl Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Neu Muehl]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neudorf Hutterite Colony (Kersey, Alberta, Canada)|Neudorf]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neuhof Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Neuhof]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring]]||Ethan, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New Miami Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|New Miami]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| New Rockport||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York]]||Lethbridge, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|Newdale]]||Milo, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Souris, Manitoba, Canada)|Newdale]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Elkton, South Dakota, USA)|Newdale]]||Elkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newell Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Newell]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newhaven Hutterite Colony (Argyle, Manitoba, Canada)|Newhaven]]||Argyle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newport Hutterite Colony (Claremont, South Dakota, USA)|Newport]]||Claremont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norfeld Hutterite Colony (White, South Dakota, USA)|Norfeld]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norquay Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Norquay]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[North Harlem Hutterite Colony (Harlem, Montana, USA)|North Harlem]]||Harlem, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Northern Breeze Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Northern Breeze]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[O. B. Hutterite Colony (Marwayne, Alberta, Canada)|O.B.]]||Marwayne, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O. K.]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]]||Morris, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oak Lane Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Oak Lane]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Oak River Hutterite Colony (Oak River, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak River]]||Oak River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oaklane Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Oaklane]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oakridge Hutterite Colony (Holland, Manitoba, Canada)|Oakridge]]||Holland, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Odanah Hutterite Colony (Rufford, Manitoba, Canada)|Odanah]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Parkston, South Dakota, USA)|Old Elm Spring]]||Parkston, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Orland Hutterite Colony (Montrose, South Dakota, USA)|Orland]]||Montrose, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Parkland Hutterite Colony (Parkland, Alberta, Canada)|Parkland]]||Nanton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Parkview Hutterite Colony (Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Parkview]]||Riding Mountain, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Peace View Hutterite Colony (Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace View]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]]||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembina Hutterite Colony (Darlingford, Manitoba, Canada)|Pembina]]||Darlingford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembrook Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Pembrook]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pennant Hutterite Colony (Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Pennant]]||Pennant, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Creek Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Pine Creek]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pine Haven Hutterite Colony (Westaskiwin, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Haven]]||Wetaskiwin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill]]||Red Deer, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pineland Hutterite Colony (Piney, Manitoba, Canada)|Pineland]]||Piney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Plain Lake Hutterite Colony (Two Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Plain Lake]]||Two Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Plainview]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Plainview]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Plainview]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Clive, Alberta, Canada)|Pleasant Valley]]||Clive, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Belt, Montana, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Belt, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Flandreau, South Dakota, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Flandreau, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Poinsett Hutterite Colony (Estelline, South Dakota, USA)|Poinsett]]||Estelline, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pondera Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Pondera]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponderosa Hutterite Colony (Grassy Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Ponderosa]]||Grassy Lake, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponteix Hutterite Colony (Ponteix, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ponteix]]||Ponteix, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Prairie Blossom Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Prairie Blossom]]||Stonewall, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Prairie Elk Hutterite Colony (Wolf Point, Montana, USA)|Prairie Elk]]||Wolf Point, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Prairie Home Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie Home]]||Wrentham, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Prairie View Hutterite Colony (Sibbald, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie View]]||Sibbald, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Quill Lake Hutterite Colony (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Quill Lake]]||Quill Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rainbow Hutterite Colony (Innisfail, Alberta, Canada)|Rainbow]]||Innisfail, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Raymore Hutterite Colony (Raymore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Raymore]]||Raymore, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Red Willow]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Toronto, South Dakota, USA)|Red Willow]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ribstone Hutterite Colony (Edgerton, Alberta, Canada)|Ribstone]]||Edgerton, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridge Valley Hutterite Colony (Crooked Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Ridge Valley]]||Crooked Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Hussar, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ridgeville Hutterite Colony (Ridgeville, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeville]]||Ridgeville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rimrock Hutterite Colony (Sunburst, Montana, USA)|Rimrock]]||Sunburst, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[River Road Hutterite Colony (Milk River, Alberta, Canada)|River Road]]||Milk River, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Mossleigh, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Waldheim, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Waldheim, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]]||Arden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Riverview]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverview]]||Saskatoon, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Grosse Isle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]]||Pendroy, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Roland||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rolling Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Rolling Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosalind Hutterite Colony (Rosalind, Alberta, Canada)|Rosalind]]||Camrose, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Glen Hutterite Colony (Hilda, Alberta, Canada)|Rose Glen]]||Hilda, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Graysville, Manitoba, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Graysville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Verwood, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Assiniboia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosebank Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosebank]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosetown Hutterite Colony (Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosetown]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rustic Acres Hutterite Colony (Madison, South Dakota, USA)|Rustic Acres]]||Madison, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sage Creek Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sage Creek]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sand Lake Hutterite Colony (Orkney, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sand Lake]]||Val Marie, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhills]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Schoonover Hutterite Colony (Odessa, Washington, USA)|Schoonover]]||Odessa, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]]||Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scott Hutterite Colony (Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Scott]]||Scott, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Seville Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Seville]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shadow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Airdrie, Alberta, Canada)|Shadow Ranch]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Wanham, Alberta, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Treherne, Manitoba, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Treherne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Shamrock]]||Bow Island, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Shamrock]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Shannon Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Shannon]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Silver Creek Hutterite Colony (Ferintosh, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Creek]]||Ferintoch, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Lake Hutterite Colony (Clark, South Dakota, USA)|Silver Lake]]||Clark, South Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Sage Hutterite Colony (Nemiskam, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Sage]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Silverwinds Hutterite Colony (Sperling, Manitoba, Canada)|Silverwinds]]||Sperling, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Simmie Hutterite Colony (Simmie, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Simmie]]||Admiral, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sky Light Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Sky Light]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sky View Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Sky View]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Smiley Hutterite Colony (Smiley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Smiley]]||Smiley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Smoky Lake Hutterite Colony (Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Smoky Lake]]||Smoky Lake, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sommerfeld Hutterite Colony (High Bluff, Manitoba, Canada)|Sommerfeld]]||High Bluff, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Souris River Hutterite Colony (Elgin, Manitoba, Canada)|Souris River]]||Elgin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[South Bend Hutterite Colony (Alliance, Alberta, Canada)|South Bend]]||Alliance, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[South Peace Hutterite Colony (Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada)|South Peace]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Southland Hutterite Colony (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Southland]]||Herbert, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sovereign Hutterite Colony (Sovereign, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sovereign]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spokane Hutterite Colony (Reardan, Washington, USA)|Spokane]]||Reardan, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Walsh, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Creek]]||Walsh, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Hill Hutterite Colony (Springhill, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Hill]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (Oldham, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Lake]]||Arlington, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Lake]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Point Hutterite Colony (Brocket, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Point]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Prairie Hutterite Colony (Hawley, Minnesota, USA)|Spring Prairie]]||Hawley, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Ridge Hutterite Colony (Wainwright, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Ridge]]||Wainwright, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Side Hutterite Colony (Duchess, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Side]]||Duchess, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Spring Coulee, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Spring Coulee, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Shilo, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Wessington Springs, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Valley]]||Wessington Springs, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring View Hutterite Colony (Gem, Alberta, Canada)|Spring View]]||Gem, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Water Hutterite Colony (Ruthilda, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Water]]||Ruthilda, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springdale Hutterite Colony (White Sulpher Springs, Montana, USA)|Springdale]]||White Sulphur, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Springfield]]||Kindersley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springwater Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Springwater]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Spruce Lane||Blanchard, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sprucewood Hutterite Colony (Brookdale, Manitoba, Canada)|Sprucewood]]||Brookdale, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Stahl Hutterite Colony (Ritzville, Washington, USA)|Stahl]]||Ritzville, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Standard Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Standard]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Standoff Hutterite Colony (Fort MacLeod, Alberta, Canada)|Standoff]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stanfield Hutterite Colony (Stanfield, Oregon, USA)|Stanfield]]||Stanfield, Oregon||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Star City Hutterite Colony (Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Star City]]||Star City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starbrite Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Starbrite]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Starland]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Gibbon, Minnesota, USA)|Starland]]||Gibbon, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Starlite Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Starlite]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]]||Headingley, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Kleefeld, Manitoba, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Tourond, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sundale Hutterite Colony (Milnor, North Dakota, USA)|Sundale]]||Milnor, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunny Bend Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Bend]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Brook Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sunny Brook]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunny Dale Hutterite Colony (Arelee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sunny Dale]]||Perdue, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Site Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Site]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sunrise Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Sunrise]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunset Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Sunset]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunshine Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Sunshine]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Surprise Creek Hutterite Colony (Stanford, Montana, USA)|Surprise Creek]]||Stanford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Swift Current Hutterite Colony (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Three Hills Hutterite Colony (Three Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Three Hills]]||Three Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thunderbird Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Thunderbird]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tofield Hutterite Colony (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)|Tofield]], Alberta||Tofield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tompkins Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Sasakatchewan, Canada)|Tompkins]]||Tompkins, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Treesbank Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Treesbank]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Trileaf Hutterite Colony (Baldur, Manitoba, Canada)|Trileaf]]||Baldur, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter]]||Irricana, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Turin Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Turin]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Turner Hutterite Colony (Turner, Montana, USA)|Turner]]||Turner, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Falher, Alberta, Canada)|Twilight]]||Falher, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada)|Twilight]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Twin Creek Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Creek]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Hills Hutterite Colony (Carter, Montana, USA)|Twin Hills]]||Carter, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Rivers Hutterite Colony (Manning, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Rivers]]||Manning, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Upland Hutterite Colony (Letcher, South Dakota, USA)|Upland]]||Artesian, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Valley Centre Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Valley Centre]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Linden, Alberta, Canada)|Valley View]]||Torrington, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Valley View]]||Swan Lake, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Valleyview Ranch Hutterite Colony (Valley View, Alberta, Canada)|Valleyview Ranch]]||Valley View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Vanguard Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Vanguard]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vegreville Hutterite Colony (Vegreville, Alberta, Canada)|Vegreville]]||Vegreville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Verdant Valley Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Verdant Valley]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vermillion Hutterite Colony (Sanford, Manitoba, Canada)|Vermillion]]||Sanford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Veteran Hutterite Colony (Veteran, Alberta, Canada)|Veteran]]||Veteran, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Viking Hutterite Colony (Viking, Alberta, Canada)|Viking]]||Viking, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waldeck Hutterite Colony (Waldeck, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Waldeck]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Warburg Hutterite Colony (Warburg, Alberta, Canada)|Warburg]]||Warburg, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Warden Hutterite Colony (Warden, Washington, USA)|Warden]]||Warden, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waterton Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Waterton]]||Hillspring, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Webb Hutterite Colony (Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Webb]]||Webb, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wellwood Hutterite Colony (Ninette, Manitoba, Canada)|Wellwood]]||Ninette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[West Bench Hutterite Colony (Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada)|West Bench]]||East End, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Westroc Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Westroc]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Westwood Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Westwood]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tudor, Alberta, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tower City, North Dakota, USA)|Wheatland]]||Tower City, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Shackleton, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Cabri, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[White Lake Hutterite Colony (Nobleford, Alberta, Canada)|White Lake]]||Nobleford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[White Rock Hutterite Colony (White Rock, South Dakota, USA)|White Rock]]||Rosholt, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Whiteshell Hutterite Colony (River Hills, Manitoba, Canada)|Whiteshell]]||River Hills, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wild Rose Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Wild Rose]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Claresholm, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Cartwright, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Willow Park Hutterite Colony (Tessier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Willow Park]]||Tessier, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Willowbank Hutterite Colony (Edgeley, North Dakota, USA)|Willowbank]]||Edgeley, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Windy Bay Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Windy Bay]]||Pilot Mound, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wingham Hutterite Colony (Wingham, Manitoba, Canada)|Wingham]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Winnifred Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Winnifred]]||Medicine Hat, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Wintering Hills Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Wintering Hills]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]]||Stirling, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (Hutchinson County, South Dakota, USA)|Wolf Creek]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wollman Ranch Hutterite Colony (Elgin, North Dakota, USA)|Wollman Ranch]]||Elgin, North Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Woodland Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Woodland]]||Poplar Point, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wymark Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wymark]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Zenith Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Zenith]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|}

== 2026 Update ==
In 2026 a study published in The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities summarized the first attempt at a detailed census of Hutterites, based on a 2024 Hutterite-published directory. The total population of Hutterites was 58,392 in 544 colonies in North America. The number of colonies had grown 12.6% from 483 in 2009 to 544 in 2024. The Lehrerleut, the smallest of the three groups, added the most colonies in the last 15 years, growing by 16.5% to 162 colonies. The Dariusleut grew by 20 to 179 colonies, and the Schmiedeleut grew by 16 to 195 colonies. The census also indicated that the Lehrerleut had 18 colonies in formation, the Dariusleut 10, and the Schmiedeleut 11.

=== Number of Hutterite Colonies, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 120
| | 2
| |
| | 35
| | 157
| |
| |
| | 15
| | 1
| | 1
| |
| | 5
| | 22
| | 179
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 76
| |
| |
| | 40
| | 116
| |
| |
| | 46
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 46
| | 162
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 113
| |
| | 113
| | 7
| |
| |
| | 8
| |
| | 67
| |
| | 82
| | 195
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 54
| |
| | 54
| | 3
| |
| |
| | 1
| |
| | 6
| |
| | 10
| | 64
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 59
| |
| | 59
| | 4
| |
| |
| | 7
| |
| | 61
| |
| | 72
| | 131
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 1
| | 2
| | 2
| | 5
| | 2
| | 1
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 3
| | 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 196
| | 3
| | 115
| | 77
| | 391
| | 9
| | 1
| | 61
| | 9
| | 1
| | 67
| | 5
| | 153
| | 544
|}

=== Population of Hutterites, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 12,093
| | 258
| |
| | 3,609
| | 15,960
| |
| |
| | 738
| | 23
| | 77
| |
| | 648
| | 1,486
| | 17,446
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 8,906
| |
| | 4,045
| | 12,951
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| | 17,919
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 12,616
| |
| | 12,616
| | 750
| |
| |
| | 1,026
| |
| | 7,955
| |
| | 9,731
| | 22,347
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 5,864
| |
| | 5,864
| | 210
| |
| |
| | 43
| |
| | 692
| |
| | 945
| | 6,809
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 6,752
| |
| | 6,752
| | 540
| |
| |
| | 983
| |
| | 7,263
| |
| | 8,786
| | 15,538
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 36
| | 39
| | 219
| | 294
| | 308
| | 78
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 386
| | 680
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 20,999
| | 294
| | 12,655
| | 7,873
| | 41,821
| | 1,058
| | 78
| | 5,706
| | 1,049
| | 77
| | 7,955
| | 648
| | 16,571
| | 58,392
|}
Note: All data is from ''The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities'' (2026). Colonies outside of North America are not included. Schmeideleut Group 1 has a colony in Utu-Abak, Nigeria, and there is an independent
colony in Paraguay (recently relocated from Australia).

See also [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof, ]][[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]

= Bibliography =
Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible</em>, 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold</em>, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount</em>, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>The Early Anabaptists.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. <em>When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas</em>, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. <em>Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities</em>, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." <em>Sojourners</em> 13 (May 1984): 16-20.

Beck, Josef. <em>Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn</em>. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.

Bennett, John W. <em>Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People.</em> Stanford U. Press, 1967.

<em>The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch]</em>, trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.

Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." <em>Journal of Political Economy </em>(1924): 357-374, 468-486.

Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. <em>Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. </em>Glencoe, Ill, 1954.

Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. <em>Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population </em>(Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.

Eggers, Ulrich. <em>Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA.</em> Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. <em>Community for Life.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. <em>Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.

Fischer, Hans. <em>Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. </em>Newton, KS, 1957.

Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>(1955).

Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." <em>Mennonite Life </em>(July 1946): 38-43.

Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>30 (October 1956): 259-266.

Friedmann, Robert, ed., <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer</em>, vol. 3: <em>Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter</em>, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.

Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons."<em> Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 128-136.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary</em>, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667.</em> Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." <em>Mennonite Life</em> 25 (October 1970): 159-64.

Gross, Leonard. <em>The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Gross, Paul. <em>The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites.</em> Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.

Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.

Hofer, John. <em>The History of the Hutterites.</em> Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

Hofer, Joshua. <em>Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde.</em> Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.

Hofer, Peter. <em>The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs.</em> Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. <em>Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada.</em> Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Hutterite Life</em>, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.

Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. </em> Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.

<em>Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767</em>, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.

<em>Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder...</em>. Scottdale, PA, 1914; reprints: Winnipeg, 1953; Cayley, AB, 1962.

Horsch, John. <em>The Hutterian Brethren. </em>Goshen, IN, 1931.

Hruby, Fr. <em>Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren. </em>Leipzig, 1935.

Huber, Tim. "Census Documents Growth of Hutterite Population, Colonies." ''Anabaptist World'' (3 April 2026). Web. 4 April 2026. https://anabaptistworld.org/census-documents-growth-of-hutterite-population-colonies/.

Hutter, Jakob. <em>Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1979.

Kleinsasser, Jacob, Hardy Arnold, Jakob Hofer and Daniel Moody. <em>For the Sake of Divine Truth</em>. Rifton, NY: Plough 1974, a report on a journey to Europe in the summer of 1974.

Längin, Bernd. <em>Die Hutterer: Gefangene der Vergangenheit, Pilger der Gegenwart, Propheten der Zukunft.</em> Hamburg und Zürich: Rasch and Roehring, 1986.

Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).

Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." <em>Mennonite Historical Bulletin</em> 41 (July 1980): 1-6.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em> (<em>MWH</em>), ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference [MWC], 1978: 352-56.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em>, Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, I:: MWC, 1984: 141.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook,</em> ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, IL: MWC, 1990: 413.

Mow, Merrill. "Community Living in our Time. An Account of the Bruderhof Communities." <em>Brethren Life and Thought</em> 1, no. 5 (Autumn 1956): 43-52.

Müller, Lydia. <em>Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. </em>Leipzig, 1927.

Müller, Lydia, ed. <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 1</em>, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 20. Leipzig, 1938.

Nolt, S. M. "Research Note: Hutterite Population and Colonies, 2024, with a 15-Year Comparison of Colony Numbers." ''The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities'' 6 (1) (2026): 52-56. https://doi.org/10.18061/jpac.7063.

Peters, Victor. <em>All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life.</em> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.

Riedemann, Peter. <em>Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith</em>, trans. Kathleen E. Hasenberg. London: Hodder and Stoughton, and Plough Publishing House, 1938, 1950, 1970.

Sommer, J. "Hutterite Medicine and Physicians in Moravia in the 16th Century and After." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 111-127.

Thomson, Barbara R. "The Challenge of True Brotherhood." <em>Christianity Today</em> (25 March 1985): 22-28.

Waltner, Gary J. "The Educational System of the Hutterian Anabaptists and their <em>Schulordnung</em> of the 16th and 17th Centuries." MA thesis, History Dept., U. of South Dakota, 1975.

Wiswedel, Wilhelm. <em>Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum,</em> 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.

Wolkan, Rudolf. <em>Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit</em> Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947. With exhaustive bibliography to that date.
{{GAMEO_footer-4|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409|date=April 2026|a1_last=Friedmann|a1_first=Robert|a2_last=Hofer|a2_first=John|a3_last=Meier|a3_first=Hans|a4_last=Hinde|a4_first=John V.}}
[[Category:Denominations]]

Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

2026-04-04T16:49:54Z

RichardThiessen: Added tables to 2026 update.

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== 1955 Article ==
=== Introduction ===
[[File:ME2_858.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & [[Transylvania|Transylvania]].<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.'']]

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

=== Early Development ===

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] territories, [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Austria|Austria]], [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]], etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that [[Blaurock, Georg (ca. 1492-1529)|Georg Blaurock]] of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the [[Inn Valley (Austria)|Inn Valley]]. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] (and in particular the manorial estate [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Hubmaier]] could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, [[Liechtenstein, Leonhard von (1482-1534)|one of the Liechtensteins]] himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

[[File:ME2_860.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860'']]

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "[[Schwertler|Schwertler]]" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was [[Wideman, Jakob (d. 1535/6)|Jacob Wiedemann]], the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were [[Schützinger, Simon (16th century)|Siegmund Schützinger]], [[Zaunring, Georg (d. 1531/38)|Jörg Zaunring]], and [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]] (for details see [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]], [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]], also [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]] and [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], an Anabaptist from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] broke up into three groups: <em>(a) </em>Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on <em>Hutterische Brüder. </em>Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, <em>(b) </em>The Philippites, named after [[Weber, Philipp|Philipp Plener]] or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see [[Ausbund|Ausbund]]), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it <em>[[Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]] </em>(see also [[Haffner, Hans (16th century)|Hans Haffner]]). <em>(c) </em>The [[Gabrielites|Gabrielites]], named after [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]]. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the <em>Geschicht-Buch, </em>Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "[[Swiss Brethren|Swiss Brethren]]," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of [[Marpeck, Pilgram (d. 1556)|Pilgram Marpeck ]] were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

[[File:AMC_X-31-1_17_30.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.<br />
Scan courtesy [http://www.mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/ Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen] X-31.1, Box 17/30'']]

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Hans Amon]] of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]] of Tyrol, [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon [[Mandates|mandates]] by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564)|Ferdinand]] (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

[[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the <em>Vorsteher </em>or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners <em>(Sendboten) </em>were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 [[Falkenstein (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Falkenstein]] Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the <em>Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft)</em> 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with [[Lanzenstiel, Leonhard (d. 1565)|Leonhard Lanzenstiel]] or Seiler.

[[File:ME2_861a.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

=== The Golden Period ===

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]]; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the [[Dietrichstein family|Dietrichsteins]] bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

[[File:ME2_861b.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]], a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], the <em>Handbüchlein, </em>the book called <em>Anschlag und Fürwenden, </em>etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a <em>Schreibstube </em>or <em>scriptorium)</em>; the great <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>was then begun by [[Braitmichel, Kaspar (d. 1573)|Kaspar Braitmichel]] on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see [[Antitrinitarianism|Antitrinitarianism]]), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the <em>Vorsteher </em>[[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. <em>(a) </em>The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]]. [[Dietrichstein family|Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein]] gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and [[Fischer, Christoph Andreas (1560-after 1610)|Christoph Andreas Fischer]], in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see [[Eysvogel, Johann (16th century)|Eysvogel]] and [[Jedelshauser, Hans (16th century)|Jedelshauser]]). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, <em>(b) </em>Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see [[Böger, Salomon (d. 1610)|Böger]]). Eventually <em>(c) </em>the event, later called the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]], 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>(570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

[[File:ME2_863.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863'']]
[[File:ME2_864.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864'']]

=== Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis ===

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see [[Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoph von (1621-1676)|Grimmelshausen]]). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Andreas Ehrenpreis]], 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in [[Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Mannheim]] in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]]). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called <em>Lehr und Vorred). </em>The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such <em>Lehren </em>(some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many <em>Vorreden </em>(shorter sermons). The <em>Klein-Geschichtsbueh </em>(204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]]). [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Gemeinde Ordnung </em>of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

=== Persecution of the 18th Century ===

After [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The [[Hutterite Chronicles|Great Chronicle]] ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded <em>(Inv. Arch. Amst. </em>II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for [[Hungary|Hungary]]. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname <em>[[Habáner|Habaner]] </em>became the general name for these people.

=== Immigration to Russia ===

In [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]] to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter [[Walachia (Romania)|Walachia]] (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against [[Russia|Russia]]) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general [[Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovitch (1725-1796)|Count Rumyantsev]], who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] (then a rather sparsely populated area). At [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Radichev]], 10 miles north. It was [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner]] (born in [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]]) who was then the most outstanding <em>Vorsteher </em>of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna district]], under the sponsorship of the Mennonite [[Cornies, Johann (1789-1848)|Johann Cornies]]), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.

=== Immigration to America ===

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the [[United States of America|United States]], where they chose the prairie land of the Dakota Territory that later became the state of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879. About one third, approximately 400 people, chose settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the <em>[[Dariusleut|Darius-Leut]] </em>(named after [[Walter, Darius (1835-1903)|Darius Walter]], their leader), [[Schmiedeleut|<em>Schmiede-Leut </em>]](after [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner]], a blacksmith, their leader), and <em>[[Lehrerleut|Lehrer-Leut]] </em>(named after Jacob Wipf, a teacher called the <em>Lehrer). </em>The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. The other two thirds of the Brethren chose to settle close together on individual farms and in time became known as [[Prairieleut Hutterian Brethren|Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren]]. They also settled in the Dakota Territory. The Prairieleut formed their own congregations and in time most of these congregations joined the [[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] or the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonites]].

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to [[Canada|Canada]] where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], and south central [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central [[Montana (USA)|Montana]] from Alberta. The American federal government treated Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren in a similar manner with discrimination, harassment, and imprisonment for a few. A number of Prairieleut families also fled to Canada.

In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. [[Bruderhof Communities]] has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]]) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]] and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's <em>Rechenschaft </em>of 1540 and [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' great <em>Sendbrief </em>of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]], [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Ceramics|Ceramics]], [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts]], [[Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren|Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren]], [[Education, Hutterite|Education — Hutterite]], Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Hutter]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Amon]], Riedemann, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Walpot]], [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Braidl]], [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]], and on their books, [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]], Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]], regarding their regulations and discipline, [[Marriage, Hutterite Practices|Marriage]], [[Medicine Among the Hutterites|Medicine among the Hutterites]], dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article [[Habáner|Habaner]] which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

<div align="center">

<h3 style="text-align: center;">List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s</h3> <strong>Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622</strong>

(According to E. Crous, <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alecowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Alexowitz]] (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)
|-
| 2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 3. [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]]
|-
| 4. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]
|-
| 5. [[Pergen (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bergen]] (Pergen)
|-
| 6. [[Billowitz Hutterite Colony (Moravia)|Bilowitz]] (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)
|-
| 7. Birnbaum
|-
| 8. Bisenz ([[Bisenz Hutterite Colony (Bisenz, Moravia)|Bisentz]]) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)
|-
| 10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/[[Podusilna (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)|Bochtitz]]-Pochtitz) (1546)
|-
| 11. Boretitz/Borzetitz ([[Paraditz (Czech Republic)|Paraditz]]) (1545)
|-
| 12. Budespitz/Butschowitz ([[Bučovice (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bucovic]], Pudespitz) (1536)
|-
| 13. [[Budkov (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Budkau (Budkaw)]]
|-
| 14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)
|-
| 15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz ([[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]) (Kaunitz, 1550)
|-
| 16. [[Eibenschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Eibenschitz]] (Lipa)
|-
| 17. Eihis
|-
| 18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)
|-
| 19. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]] (1581)
|-
| 20. [[Gobschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gobschitz/Gubschitz]] (1545)
|-
| 21. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]] (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 22. Gurda/[[Gurdau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gurdau]]
|-
| 23. Herspitz ([[Gerspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gerspitz]])
|-
| 24. Hosterlitz
|-
| 25. Hrubschitz ([[Rupschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Rupschitz]]) (1546)
|-
| 26. Jamnitz
|-
| 27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)
|-
| 28. Kanitz
|-
| 29. [[Kobylí (Okres Břeclav, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kobily]]/Kobyli (Kobelitz)
|-
| 30. Kostl/Kostel ([[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]]) (Zierotin)
|-
| 31. Kreuz ([[Creutz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Creutz]]) (Lipa, 1565)
|-
| 32. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]] (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz ([[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]])
|-
| 34. [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg (Breclav)]]
|-
| 35. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz/Millotitz]]
|-
| 36. Mistrin/Mistrin
|-
| 37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)
|-
| 38. Muschau
|-
| 39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 40. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (east of Auspitz)
|-
| 41. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (near Prahlitz) (1562)
|-
| 42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)
|-
| 43. [[Neudorf (Morava, Czech Republic)|Neudorf near Lundenburg]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)
|-
| 44. [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] (Liechtenstein, 1558)
|-
| 45. [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)
|-
| 46. Nikolschitz/[[Nikoltschitz (Olomoucký kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikoltschitz]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 47. [[Nusslau (Morava, Czech Republic)|Nusslau]] (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)
|-
| 48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)
|-
| 50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)
|-
| 51. Polau/Pollau
|-
| 52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)
|-
| 53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)
|-
| 54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 55. Pruschank/Pruschanek
|-
| 56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)
|-
| 57. [[Bohuslavice (Moravskoslezský kraj, Czech Republic)|Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz)]] (1546)
|-
| 58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)
|-
| 61. Rohatetz
|-
| 62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)
|-
| 63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)
|-
| 65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)
|-
| 66. [[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)
|-
| 67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz
|-
| 68. Skalitz ([[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]) (1563)
|-
| 69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz
|-
| 69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz
|-
| 70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz
|-
| 71. Swetlau
|-
| 72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)
|-
| 73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz
|-
| 74. Tracht (1558)
|-
| 75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)
|-
| 76. Turnitz-[[Durdenitz (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Durdenitz]]
|-
| 77. [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)
|-
| 78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)
|-
| 79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)
|-
| 79a. Weisstätten
|-
| 80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)
|-
| 81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)
|-
| 82. Wessely (1546)
|-
| 83. Wischenau
|-
| 84. Wisternitz
|-
| 85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)
|}

<strong>Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762</strong>

(According to E. Crous,<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

{| class="wikitable"
| I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547)
|-
| II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra)
|-
| III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)
|-
| IV. Egbell (Neutra)
|-
| V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)
|-
| VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra)
|-
| VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)
|-
| VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550)
|-
| IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)
|-
| X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]])
|-
| XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622)
|-
| XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)
|-
| XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)
|-
| XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548)
|}
<strong>Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622</strong>

(According to Fr. Hruby,<em> Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, </em>Leipzig, 1935)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. <em>Lundenburg-Billowitz:</em> [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf
|-
| 2. <em>Seelowitz: </em>Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz
|-
| 3. <em>[[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: </em>Austerlitz and Gerspitz
|-
| 4. <em>Nikolsburg: </em>[[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht
|-
| 5. <em>Steinitz: </em>[[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]
|-
| 6. <em>Kanitz: </em>Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)
|-
| 7. <em>Landshut: </em>Landshut
|-
| 8. <em>[[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: </em>Lettnitz
|-
| 9. <em>Skalitz: </em>[[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]
|-
| 10. <em>Wischenau: </em>Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]]
|-
| 11. <em>Tscheikowitz:</em>[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan
|-
| 12. <em>Bochtitz: </em>[[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]]
|-
| 13. <em>[[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: </em>Frischau
|-
| 14. <em>[[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: </em>Göding and Koblitz
|-
| 15. <em>Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: </em>Maskowitz and Oleckowitz
|-
| 16. <em>[[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: </em>Wäzenobis
|-
| 17. <em>Uhritz: </em>[[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]
|-
| 18. <em>Wesseli: </em>Wessela
|-
| 19. <em>[[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: </em>Schädewitz
|-
| 20. <em>Ungarisch-Ostra: </em>Neudorf
|-
| 21. <em>Eisgrub: </em>[[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]]
|-
| 22. <em>Ober-Tannowitz: </em>Tannewitz
|-
| 23. <em>Tulleschitz: </em>Schermankowitz
|-
| 24. <em>[[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: </em>(Wostite), Weisstätten
|-
| 25. <em>Polehraditz: </em>[[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]]
|-
| 26. <em>Tawikowitz: </em>Teikowitz
|}

<strong>Table 4: [[Transylvania|Transylvania]]</strong>

{| align="center" class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767
|-
| 2. Kreuz, 1761-1767
|-
| 3. Stein, 1761-1767
|}

<strong>Table 5: Ukraine</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802)
|-
| 2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842)
|-
| 3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1874)
|-
| 4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)
|-
| 5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)
|-
| 6. Sheromet (1868-1874)
|-
| 7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)
|}

<strong>Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches</strong> (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

{| class="wikitable"
| <strong>Name & Address of Colony</strong> || <div align="center"><strong><em>Yr. Settled</em></strong></div> || <strong><em>Population in 1950</em></strong>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]] || 1949 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| 2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">80</div>
|-
| 3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">81</div>
|-
| 4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod || 1928 || <div align="right">69</div>
|-
| 5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka || 1949 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum || 1930 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma || 1949 || <div align="right">57</div>
|-
| 8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]] || 1948 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]] || 1944 || <div align="right">78</div>
|-
| 10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford || 1935 || <div align="right">91</div>
|-
| 11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]] || 1926 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Stirling]] || 1924 || <div align="right">110</div>
|-
| 13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]] || 1926 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]] || 1948 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod || 1933 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland || 1918 || <div align="right">187</div>
|-
| 17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker || 1936 || <div align="right">114</div>
|-
| 18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford || 1918 || <div align="right">77</div>
|-
| 19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford || 1919 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]] || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]] || 1949 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]] || 1918 || <div align="right">140</div>
|-
| 25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling || 1924 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range || 1945 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers || 1947 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]] || 1935 || <div align="right">61</div>
|-
| 29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown || 1945 || <div align="right">26</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford || 1920 || <div align="right">129</div>
|-
| 31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath || 1937 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner || 1929 || <div align="right">177</div>
|-
| 33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath || 1932 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">127</div>
|-
| 35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]] || 1924 || <div align="right">103</div>
|-
| 36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond || 1918 || <div align="right">134</div>
|-
| 37. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">115</div>
|-
| 38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton || 1932 || <div align="right">113</div>
|-
| 39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond || -- || <div align="right">96</div>
|-
| 40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown || 1950 || <div align="right">60</div>
|-
| 42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham || 1935 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner || 1935 || <div align="right">186</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 45. [[Birch Creek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier || 1947 || <div align="right">95</div>
|-
| 46. Miami, Pendroy || 1948 || <div align="right">112</div>
|-
| 47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta || 1945 || <div align="right">105</div>
|-
| 48. Miller Ranch, Choteau || 1949 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau || 1948 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy || 1947 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge || 1924 || <div align="right">25</div>
|-
| 53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket || 1920 || <div align="right">15</div>
|-
| 54. Monarch, Monarch || 1942 || <div align="right">31</div>
|-
| 55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling || 1944 || <div align="right">30</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 56. [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]], Headingly || 1920 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]] || 1922 || <div align="right">132</div>
|-
| 58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">108</div>
|-
| 59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding || 1934 || <div align="right">153</div>
|-
| 60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara || 1918 || <div align="right">193</div>
|-
| 61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly || 1919 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly || 1946 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]] || 1918 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]] || 1944 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point || 1938 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone || 1946 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden || 1934 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle || 1947 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly || 1938 || <div align="right">118</div>
|-
| 73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding || 1925 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie || 1935 || <div align="right">121</div>
|-
| 75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian || 1950 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor || 1874 || <div align="right">58</div>
|-
| 78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort || 1949 || <div align="right">97</div>
|-
| 79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred || 1948 || <div align="right">71</div>
|-
| 80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron || 1944 || <div align="right">74</div>
|-
| 81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica || 1937 || <div align="right">107</div>
|-
| 82. [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]] || 1949 || <div align="right">72</div>
|-
| 83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller || 1949 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 84. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]] || 1936 || <div align="right">102</div>
|-
| 85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois || 1949 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy || 1949 || <div align="right">68</div>
|-
| 87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron || 1949 || <div align="right">48</div>
|-
| 88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria || 1934 || <div align="right">84</div>
|-
| 89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell || 1945 || <div align="right">92</div>
|-
| 90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort || 1945 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet || 1942 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>CONVERT COLONIES</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>ONTARIO</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright || 1941 || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>Bruderhof Communities</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>NEW YORK (State) </strong></div> || ||
|-
| [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton || 1954 || <div align="right">135</div>
|}

<strong>Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| || || <strong>Total</strong>
|-
| <strong>Dariusleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">2,247</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">206</div> || <div align="right">2,453</div>
|-
| <strong>Lehrerleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">1,852</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">613</div> || <div align="right">2,465</div>
|-
| <strong>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]]</strong> || ||
|-
| Manitoba || <div align="right">2,272</div> ||
|-
| South Dakota || <div align="right">1,209</div> || <div align="right">3,481</div>
|-
| <strong>Unaffiliated colonies</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">101</div> || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Kinship Colonies</strong> || || <div align="right">8,500</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)</strong> || || <div align="right">1,100</div>
|-
| <div align="right" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Total No. of Hutterites</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,600</strong></div>
|-
| || ||
|-
| <strong>SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION</strong> || ||
|-
| Montana || || <div align="right">819</div>
|-
| South Dakota || || <div align="right">1,209</div>
|-
| Alberta || || <div align="right">4,200</div>
|-
| Manitoba || || <div align="right">2,272</div>
|-
| Ontario || || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
|-
| <div align="right"><strong>Total</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,211</strong></div>
|}

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]):

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Dariusleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch
|-
| colspan="2" | 99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 100. Acadia Valley, Oyen
|-
| colspan="2" | 101. New Milford, Winnifred
|-
| colspan="2" | 102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom
|-
| colspan="2" | 103. Springside, Duchess
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon
|-
| colspan="2" | 105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek
|-
| colspan="2" | 106. Slade Colony, Tompkins
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Montana</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, Manitoba</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne
|-
| colspan="2" | 109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe
|-
| colspan="2" | 110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]]
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, South Dakota</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota
|}

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

</div> <strong>Note for the Maps: </strong><em>Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.</em>

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] in Europe with locations (concerning [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article <em>Rabenska </em>in the <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches ]]</em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|<em>Lexikon</em>]] (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his <em>Communismus </em>(1894) p. 246. This list he published in<em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1619-1622, in his <em>Wiedertäufer in Mähren </em>(Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs <em>(Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] and [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]in existence in 1947. -- <em>Robert Friedmann</em>

== 1990 Update ==

The Hutterian Brethren practice [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]], [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], Saskatchewan, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Washington (USA)|Washington]], [[Montana (USA)|Montana]], [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Minnesota (USA)|Minnesota]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], [[New York (USA)|New York]], Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the [[United States of America|United States]] from [[Russia|Russia]] in the 1870s and moved to [[Canada|Canada]] after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The <em>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] </em>(Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian [[Children|children]] attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]and [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

<em>John Hofer</em>

== 2014 Update ==

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! Colony !! Location !! Leut
|-
| [[Abbey Hutterite Colony (Abbey, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Abbey]]||Abbey, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Oyen, Alberta, Canada)|Acadia]]||Oyen, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Acadia]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Airport Hutterite Colony (Macdonald, Manitoba, Canada)|Airport]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Albion Ridge Hutterite Colony (Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada)|Albion Ridge]]||Picture Butte, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Alix Hutterite Colony (Alix, Alberta, Canada)|Alix]]||Alix, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Altona Hutterite Colony (Henderson, Minnesota, USA)|Altona]]||Henderson, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River]]||Lumsden, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Armada Hutterite Colony (Armada, Alberta, Canada)|Armada]]||Lomond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Arrowwood Hutterite Colony (Blackie, Alberta, Canada)|Arrowwood]]||Blackie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Aspenheim Hutterite Colony (Bagot, Manitoba, Canada)|Aspenheim]]||Bagot, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Athabasca||Athabasca, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Baildon Hutterite Colony (Briercrest, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Baildon]]||Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Baker Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Baker]]||Mac Gregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Beechy Hutterite Colony (Beechy, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Beechy]]||Beechy, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Belle Plaine Hutterite Colony (Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Belle Plaine]]||Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]]||Shaunavon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Bentley Hutterite Colony (Bentley, Alberta, Canada)|Bentley]]||Blackfalds, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Berry Creek Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Berry Creek]]||Hanna, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]]||Cardston, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Rose Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Big Rose]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Sky Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Big Sky]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Graceville, Minnesota, USA)|Big Stone]]||Graceville, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Sand Coulee, Montana, USA)|Big Stone]]||Sand Coulee, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Birch Creek||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Birch Hills Hutterite Colony (Peoria, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Hills]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Birch Meadows Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Meadows]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blooming Prairie Hutterite Colony (Homewood, Manitoba, Canada)|Blooming Prairie]]||Homewood, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Clay Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Blue Clay]]||Arnaud, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Ridge]]||Mountain View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Blue Sky Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Sky]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bluegrass Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Bluegrass]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengart]]||Plum Coulee, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]]||Tabor, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bone Creek Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bone Creek]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Boundary Lane Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Boundary Lane]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Bow City Hutterite Colony (Bow City, Alberta, Canada)|Bow City]]||Brooks, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Box Elder Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Box Elder]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Brant Hutterite Colony (Brant, Alberta, Canada)|Brant]]||Brant, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Brantwood Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Brantwood]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Brentwood Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Brentwood]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Brightstone Hutterite Colony (La du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada)|Brightstone]]||Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Britestone Hutterite Colony (Carbon, Alberta, Canada)|Britestone]]||Carbon, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Broad Valley Hutterite Colony (Arborg, Manitoba, Canada)|Broad Valley]]||Arborg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Brocket||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Butte Hutterite Colony (Bracken, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Butte]]||Bracken, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Byemoor Hutterite Colony (Byemoor, Alberta, Canada)|Byemoor]]||Byemoor, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cameron Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Cameron]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Cameron||Viborg, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose]]||Camrose, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Ledger, Montana, USA)|Camrose]]||Ledger, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Camrose||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[CanAm Hutterite Colony (Margaret, Manitoba, Canada)|CanAm]]||Margaret, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Carmangay Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Carmangay]]||Carmangay, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Carmichael Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Carmichael]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Cascade]]||MacGregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (Fort Shaw, Montana, USA)|Cascade]]||Sun River, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Castor Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Castor]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]]||Cayley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cedar Grove Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Cedar Grove]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Claremont Hutterite Colony (Castlewood, South Dakota, USA)|Claremont]]||Castlewood, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clark Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Clark]]||Raymond, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clear Lake Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Clear Lake]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clear Spring Hutterite Colony (Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Clear Spring]]||Kenaston, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cleardale Hutterite Colony (Cleardale, Alberta, Canada)|Cleardale]]||Cleardale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Clearfield Hutterite Colony (Wagner, South Dakota, USA)|Clearfield]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Clearview]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Elm Creek, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearview]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Clearwater Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearwater]]||Balmoral, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cloverleaf Hutterite Colony (Delia, Alberta, Canada)|Cloverleaf]]||Delia, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cluny Hutterite Colony (Cluny, Alberta, Canada)|Cluny]]||Cluny, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Codessa Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Codessa]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Collins||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Concord Hutterite Colony (Stony Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Concord]]||Winnipeg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cool Spring Hutterite Colony (Polonia, Manitoba, Canada)|Cool Spring]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Cool Springs||Rudyard, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Copperfield Hutterite Colony (Vauxhall, Alberta, Canada)|Copperfield]]||Vauxhall, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Craigmyle Hutterite Colony (Craigmyle, Alberta, Canada)|Craigmyle]]||Craigmyle, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Ste. Agathe, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Cypress River, Manitoba, Canada)|Cypress]]||Cypress River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Decker Hutterite Colony (Decker, Manitoba, Canada)|Decker]]||Decker, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Deerboine Hutterite Colony (Alexander, Manitoba, Canada)|Deerboine]]||Alexander, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Deerfield]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Deerfield]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Delco Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Delco]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Delta Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Delta]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Dinsmore Hutterite Colony (Dinsmore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Dinsmore]]||Dinsmore, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Donalda Hutterite Colony (Donalda, Alberta, Canada)|Donalda]]||Donalda, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Downie Lake Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Downie Lake]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Duncan Ranch Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Duncan Ranch]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Galata, Montana, USA)|Eagle Creek]]||Galata, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eagle Creek]]||Asquith, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ear View Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ear View]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East End Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|East End]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[East Malta Hutterite Colony (Malta, Montana, USA)|East Malta]]||Malta, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Raymond Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|East Raymond]]||Raymond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Eatonia Hutterite Colony (Eatonia, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eatonia]]||Eatonia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| Elk Creek||Augusta, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater]]||Irvine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elm Spring]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elmendorf Christian Community (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Elmendorf]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Emerald Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Emerald]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Enchant Hutterite Colony (Enchant, Alberta, Canada)|Enchant]]||Enchant, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Erskine Hutterite Colony (Erskine, Alberta, Canada)|Erskine]]||Erskine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Estuary Hutterite Colony (Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Estuary]]||Leader, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Evergreen]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fair Haven Hutterite Colony (Ulm, Montana, USA)|Fair Haven]]||Ulm, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairholme Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairholme]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fairlane Hutterite Colony (Skiff, Alberta, Canada)|Fairlane]]||Skiff, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (La Moure, North Dakota, USA)|Fairview]]||La Moure, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fairville Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Fairville]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairway Hutterite Colony (Douglas, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairway]]||Douglas, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ferrybank Hutterite Colony (Ponoka, Alberta, Canada)|Ferrybank]]||Ponoka, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Flat Willow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Flat Willow Ranch]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fordham Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Fordham]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fords Creek Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Fords Creek]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]]||Fordville, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fort Pitt Hutterite Colony (Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Fort Pitt]]||Lloydminister, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forty Mile Hutterite Colony (Lodge Grass, Montana, USA)|Forty Mile]]||Lodge Grass, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Gadsby Hutterite Colony (Hackett, Alberta, Canada)|Gadsby]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Garden Plane Hutterite Colony (Frontier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Garden Plane]]||Frontier, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Gildford Hutterite Colony (Gildford, Montana, USA)|Gildford]]||Gildford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glendale]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Glenway Hutterite Colony (Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada)|Glenway]]||Dominion City, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Glidden Hutterite Colony (Glidden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Glidden]]||Glidden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Golden Valley Hutterite Colony (Ryegate, Montana, USA)|Golden Valley]]||Ryegate, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Golden View||Salem, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Golden View Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Golden View]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Good Hope Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Good Hope]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grand Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Grand]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grandview Hutterite Colony (Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada)|Grandview]]||Grand Prairie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grant Hutterite Colony (Enderlin, North Dakota, USA)|Grant]]||Enderlin, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]]||Granum, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grass Ranch Hutterite Colony (Kimball, South Dakota, USA)|Grass Ranch]]||Kimball, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grass River Hutterite Colony (Glenella, Manitoba, Canada)|Grass River]]||Glenella, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassland Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Grassland]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassy Hill Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Grassy Hill]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Green Leaf Hutterite Colony (Marcelin, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Green Leaf]]||Marcelin, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Greenwald Hutterite Colony (Brokenhead, Manitoba, Canada)|Greenwald]]||Beausejour, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Stand Off, Alberta, Canada)|Greenwood]]||Fort Macleod, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Delmont, South Dakota, USA)|Greenwood]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hairy Hill Hutterite Colony (Hairy Hill, Alberta, Canada)|Hairy Hill]]||Hairy Hill, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hand Hills Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Hand Hills]]||Hanna, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Bashaw, Alberta, Canada)|Hartland]]||Bashaw, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hartland]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Dexter, Minnesota, USA)|Haven]]||Dexter, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Fox Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Haven]]||Fox Valley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Hazelridge, Manitoba, Canada)|Heartland]]||Hazelridge, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Lake Benton, Minnesota, USA)|Heartland]]||Lake Benton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hidden Lake Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Hidden Lake]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hidden Valley Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Hidden Valley]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[High River Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|High River]]||High River, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Garden City, South Dakota, USA)|Hillcrest]]||Garden City, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillcrest]]||Dundurn, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hilldale Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hilldale]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillridge Hutterite Colony (Barnwell, Alberta, Canada)|Hillridge]]||Barnwell, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Justice, Manitoba, Canada)|Hillside]]||Justice, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]]||Sweetgrass, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Hillside]]||Doland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillsvale Hutterite Colony (Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillsvale]]||Cut Knife, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillview Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Hillview]]||Rosebud, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hodgeville Hutterite Colony (Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hodgeville]]||Hodgeville, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holden Hutterite Colony (Holden, Alberta, Canada)|Holden]]||Holden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holmfield Hutterite Colony (Holmfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Holmfield]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]]||Irma, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Homewood Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Homewood]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Horizon]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Lowe Farm, Manitoba, Canada)|Horizon]]||Lowe Farm, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Hughenden Hutterite Colony (Hughenden, Alberta, Canada)|Hughenden]]||Hughenden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Brownlee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Huron]]||Brownlee, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Stratford, South Dakota, USA)|Hutterville]]||Stratford, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Huxley Hutterite Colony (Huxley, Alberta, Canada)|Huxley]]||Huxley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Interlake Hutterite Colony (Teulon, Manitoba, Canada)|Interlake]]||Teulon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Iron Creek Hutterite Colony (Bruce, Alberta, Canada)|Iron Creek]]||Bruce, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]]||Utica, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jenner Hutterite Colony (Jenner, Alberta, Canada)|Jenner]]||Jenner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kamsley Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Kamsley]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Keho Lake Hutterite Colony (Barons, Alberta, Canada)|Keho Lake]]||Barons, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Keystone Hutterite Colony (Warren, Manitoba, Canada)|Keystone]]||Warren, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Kilby Butte Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Kilby Butte]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch]]||Lewiston, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Kings Lake Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Kings Lake]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsbury Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Kingsbury]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsland Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Kingsland]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kyle Hutterite Colony (Elrose, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Kyle]]||Kyle, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Lajord Hutterite Colony (White City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lajord]]||White City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lake View Hutterite Colony (Lake Andes, South Dakota, USA)|Lake View]]||Lake Andes, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cranford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Lakeview Hutterite Colony (Unity, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lakeview]]||Unity, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lathom Hutterite Colony (Brooks, Alberta, Canada)|Lathom]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Leask Hutterite Colony (Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Leask]]||Leask, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Leedale Hutterite Colony (Rimbey, Alberta, Canada)|Leedale]]||Rimbey, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lismore Hutterite Colony (Clinton, Minnesota, USA)|Lismore]]||Clinton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Little Bow Hutterite Colony (Champion, Alberta, Canada)|Little Bow]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Little Creek Hutterite Colony (Marquette, Manitoba, Canada)|Little Creek]]||Marquette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Livingstone Hutterite Colony (Lundbreck, Alberta, Canada)|Livingstone]]||Lundbreck, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lomond Hutterite Colony (Lomond, Alberta, Canada)|Lomond]]||Lomond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lone Pine Hutterite Colony (Botha, Alberta, Canada)|Lone Pine]]||Botha, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Long Lake Hutterite Colony (Wetonka, South Dakota, USA)|Long Lake]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Loring Hutterite Colony (Loring, Montana, USA)|Loring]]||Loring, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lost River Hutterite Colony (Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lost River]]||Allan, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lougheed Hutterite Colony (Lougheed, Alberta, Canada)|Lougheed]]||Lougheed, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|MacMillan]]||Cayley, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Main Centre Hutterite Colony (Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Main Centre]]||Rush Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mannville Hutterite Colony (Mannville, Alberta, Canada)|Mannville]]||Mannville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Maple Grove Hutterite Colony (Lauder, Manitoba, Canada)|Maple Grove]]||Lauder, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Maple River Hutterite Colony (Fullerton, North Dakota, USA)|Maple River]]||Fullerton, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marble Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hodgson, Manitoba, Canada)|Marble Ridge]]||Hodgson, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marlin Hutterite Colony (Marlin, Washington, USA)|Marlin]]||Marlin, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Martinsdale Hutterite Colony (Martinsdale, Montana, USA)|Martinsdale]]||Martinsdale, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Maxwell]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell]]||Scotland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfair Hutterite Colony (Killarney, Manitoba, Canada)|Mayfair]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Mayfield]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Willow Lake, South Dakota, USA)|Mayfield]]||Willow Lake, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[McGee Hutterite Colony (McGee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McGee]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[McMahon Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McMahon]]||MacMahon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mialta Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Mialta]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Miami]]||Morden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Midland Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Midland]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Midway Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|Midway]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milden Hutterite Colony (Milden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Milden]]||Milden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Wolf Creek, Montana, USA)|Milford]]||Wolf Creek, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millbrook Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Millbrook]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Miller Hutterite Colony (Choteau, Montana, USA)|Miller]]||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]]||Miller, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[MillsHof Hutterite Colony (Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada)|MillsHof]]||Glenboro, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Miltow Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Miltow]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mixburn Hutterite Colony (Minburn, Alberta, Canada)|Mixburn]]||Minburn, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Morinville Hutterite Colony (Alcomdale, Alberta, Canada)|Morinville]]||Morinville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Mountain View]]||Strathmore, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Broadview, Montana, USA)|Mountain View]]||Broadview, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Netley Hutterite Colony (Petersfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Netley]]||Petersfield, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Neu Muehl Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Neu Muehl]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neudorf Hutterite Colony (Kersey, Alberta, Canada)|Neudorf]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neuhof Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Neuhof]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring]]||Ethan, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New Miami Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|New Miami]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| New Rockport||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York]]||Lethbridge, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|Newdale]]||Milo, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Souris, Manitoba, Canada)|Newdale]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Elkton, South Dakota, USA)|Newdale]]||Elkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newell Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Newell]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newhaven Hutterite Colony (Argyle, Manitoba, Canada)|Newhaven]]||Argyle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newport Hutterite Colony (Claremont, South Dakota, USA)|Newport]]||Claremont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norfeld Hutterite Colony (White, South Dakota, USA)|Norfeld]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norquay Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Norquay]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[North Harlem Hutterite Colony (Harlem, Montana, USA)|North Harlem]]||Harlem, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Northern Breeze Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Northern Breeze]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[O. B. Hutterite Colony (Marwayne, Alberta, Canada)|O.B.]]||Marwayne, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O. K.]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]]||Morris, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oak Lane Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Oak Lane]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Oak River Hutterite Colony (Oak River, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak River]]||Oak River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oaklane Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Oaklane]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oakridge Hutterite Colony (Holland, Manitoba, Canada)|Oakridge]]||Holland, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Odanah Hutterite Colony (Rufford, Manitoba, Canada)|Odanah]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Parkston, South Dakota, USA)|Old Elm Spring]]||Parkston, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Orland Hutterite Colony (Montrose, South Dakota, USA)|Orland]]||Montrose, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Parkland Hutterite Colony (Parkland, Alberta, Canada)|Parkland]]||Nanton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Parkview Hutterite Colony (Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Parkview]]||Riding Mountain, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Peace View Hutterite Colony (Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace View]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]]||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembina Hutterite Colony (Darlingford, Manitoba, Canada)|Pembina]]||Darlingford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembrook Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Pembrook]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pennant Hutterite Colony (Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Pennant]]||Pennant, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Creek Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Pine Creek]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pine Haven Hutterite Colony (Westaskiwin, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Haven]]||Wetaskiwin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill]]||Red Deer, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pineland Hutterite Colony (Piney, Manitoba, Canada)|Pineland]]||Piney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Plain Lake Hutterite Colony (Two Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Plain Lake]]||Two Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Plainview]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Plainview]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Plainview]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Clive, Alberta, Canada)|Pleasant Valley]]||Clive, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Belt, Montana, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Belt, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Flandreau, South Dakota, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Flandreau, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Poinsett Hutterite Colony (Estelline, South Dakota, USA)|Poinsett]]||Estelline, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pondera Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Pondera]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponderosa Hutterite Colony (Grassy Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Ponderosa]]||Grassy Lake, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponteix Hutterite Colony (Ponteix, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ponteix]]||Ponteix, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Prairie Blossom Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Prairie Blossom]]||Stonewall, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Prairie Elk Hutterite Colony (Wolf Point, Montana, USA)|Prairie Elk]]||Wolf Point, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Prairie Home Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie Home]]||Wrentham, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Prairie View Hutterite Colony (Sibbald, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie View]]||Sibbald, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Quill Lake Hutterite Colony (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Quill Lake]]||Quill Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rainbow Hutterite Colony (Innisfail, Alberta, Canada)|Rainbow]]||Innisfail, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Raymore Hutterite Colony (Raymore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Raymore]]||Raymore, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Red Willow]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Toronto, South Dakota, USA)|Red Willow]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ribstone Hutterite Colony (Edgerton, Alberta, Canada)|Ribstone]]||Edgerton, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridge Valley Hutterite Colony (Crooked Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Ridge Valley]]||Crooked Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Hussar, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ridgeville Hutterite Colony (Ridgeville, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeville]]||Ridgeville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rimrock Hutterite Colony (Sunburst, Montana, USA)|Rimrock]]||Sunburst, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[River Road Hutterite Colony (Milk River, Alberta, Canada)|River Road]]||Milk River, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Mossleigh, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Waldheim, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Waldheim, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]]||Arden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Riverview]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverview]]||Saskatoon, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Grosse Isle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]]||Pendroy, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Roland||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rolling Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Rolling Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosalind Hutterite Colony (Rosalind, Alberta, Canada)|Rosalind]]||Camrose, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Glen Hutterite Colony (Hilda, Alberta, Canada)|Rose Glen]]||Hilda, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Graysville, Manitoba, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Graysville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Verwood, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Assiniboia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosebank Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosebank]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosetown Hutterite Colony (Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosetown]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rustic Acres Hutterite Colony (Madison, South Dakota, USA)|Rustic Acres]]||Madison, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sage Creek Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sage Creek]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sand Lake Hutterite Colony (Orkney, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sand Lake]]||Val Marie, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhills]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Schoonover Hutterite Colony (Odessa, Washington, USA)|Schoonover]]||Odessa, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]]||Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scott Hutterite Colony (Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Scott]]||Scott, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Seville Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Seville]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shadow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Airdrie, Alberta, Canada)|Shadow Ranch]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Wanham, Alberta, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Treherne, Manitoba, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Treherne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Shamrock]]||Bow Island, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Shamrock]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Shannon Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Shannon]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Silver Creek Hutterite Colony (Ferintosh, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Creek]]||Ferintoch, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Lake Hutterite Colony (Clark, South Dakota, USA)|Silver Lake]]||Clark, South Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Sage Hutterite Colony (Nemiskam, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Sage]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Silverwinds Hutterite Colony (Sperling, Manitoba, Canada)|Silverwinds]]||Sperling, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Simmie Hutterite Colony (Simmie, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Simmie]]||Admiral, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sky Light Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Sky Light]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sky View Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Sky View]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Smiley Hutterite Colony (Smiley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Smiley]]||Smiley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Smoky Lake Hutterite Colony (Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Smoky Lake]]||Smoky Lake, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sommerfeld Hutterite Colony (High Bluff, Manitoba, Canada)|Sommerfeld]]||High Bluff, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Souris River Hutterite Colony (Elgin, Manitoba, Canada)|Souris River]]||Elgin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[South Bend Hutterite Colony (Alliance, Alberta, Canada)|South Bend]]||Alliance, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[South Peace Hutterite Colony (Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada)|South Peace]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Southland Hutterite Colony (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Southland]]||Herbert, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sovereign Hutterite Colony (Sovereign, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sovereign]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spokane Hutterite Colony (Reardan, Washington, USA)|Spokane]]||Reardan, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Walsh, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Creek]]||Walsh, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Hill Hutterite Colony (Springhill, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Hill]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (Oldham, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Lake]]||Arlington, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Lake]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Point Hutterite Colony (Brocket, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Point]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Prairie Hutterite Colony (Hawley, Minnesota, USA)|Spring Prairie]]||Hawley, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Ridge Hutterite Colony (Wainwright, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Ridge]]||Wainwright, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Side Hutterite Colony (Duchess, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Side]]||Duchess, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Spring Coulee, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Spring Coulee, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Shilo, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Wessington Springs, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Valley]]||Wessington Springs, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring View Hutterite Colony (Gem, Alberta, Canada)|Spring View]]||Gem, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Water Hutterite Colony (Ruthilda, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Water]]||Ruthilda, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springdale Hutterite Colony (White Sulpher Springs, Montana, USA)|Springdale]]||White Sulphur, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Springfield]]||Kindersley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springwater Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Springwater]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Spruce Lane||Blanchard, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sprucewood Hutterite Colony (Brookdale, Manitoba, Canada)|Sprucewood]]||Brookdale, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Stahl Hutterite Colony (Ritzville, Washington, USA)|Stahl]]||Ritzville, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Standard Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Standard]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Standoff Hutterite Colony (Fort MacLeod, Alberta, Canada)|Standoff]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stanfield Hutterite Colony (Stanfield, Oregon, USA)|Stanfield]]||Stanfield, Oregon||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Star City Hutterite Colony (Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Star City]]||Star City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starbrite Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Starbrite]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Starland]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Gibbon, Minnesota, USA)|Starland]]||Gibbon, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Starlite Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Starlite]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]]||Headingley, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Kleefeld, Manitoba, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Tourond, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sundale Hutterite Colony (Milnor, North Dakota, USA)|Sundale]]||Milnor, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunny Bend Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Bend]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Brook Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sunny Brook]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunny Dale Hutterite Colony (Arelee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sunny Dale]]||Perdue, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Site Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Site]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sunrise Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Sunrise]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunset Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Sunset]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunshine Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Sunshine]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Surprise Creek Hutterite Colony (Stanford, Montana, USA)|Surprise Creek]]||Stanford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Swift Current Hutterite Colony (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Three Hills Hutterite Colony (Three Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Three Hills]]||Three Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thunderbird Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Thunderbird]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tofield Hutterite Colony (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)|Tofield]], Alberta||Tofield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tompkins Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Sasakatchewan, Canada)|Tompkins]]||Tompkins, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Treesbank Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Treesbank]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Trileaf Hutterite Colony (Baldur, Manitoba, Canada)|Trileaf]]||Baldur, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter]]||Irricana, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Turin Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Turin]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Turner Hutterite Colony (Turner, Montana, USA)|Turner]]||Turner, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Falher, Alberta, Canada)|Twilight]]||Falher, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada)|Twilight]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Twin Creek Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Creek]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Hills Hutterite Colony (Carter, Montana, USA)|Twin Hills]]||Carter, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Rivers Hutterite Colony (Manning, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Rivers]]||Manning, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Upland Hutterite Colony (Letcher, South Dakota, USA)|Upland]]||Artesian, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Valley Centre Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Valley Centre]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Linden, Alberta, Canada)|Valley View]]||Torrington, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Valley View]]||Swan Lake, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Valleyview Ranch Hutterite Colony (Valley View, Alberta, Canada)|Valleyview Ranch]]||Valley View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Vanguard Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Vanguard]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vegreville Hutterite Colony (Vegreville, Alberta, Canada)|Vegreville]]||Vegreville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Verdant Valley Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Verdant Valley]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vermillion Hutterite Colony (Sanford, Manitoba, Canada)|Vermillion]]||Sanford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Veteran Hutterite Colony (Veteran, Alberta, Canada)|Veteran]]||Veteran, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Viking Hutterite Colony (Viking, Alberta, Canada)|Viking]]||Viking, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waldeck Hutterite Colony (Waldeck, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Waldeck]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Warburg Hutterite Colony (Warburg, Alberta, Canada)|Warburg]]||Warburg, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Warden Hutterite Colony (Warden, Washington, USA)|Warden]]||Warden, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waterton Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Waterton]]||Hillspring, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Webb Hutterite Colony (Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Webb]]||Webb, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wellwood Hutterite Colony (Ninette, Manitoba, Canada)|Wellwood]]||Ninette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[West Bench Hutterite Colony (Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada)|West Bench]]||East End, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Westroc Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Westroc]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Westwood Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Westwood]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tudor, Alberta, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tower City, North Dakota, USA)|Wheatland]]||Tower City, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Shackleton, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Cabri, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[White Lake Hutterite Colony (Nobleford, Alberta, Canada)|White Lake]]||Nobleford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[White Rock Hutterite Colony (White Rock, South Dakota, USA)|White Rock]]||Rosholt, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Whiteshell Hutterite Colony (River Hills, Manitoba, Canada)|Whiteshell]]||River Hills, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wild Rose Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Wild Rose]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Claresholm, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Cartwright, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Willow Park Hutterite Colony (Tessier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Willow Park]]||Tessier, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Willowbank Hutterite Colony (Edgeley, North Dakota, USA)|Willowbank]]||Edgeley, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Windy Bay Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Windy Bay]]||Pilot Mound, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wingham Hutterite Colony (Wingham, Manitoba, Canada)|Wingham]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Winnifred Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Winnifred]]||Medicine Hat, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Wintering Hills Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Wintering Hills]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]]||Stirling, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (Hutchinson County, South Dakota, USA)|Wolf Creek]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wollman Ranch Hutterite Colony (Elgin, North Dakota, USA)|Wollman Ranch]]||Elgin, North Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Woodland Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Woodland]]||Poplar Point, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wymark Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wymark]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Zenith Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Zenith]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|}

== 2026 Update ==
In 2026 a study published in The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities summarized the first attempt at a detailed census of Hutterites, based on a 2024 Hutterite-published directory. The total population of Hutterites was 58,392 in 544 colonies in North America. The number of colonies had grown 12.6% from 483 in 2009 to 544 in 2024. The Lehrerleut, the smallest of the three groups, added the most colonies in the last 15 years, growing by 16.5% to 162 colonies. The Dariusleut grew by 20 to 179 colonies, and the Schmiedeleut grew by 16 to 195 colonies. The census also indicated that the Lehrerleut had 18 colonies in formation, the Dariusleut 10, and the Schmiedeleut 11.

=== Number of Hutterite Colonies, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 120
| | 2
| |
| | 35
| | 157
| |
| |
| | 15
| | 1
| | 1
| |
| | 5
| | 22
| | 179
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 76
| |
| |
| | 40
| | 116
| |
| |
| | 46
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 46
| | 162
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 113
| |
| | 113
| | 7
| |
| |
| | 8
| |
| | 67
| |
| | 82
| | 195
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 54
| |
| | 54
| | 3
| |
| |
| | 1
| |
| | 6
| |
| | 10
| | 64
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 59
| |
| | 59
| | 4
| |
| |
| | 7
| |
| | 61
| |
| | 72
| | 131
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 1
| | 2
| | 2
| | 5
| | 2
| | 1
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 3
| | 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 196
| | 3
| | 115
| | 77
| | 391
| | 9
| | 1
| | 61
| | 9
| | 1
| | 67
| | 5
| | 153
| | 544
|}

=== Population of Hutterites, 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! colspan="5" | Canada
! colspan="8" | United States
! | North America
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |
! | Alberta
! | British Columbia
! | Manitoba
! | Saskatchewan
! | Total
! | Minnesota
! | Missouri
! | Montata
! | North Dakota
! | Oregon
! | South Dakota
! | Washington
! | Total
! | Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dariusleut
| | 12,093
| | 258
| |
| | 3,609
| | 15,960
| |
| |
| | 738
| | 23
| | 77
| |
| | 648
| | 1,486
| | 17,446
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lehreleut
| | 8,906
| |
| | 4,045
| | 12,951
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 4,968
| | 17,919
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Schmiedeleut
| |
| |
| | 12,616
| |
| | 12,616
| | 750
| |
| |
| | 1,026
| |
| | 7,955
| |
| | 9,731
| | 22,347
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 1
| |
| |
| | 5,864
| |
| | 5,864
| | 210
| |
| |
| | 43
| |
| | 692
| |
| | 945
| | 6,809
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group 2
| |
| |
| | 6,752
| |
| | 6,752
| | 540
| |
| |
| | 983
| |
| | 7,263
| |
| | 8,786
| | 15,538
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Independent
| |
| | 36
| | 39
| | 219
| | 294
| | 308
| | 78
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 386
| | 680
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| | 20,999
| | 294
| | 12,655
| | 7,873
| | 41,821
| | 1,058
| | 78
| | 5,706
| | 1,049
| | 77
| | 7,955
| | 648
| | 16,571
| | 58,392
|}
Note: All data is from The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities (2026). Colonies outside of North America are not included. Schmeideleut Group 1 has a colony in Utu-Abak, Nigeria, and there is an independent
colony in Paraguay (recently relocated from Australia).

See also [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof, ]][[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]

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Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

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Friedmann, Robert. <em>Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667.</em> Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

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Hofer, John. <em>The History of the Hutterites.</em> Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

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Hofer, Peter. <em>The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs.</em> Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. <em>Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada.</em> Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

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Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. </em> Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.

<em>Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767</em>, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.

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{{GAMEO_footer-4|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409|date=April 2026|a1_last=Friedmann|a1_first=Robert|a2_last=Hofer|a2_first=John|a3_last=Meier|a3_first=Hans|a4_last=Hinde|a4_first=John V.}}
[[Category:Denominations]]

Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

2026-04-04T16:26:07Z

RichardThiessen: Added 2026 update.

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
== 1955 Article ==
=== Introduction ===
[[File:ME2_858.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & [[Transylvania|Transylvania]].<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.'']]

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

=== Early Development ===

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] territories, [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Austria|Austria]], [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]], etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that [[Blaurock, Georg (ca. 1492-1529)|Georg Blaurock]] of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the [[Inn Valley (Austria)|Inn Valley]]. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] (and in particular the manorial estate [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Hubmaier]] could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, [[Liechtenstein, Leonhard von (1482-1534)|one of the Liechtensteins]] himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

[[File:ME2_860.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860'']]

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "[[Schwertler|Schwertler]]" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was [[Wideman, Jakob (d. 1535/6)|Jacob Wiedemann]], the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were [[Schützinger, Simon (16th century)|Siegmund Schützinger]], [[Zaunring, Georg (d. 1531/38)|Jörg Zaunring]], and [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]] (for details see [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]], [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]], also [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]] and [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], an Anabaptist from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] broke up into three groups: <em>(a) </em>Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on <em>Hutterische Brüder. </em>Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, <em>(b) </em>The Philippites, named after [[Weber, Philipp|Philipp Plener]] or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see [[Ausbund|Ausbund]]), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it <em>[[Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]] </em>(see also [[Haffner, Hans (16th century)|Hans Haffner]]). <em>(c) </em>The [[Gabrielites|Gabrielites]], named after [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]]. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the <em>Geschicht-Buch, </em>Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "[[Swiss Brethren|Swiss Brethren]]," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of [[Marpeck, Pilgram (d. 1556)|Pilgram Marpeck ]] were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

[[File:AMC_X-31-1_17_30.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.<br />
Scan courtesy [http://www.mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/ Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen] X-31.1, Box 17/30'']]

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Hans Amon]] of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]] of Tyrol, [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon [[Mandates|mandates]] by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564)|Ferdinand]] (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

[[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the <em>Vorsteher </em>or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners <em>(Sendboten) </em>were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 [[Falkenstein (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Falkenstein]] Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the <em>Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft)</em> 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with [[Lanzenstiel, Leonhard (d. 1565)|Leonhard Lanzenstiel]] or Seiler.

[[File:ME2_861a.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

=== The Golden Period ===

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]]; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the [[Dietrichstein family|Dietrichsteins]] bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

[[File:ME2_861b.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]], a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], the <em>Handbüchlein, </em>the book called <em>Anschlag und Fürwenden, </em>etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a <em>Schreibstube </em>or <em>scriptorium)</em>; the great <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>was then begun by [[Braitmichel, Kaspar (d. 1573)|Kaspar Braitmichel]] on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see [[Antitrinitarianism|Antitrinitarianism]]), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the <em>Vorsteher </em>[[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. <em>(a) </em>The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]]. [[Dietrichstein family|Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein]] gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and [[Fischer, Christoph Andreas (1560-after 1610)|Christoph Andreas Fischer]], in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see [[Eysvogel, Johann (16th century)|Eysvogel]] and [[Jedelshauser, Hans (16th century)|Jedelshauser]]). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, <em>(b) </em>Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see [[Böger, Salomon (d. 1610)|Böger]]). Eventually <em>(c) </em>the event, later called the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]], 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>(570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

[[File:ME2_863.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863'']]
[[File:ME2_864.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864'']]

=== Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis ===

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see [[Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoph von (1621-1676)|Grimmelshausen]]). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Andreas Ehrenpreis]], 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in [[Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Mannheim]] in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]]). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called <em>Lehr und Vorred). </em>The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such <em>Lehren </em>(some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many <em>Vorreden </em>(shorter sermons). The <em>Klein-Geschichtsbueh </em>(204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]]). [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Gemeinde Ordnung </em>of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

=== Persecution of the 18th Century ===

After [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The [[Hutterite Chronicles|Great Chronicle]] ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded <em>(Inv. Arch. Amst. </em>II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for [[Hungary|Hungary]]. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname <em>[[Habáner|Habaner]] </em>became the general name for these people.

=== Immigration to Russia ===

In [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]] to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter [[Walachia (Romania)|Walachia]] (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against [[Russia|Russia]]) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general [[Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovitch (1725-1796)|Count Rumyantsev]], who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] (then a rather sparsely populated area). At [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Radichev]], 10 miles north. It was [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner]] (born in [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]]) who was then the most outstanding <em>Vorsteher </em>of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna district]], under the sponsorship of the Mennonite [[Cornies, Johann (1789-1848)|Johann Cornies]]), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate -- in this case to immigrate to America.

=== Immigration to America ===

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the [[United States of America|United States]], where they chose the prairie land of the Dakota Territory that later became the state of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879. About one third, approximately 400 people, chose settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the <em>[[Dariusleut|Darius-Leut]] </em>(named after [[Walter, Darius (1835-1903)|Darius Walter]], their leader), [[Schmiedeleut|<em>Schmiede-Leut </em>]](after [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner]], a blacksmith, their leader), and <em>[[Lehrerleut|Lehrer-Leut]] </em>(named after Jacob Wipf, a teacher called the <em>Lehrer). </em>The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. The other two thirds of the Brethren chose to settle close together on individual farms and in time became known as [[Prairieleut Hutterian Brethren|Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren]]. They also settled in the Dakota Territory. The Prairieleut formed their own congregations and in time most of these congregations joined the [[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] or the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonites]].

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to [[Canada|Canada]] where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], and south central [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central [[Montana (USA)|Montana]] from Alberta. The American federal government treated Prairieleut Hutterite Brethren in a similar manner with discrimination, harassment, and imprisonment for a few. A number of Prairieleut families also fled to Canada.

In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. [[Bruderhof Communities]] has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]]) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]] and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's <em>Rechenschaft </em>of 1540 and [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' great <em>Sendbrief </em>of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]], [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Ceramics|Ceramics]], [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts]], [[Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren|Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren]], [[Education, Hutterite|Education — Hutterite]], Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Hutter]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Amon]], Riedemann, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Walpot]], [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Braidl]], [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]], and on their books, [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]], Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]], regarding their regulations and discipline, [[Marriage, Hutterite Practices|Marriage]], [[Medicine Among the Hutterites|Medicine among the Hutterites]], dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article [[Habáner|Habaner]] which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

<div align="center">

<h3 style="text-align: center;">List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s</h3> <strong>Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622</strong>

(According to E. Crous, <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alecowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Alexowitz]] (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)
|-
| 2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 3. [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]]
|-
| 4. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]
|-
| 5. [[Pergen (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bergen]] (Pergen)
|-
| 6. [[Billowitz Hutterite Colony (Moravia)|Bilowitz]] (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)
|-
| 7. Birnbaum
|-
| 8. Bisenz ([[Bisenz Hutterite Colony (Bisenz, Moravia)|Bisentz]]) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)
|-
| 10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/[[Podusilna (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)|Bochtitz]]-Pochtitz) (1546)
|-
| 11. Boretitz/Borzetitz ([[Paraditz (Czech Republic)|Paraditz]]) (1545)
|-
| 12. Budespitz/Butschowitz ([[Bučovice (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bucovic]], Pudespitz) (1536)
|-
| 13. [[Budkov (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Budkau (Budkaw)]]
|-
| 14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)
|-
| 15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz ([[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]) (Kaunitz, 1550)
|-
| 16. [[Eibenschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Eibenschitz]] (Lipa)
|-
| 17. Eihis
|-
| 18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)
|-
| 19. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]] (1581)
|-
| 20. [[Gobschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gobschitz/Gubschitz]] (1545)
|-
| 21. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]] (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 22. Gurda/[[Gurdau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gurdau]]
|-
| 23. Herspitz ([[Gerspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gerspitz]])
|-
| 24. Hosterlitz
|-
| 25. Hrubschitz ([[Rupschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Rupschitz]]) (1546)
|-
| 26. Jamnitz
|-
| 27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)
|-
| 28. Kanitz
|-
| 29. [[Kobylí (Okres Břeclav, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kobily]]/Kobyli (Kobelitz)
|-
| 30. Kostl/Kostel ([[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]]) (Zierotin)
|-
| 31. Kreuz ([[Creutz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Creutz]]) (Lipa, 1565)
|-
| 32. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]] (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz ([[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]])
|-
| 34. [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg (Breclav)]]
|-
| 35. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz/Millotitz]]
|-
| 36. Mistrin/Mistrin
|-
| 37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)
|-
| 38. Muschau
|-
| 39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)
|-
| 40. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (east of Auspitz)
|-
| 41. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (near Prahlitz) (1562)
|-
| 42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)
|-
| 43. [[Neudorf (Morava, Czech Republic)|Neudorf near Lundenburg]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)
|-
| 44. [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] (Liechtenstein, 1558)
|-
| 45. [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)
|-
| 46. Nikolschitz/[[Nikoltschitz (Olomoucký kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikoltschitz]] (Zierotin, 1570)
|-
| 47. [[Nusslau (Morava, Czech Republic)|Nusslau]] (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)
|-
| 48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)
|-
| 50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)
|-
| 51. Polau/Pollau
|-
| 52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)
|-
| 53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)
|-
| 54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)
|-
| 55. Pruschank/Pruschanek
|-
| 56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)
|-
| 57. [[Bohuslavice (Moravskoslezský kraj, Czech Republic)|Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz)]] (1546)
|-
| 58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)
|-
| 59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)
|-
| 61. Rohatetz
|-
| 62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)
|-
| 63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)
|-
| 64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)
|-
| 65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)
|-
| 66. [[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)
|-
| 67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz
|-
| 68. Skalitz ([[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]) (1563)
|-
| 69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz
|-
| 69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz
|-
| 70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz
|-
| 71. Swetlau
|-
| 72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)
|-
| 73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz
|-
| 74. Tracht (1558)
|-
| 75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)
|-
| 76. Turnitz-[[Durdenitz (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Durdenitz]]
|-
| 77. [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)
|-
| 78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)
|-
| 79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)
|-
| 79a. Weisstätten
|-
| 80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)
|-
| 81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)
|-
| 82. Wessely (1546)
|-
| 83. Wischenau
|-
| 84. Wisternitz
|-
| 85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)
|}

<strong>Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762</strong>

(According to E. Crous,<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

{| class="wikitable"
| I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547)
|-
| II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra)
|-
| III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)
|-
| IV. Egbell (Neutra)
|-
| V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)
|-
| VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra)
|-
| VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)
|-
| VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550)
|-
| IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)
|-
| X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]])
|-
| XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622)
|-
| XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)
|-
| XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)
|-
| XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548)
|}
<strong>Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622</strong>

(According to Fr. Hruby,<em> Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, </em>Leipzig, 1935)

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. <em>Lundenburg-Billowitz:</em> [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf
|-
| 2. <em>Seelowitz: </em>Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz
|-
| 3. <em>[[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: </em>Austerlitz and Gerspitz
|-
| 4. <em>Nikolsburg: </em>[[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht
|-
| 5. <em>Steinitz: </em>[[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]
|-
| 6. <em>Kanitz: </em>Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)
|-
| 7. <em>Landshut: </em>Landshut
|-
| 8. <em>[[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: </em>Lettnitz
|-
| 9. <em>Skalitz: </em>[[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]
|-
| 10. <em>Wischenau: </em>Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]]
|-
| 11. <em>Tscheikowitz:</em>[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan
|-
| 12. <em>Bochtitz: </em>[[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]]
|-
| 13. <em>[[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: </em>Frischau
|-
| 14. <em>[[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: </em>Göding and Koblitz
|-
| 15. <em>Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: </em>Maskowitz and Oleckowitz
|-
| 16. <em>[[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: </em>Wäzenobis
|-
| 17. <em>Uhritz: </em>[[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]
|-
| 18. <em>Wesseli: </em>Wessela
|-
| 19. <em>[[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: </em>Schädewitz
|-
| 20. <em>Ungarisch-Ostra: </em>Neudorf
|-
| 21. <em>Eisgrub: </em>[[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]]
|-
| 22. <em>Ober-Tannowitz: </em>Tannewitz
|-
| 23. <em>Tulleschitz: </em>Schermankowitz
|-
| 24. <em>[[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: </em>(Wostite), Weisstätten
|-
| 25. <em>Polehraditz: </em>[[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]]
|-
| 26. <em>Tawikowitz: </em>Teikowitz
|}

<strong>Table 4: [[Transylvania|Transylvania]]</strong>

{| align="center" class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767
|-
| 2. Kreuz, 1761-1767
|-
| 3. Stein, 1761-1767
|}

<strong>Table 5: Ukraine</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802)
|-
| 2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842)
|-
| 3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1874)
|-
| 4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)
|-
| 5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)
|-
| 6. Sheromet (1868-1874)
|-
| 7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)
|}

<strong>Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches</strong> (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

{| class="wikitable"
| <strong>Name & Address of Colony</strong> || <div align="center"><strong><em>Yr. Settled</em></strong></div> || <strong><em>Population in 1950</em></strong>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]] || 1949 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| 2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">80</div>
|-
| 3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">81</div>
|-
| 4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod || 1928 || <div align="right">69</div>
|-
| 5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka || 1949 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum || 1930 || <div align="right">75</div>
|-
| 7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma || 1949 || <div align="right">57</div>
|-
| 8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]] || 1948 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]] || 1944 || <div align="right">78</div>
|-
| 10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford || 1935 || <div align="right">91</div>
|-
| 11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]] || 1926 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Stirling]] || 1924 || <div align="right">110</div>
|-
| 13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]] || 1926 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]] || 1948 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod || 1933 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland || 1918 || <div align="right">187</div>
|-
| 17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker || 1936 || <div align="right">114</div>
|-
| 18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford || 1918 || <div align="right">77</div>
|-
| 19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford || 1919 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]] || 1918 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| 22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston || 1918 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]] || 1949 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]] || 1918 || <div align="right">140</div>
|-
| 25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling || 1924 || <div align="right">76</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range || 1945 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers || 1947 || <div align="right">65</div>
|-
| 28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]] || 1935 || <div align="right">61</div>
|-
| 29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown || 1945 || <div align="right">26</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford || 1920 || <div align="right">129</div>
|-
| 31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath || 1937 || <div align="right">117</div>
|-
| 32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner || 1929 || <div align="right">177</div>
|-
| 33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath || 1932 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley || 1937 || <div align="right">127</div>
|-
| 35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]] || 1924 || <div align="right">103</div>
|-
| 36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond || 1918 || <div align="right">134</div>
|-
| 37. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">115</div>
|-
| 38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton || 1932 || <div align="right">113</div>
|-
| 39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond || -- || <div align="right">96</div>
|-
| 40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown || 1950 || <div align="right">60</div>
|-
| 42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham || 1935 || <div align="right">89</div>
|-
| 43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath || 1918 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner || 1935 || <div align="right">186</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 45. [[Birch Creek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier || 1947 || <div align="right">95</div>
|-
| 46. Miami, Pendroy || 1948 || <div align="right">112</div>
|-
| 47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta || 1945 || <div align="right">105</div>
|-
| 48. Miller Ranch, Choteau || 1949 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau || 1948 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy || 1947 || <div align="right">100</div>
|-
| 51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge || 1924 || <div align="right">25</div>
|-
| 53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket || 1920 || <div align="right">15</div>
|-
| 54. Monarch, Monarch || 1942 || <div align="right">31</div>
|-
| 55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling || 1944 || <div align="right">30</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 56. [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]], Headingly || 1920 || <div align="right">151</div>
|-
| 57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]] || 1922 || <div align="right">132</div>
|-
| 58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">108</div>
|-
| 59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding || 1934 || <div align="right">153</div>
|-
| 60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara || 1918 || <div align="right">193</div>
|-
| 61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly || 1919 || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| 62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly || 1946 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]] || 1918 || <div align="right">86</div>
|-
| 65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard || 1918 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]] || 1944 || <div align="right">155</div>
|-
| 67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point || 1938 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone || 1946 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden || 1934 || <div align="right">98</div>
|-
| 70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle || 1947 || <div align="right">85</div>
|-
| 71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie || 1918 || <div align="right">128</div>
|-
| 72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly || 1938 || <div align="right">118</div>
|-
| 73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding || 1925 || <div align="right">93</div>
|-
| 74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie || 1935 || <div align="right">121</div>
|-
| 75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian || 1950 || <div align="right">83</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville || 1950 || <div align="right">?</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor || 1874 || <div align="right">58</div>
|-
| 78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort || 1949 || <div align="right">97</div>
|-
| 79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred || 1948 || <div align="right">71</div>
|-
| 80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron || 1944 || <div align="right">74</div>
|-
| 81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica || 1937 || <div align="right">107</div>
|-
| 82. [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]] || 1949 || <div align="right">72</div>
|-
| 83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller || 1949 || <div align="right">54</div>
|-
| 84. [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]] || 1936 || <div align="right">102</div>
|-
| 85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois || 1949 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy || 1949 || <div align="right">68</div>
|-
| 87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron || 1949 || <div align="right">48</div>
|-
| 88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria || 1934 || <div align="right">84</div>
|-
| 89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell || 1945 || <div align="right">92</div>
|-
| 90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort || 1945 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| 91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet || 1942 || <div align="right">94</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>CONVERT COLONIES</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>ONTARIO</strong></div> || ||
|-
| 92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright || 1941 || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>Bruderhof Communities</strong></div> || ||
|-
| <div align="center"><strong>NEW YORK (State) </strong></div> || ||
|-
| [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton || 1954 || <div align="right">135</div>
|}

<strong>Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s</strong>

{| class="wikitable"
| || || <strong>Total</strong>
|-
| <strong>Dariusleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">2,247</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">206</div> || <div align="right">2,453</div>
|-
| <strong>Lehrerleut</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">1,852</div> ||
|-
| Montana || <div align="right">613</div> || <div align="right">2,465</div>
|-
| <strong>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]]</strong> || ||
|-
| Manitoba || <div align="right">2,272</div> ||
|-
| South Dakota || <div align="right">1,209</div> || <div align="right">3,481</div>
|-
| <strong>Unaffiliated colonies</strong> || ||
|-
| Alberta || <div align="right">101</div> || <div align="right">101</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Kinship Colonies</strong> || || <div align="right">8,500</div>
|-
| <strong>Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)</strong> || || <div align="right">1,100</div>
|-
| <div align="right" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Total No. of Hutterites</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,600</strong></div>
|-
| || ||
|-
| <strong>SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION</strong> || ||
|-
| Montana || || <div align="right">819</div>
|-
| South Dakota || || <div align="right">1,209</div>
|-
| Alberta || || <div align="right">4,200</div>
|-
| Manitoba || || <div align="right">2,272</div>
|-
| Ontario || || <div align="right">46</div>
|-
|-
| <div align="right"><strong>Total</strong></div> || || <div align="right"><strong>9,211</strong></div>
|}

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]):

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Dariusleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch
|-
| colspan="2" | 99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Alberta</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 100. Acadia Valley, Oyen
|-
| colspan="2" | 101. New Milford, Winnifred
|-
| colspan="2" | 102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom
|-
| colspan="2" | 103. Springside, Duchess
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon
|-
| colspan="2" | 105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek
|-
| colspan="2" | 106. Slade Colony, Tompkins
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Montana</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, Manitoba</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne
|-
| colspan="2" | 109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe
|-
| colspan="2" | 110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]]
|-
| colspan="2" | <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, South Dakota</em></strong></div>
|-
| colspan="2" | 111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota
|}

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

</div> <strong>Note for the Maps: </strong><em>Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.</em>

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] in Europe with locations (concerning [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article <em>Rabenska </em>in the <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches ]]</em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|<em>Lexikon</em>]] (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his <em>Communismus </em>(1894) p. 246. This list he published in<em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1619-1622, in his <em>Wiedertäufer in Mähren </em>(Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs <em>(Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] and [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]in existence in 1947. -- <em>Robert Friedmann</em>

== 1990 Update ==

The Hutterian Brethren practice [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]], [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], Saskatchewan, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Washington (USA)|Washington]], [[Montana (USA)|Montana]], [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Minnesota (USA)|Minnesota]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], [[New York (USA)|New York]], Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the [[United States of America|United States]] from [[Russia|Russia]] in the 1870s and moved to [[Canada|Canada]] after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The <em>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] </em>(Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian [[Children|children]] attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]and [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

<em>John Hofer</em>

== 2014 Update ==

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! Colony !! Location !! Leut
|-
| [[Abbey Hutterite Colony (Abbey, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Abbey]]||Abbey, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Oyen, Alberta, Canada)|Acadia]]||Oyen, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Acadia]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Airport Hutterite Colony (Macdonald, Manitoba, Canada)|Airport]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Albion Ridge Hutterite Colony (Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada)|Albion Ridge]]||Picture Butte, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Alix Hutterite Colony (Alix, Alberta, Canada)|Alix]]||Alix, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Altona Hutterite Colony (Henderson, Minnesota, USA)|Altona]]||Henderson, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River]]||Lumsden, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Armada Hutterite Colony (Armada, Alberta, Canada)|Armada]]||Lomond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Arrowwood Hutterite Colony (Blackie, Alberta, Canada)|Arrowwood]]||Blackie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Aspenheim Hutterite Colony (Bagot, Manitoba, Canada)|Aspenheim]]||Bagot, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Athabasca||Athabasca, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Baildon Hutterite Colony (Briercrest, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Baildon]]||Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Baker Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Baker]]||Mac Gregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Barrickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Barrickman]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Beechy Hutterite Colony (Beechy, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Beechy]]||Beechy, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Belle Plaine Hutterite Colony (Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Belle Plaine]]||Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]]||Shaunavon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Bentley Hutterite Colony (Bentley, Alberta, Canada)|Bentley]]||Blackfalds, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Berry Creek Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Berry Creek]]||Hanna, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]]||Cardston, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Rose Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Big Rose]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Sky Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Big Sky]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Graceville, Minnesota, USA)|Big Stone]]||Graceville, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Sand Coulee, Montana, USA)|Big Stone]]||Sand Coulee, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Birch Creek||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Birch Hills Hutterite Colony (Peoria, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Hills]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Birch Meadows Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Meadows]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blooming Prairie Hutterite Colony (Homewood, Manitoba, Canada)|Blooming Prairie]]||Homewood, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Clay Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Blue Clay]]||Arnaud, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Ridge]]||Mountain View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Blue Sky Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Sky]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bluegrass Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Bluegrass]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengart]]||Plum Coulee, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]]||Tabor, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bone Creek Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bone Creek]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Boundary Lane Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Boundary Lane]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Bow City Hutterite Colony (Bow City, Alberta, Canada)|Bow City]]||Brooks, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Box Elder Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Box Elder]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Brant Hutterite Colony (Brant, Alberta, Canada)|Brant]]||Brant, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Brantwood Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Brantwood]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Brentwood Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Brentwood]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Brightstone Hutterite Colony (La du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada)|Brightstone]]||Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Britestone Hutterite Colony (Carbon, Alberta, Canada)|Britestone]]||Carbon, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Broad Valley Hutterite Colony (Arborg, Manitoba, Canada)|Broad Valley]]||Arborg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Brocket||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Butte Hutterite Colony (Bracken, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Butte]]||Bracken, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Byemoor Hutterite Colony (Byemoor, Alberta, Canada)|Byemoor]]||Byemoor, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cameron Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Cameron]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Cameron||Viborg, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose]]||Camrose, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Ledger, Montana, USA)|Camrose]]||Ledger, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Camrose||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[CanAm Hutterite Colony (Margaret, Manitoba, Canada)|CanAm]]||Margaret, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Carmangay Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Carmangay]]||Carmangay, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Carmichael Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Carmichael]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Cascade]]||MacGregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (Fort Shaw, Montana, USA)|Cascade]]||Sun River, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Castor Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Castor]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]]||Cayley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cedar Grove Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Cedar Grove]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Claremont Hutterite Colony (Castlewood, South Dakota, USA)|Claremont]]||Castlewood, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clark Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Clark]]||Raymond, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clear Lake Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Clear Lake]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clear Spring Hutterite Colony (Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Clear Spring]]||Kenaston, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cleardale Hutterite Colony (Cleardale, Alberta, Canada)|Cleardale]]||Cleardale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Clearfield Hutterite Colony (Wagner, South Dakota, USA)|Clearfield]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Clearview]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Elm Creek, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearview]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Clearwater Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearwater]]||Balmoral, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cloverleaf Hutterite Colony (Delia, Alberta, Canada)|Cloverleaf]]||Delia, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cluny Hutterite Colony (Cluny, Alberta, Canada)|Cluny]]||Cluny, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Codessa Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Codessa]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Collins||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Concord Hutterite Colony (Stony Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Concord]]||Winnipeg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cool Spring Hutterite Colony (Polonia, Manitoba, Canada)|Cool Spring]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Cool Springs||Rudyard, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Copperfield Hutterite Colony (Vauxhall, Alberta, Canada)|Copperfield]]||Vauxhall, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Craigmyle Hutterite Colony (Craigmyle, Alberta, Canada)|Craigmyle]]||Craigmyle, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Ste. Agathe, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Cypress River, Manitoba, Canada)|Cypress]]||Cypress River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Decker Hutterite Colony (Decker, Manitoba, Canada)|Decker]]||Decker, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Deerboine Hutterite Colony (Alexander, Manitoba, Canada)|Deerboine]]||Alexander, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Deerfield]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Deerfield]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Delco Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Delco]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Delta Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Delta]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Dinsmore Hutterite Colony (Dinsmore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Dinsmore]]||Dinsmore, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Donalda Hutterite Colony (Donalda, Alberta, Canada)|Donalda]]||Donalda, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Downie Lake Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Downie Lake]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Duncan Ranch Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Duncan Ranch]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Galata, Montana, USA)|Eagle Creek]]||Galata, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eagle Creek]]||Asquith, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ear View Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ear View]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East End Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|East End]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[East Malta Hutterite Colony (Malta, Montana, USA)|East Malta]]||Malta, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Raymond Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|East Raymond]]||Raymond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Eatonia Hutterite Colony (Eatonia, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eatonia]]||Eatonia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| Elk Creek||Augusta, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater]]||Irvine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elm Spring]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elmendorf Christian Community (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Elmendorf]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Emerald Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Emerald]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Enchant Hutterite Colony (Enchant, Alberta, Canada)|Enchant]]||Enchant, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Erskine Hutterite Colony (Erskine, Alberta, Canada)|Erskine]]||Erskine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Estuary Hutterite Colony (Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Estuary]]||Leader, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Evergreen]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fair Haven Hutterite Colony (Ulm, Montana, USA)|Fair Haven]]||Ulm, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairholme Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairholme]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fairlane Hutterite Colony (Skiff, Alberta, Canada)|Fairlane]]||Skiff, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (La Moure, North Dakota, USA)|Fairview]]||La Moure, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fairville Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Fairville]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairway Hutterite Colony (Douglas, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairway]]||Douglas, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ferrybank Hutterite Colony (Ponoka, Alberta, Canada)|Ferrybank]]||Ponoka, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Flat Willow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Flat Willow Ranch]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fordham Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Fordham]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fords Creek Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Fords Creek]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]]||Fordville, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fort Pitt Hutterite Colony (Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Fort Pitt]]||Lloydminister, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forty Mile Hutterite Colony (Lodge Grass, Montana, USA)|Forty Mile]]||Lodge Grass, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Gadsby Hutterite Colony (Hackett, Alberta, Canada)|Gadsby]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Garden Plane Hutterite Colony (Frontier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Garden Plane]]||Frontier, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Gildford Hutterite Colony (Gildford, Montana, USA)|Gildford]]||Gildford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glendale]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Glenway Hutterite Colony (Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada)|Glenway]]||Dominion City, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Glidden Hutterite Colony (Glidden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Glidden]]||Glidden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Golden Valley Hutterite Colony (Ryegate, Montana, USA)|Golden Valley]]||Ryegate, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Golden View||Salem, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Golden View Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Golden View]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Good Hope Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Good Hope]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grand Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Grand]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grandview Hutterite Colony (Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada)|Grandview]]||Grand Prairie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grant Hutterite Colony (Enderlin, North Dakota, USA)|Grant]]||Enderlin, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]]||Granum, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grass Ranch Hutterite Colony (Kimball, South Dakota, USA)|Grass Ranch]]||Kimball, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grass River Hutterite Colony (Glenella, Manitoba, Canada)|Grass River]]||Glenella, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassland Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Grassland]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassy Hill Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Grassy Hill]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Green Leaf Hutterite Colony (Marcelin, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Green Leaf]]||Marcelin, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Greenwald Hutterite Colony (Brokenhead, Manitoba, Canada)|Greenwald]]||Beausejour, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Stand Off, Alberta, Canada)|Greenwood]]||Fort Macleod, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Delmont, South Dakota, USA)|Greenwood]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hairy Hill Hutterite Colony (Hairy Hill, Alberta, Canada)|Hairy Hill]]||Hairy Hill, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hand Hills Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Hand Hills]]||Hanna, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Bashaw, Alberta, Canada)|Hartland]]||Bashaw, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hartland]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Dexter, Minnesota, USA)|Haven]]||Dexter, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Fox Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Haven]]||Fox Valley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Hazelridge, Manitoba, Canada)|Heartland]]||Hazelridge, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Lake Benton, Minnesota, USA)|Heartland]]||Lake Benton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hidden Lake Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Hidden Lake]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hidden Valley Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Hidden Valley]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[High River Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|High River]]||High River, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Garden City, South Dakota, USA)|Hillcrest]]||Garden City, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillcrest]]||Dundurn, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hilldale Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hilldale]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillridge Hutterite Colony (Barnwell, Alberta, Canada)|Hillridge]]||Barnwell, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Justice, Manitoba, Canada)|Hillside]]||Justice, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]]||Sweetgrass, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Hillside]]||Doland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillsvale Hutterite Colony (Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillsvale]]||Cut Knife, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillview Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Hillview]]||Rosebud, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hodgeville Hutterite Colony (Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hodgeville]]||Hodgeville, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holden Hutterite Colony (Holden, Alberta, Canada)|Holden]]||Holden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holmfield Hutterite Colony (Holmfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Holmfield]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]]||Irma, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Homewood Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Homewood]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Horizon]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Lowe Farm, Manitoba, Canada)|Horizon]]||Lowe Farm, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Hughenden Hutterite Colony (Hughenden, Alberta, Canada)|Hughenden]]||Hughenden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Brownlee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Huron]]||Brownlee, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Stratford, South Dakota, USA)|Hutterville]]||Stratford, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Huxley Hutterite Colony (Huxley, Alberta, Canada)|Huxley]]||Huxley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Interlake Hutterite Colony (Teulon, Manitoba, Canada)|Interlake]]||Teulon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Iron Creek Hutterite Colony (Bruce, Alberta, Canada)|Iron Creek]]||Bruce, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]]||Utica, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jenner Hutterite Colony (Jenner, Alberta, Canada)|Jenner]]||Jenner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kamsley Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Kamsley]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Keho Lake Hutterite Colony (Barons, Alberta, Canada)|Keho Lake]]||Barons, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Keystone Hutterite Colony (Warren, Manitoba, Canada)|Keystone]]||Warren, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Kilby Butte Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Kilby Butte]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch]]||Lewiston, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Kings Lake Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Kings Lake]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsbury Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Kingsbury]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsland Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Kingsland]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kyle Hutterite Colony (Elrose, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Kyle]]||Kyle, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Lajord Hutterite Colony (White City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lajord]]||White City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lake View Hutterite Colony (Lake Andes, South Dakota, USA)|Lake View]]||Lake Andes, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cranford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Lakeview Hutterite Colony (Unity, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lakeview]]||Unity, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lathom Hutterite Colony (Brooks, Alberta, Canada)|Lathom]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Leask Hutterite Colony (Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Leask]]||Leask, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Leedale Hutterite Colony (Rimbey, Alberta, Canada)|Leedale]]||Rimbey, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lismore Hutterite Colony (Clinton, Minnesota, USA)|Lismore]]||Clinton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Little Bow Hutterite Colony (Champion, Alberta, Canada)|Little Bow]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Little Creek Hutterite Colony (Marquette, Manitoba, Canada)|Little Creek]]||Marquette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Livingstone Hutterite Colony (Lundbreck, Alberta, Canada)|Livingstone]]||Lundbreck, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lomond Hutterite Colony (Lomond, Alberta, Canada)|Lomond]]||Lomond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lone Pine Hutterite Colony (Botha, Alberta, Canada)|Lone Pine]]||Botha, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Long Lake Hutterite Colony (Wetonka, South Dakota, USA)|Long Lake]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Loring Hutterite Colony (Loring, Montana, USA)|Loring]]||Loring, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lost River Hutterite Colony (Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lost River]]||Allan, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lougheed Hutterite Colony (Lougheed, Alberta, Canada)|Lougheed]]||Lougheed, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|MacMillan]]||Cayley, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Main Centre Hutterite Colony (Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Main Centre]]||Rush Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mannville Hutterite Colony (Mannville, Alberta, Canada)|Mannville]]||Mannville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Maple Grove Hutterite Colony (Lauder, Manitoba, Canada)|Maple Grove]]||Lauder, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Maple River Hutterite Colony (Fullerton, North Dakota, USA)|Maple River]]||Fullerton, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marble Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hodgson, Manitoba, Canada)|Marble Ridge]]||Hodgson, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marlin Hutterite Colony (Marlin, Washington, USA)|Marlin]]||Marlin, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Martinsdale Hutterite Colony (Martinsdale, Montana, USA)|Martinsdale]]||Martinsdale, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Maxwell]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell]]||Scotland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfair Hutterite Colony (Killarney, Manitoba, Canada)|Mayfair]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Mayfield]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Willow Lake, South Dakota, USA)|Mayfield]]||Willow Lake, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[McGee Hutterite Colony (McGee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McGee]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[McMahon Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McMahon]]||MacMahon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mialta Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Mialta]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Miami]]||Morden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Midland Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Midland]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Midway Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|Midway]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milden Hutterite Colony (Milden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Milden]]||Milden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Wolf Creek, Montana, USA)|Milford]]||Wolf Creek, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millbrook Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Millbrook]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Miller Hutterite Colony (Choteau, Montana, USA)|Miller]]||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]]||Miller, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[MillsHof Hutterite Colony (Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada)|MillsHof]]||Glenboro, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Miltow Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Miltow]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mixburn Hutterite Colony (Minburn, Alberta, Canada)|Mixburn]]||Minburn, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Morinville Hutterite Colony (Alcomdale, Alberta, Canada)|Morinville]]||Morinville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Mountain View]]||Strathmore, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Broadview, Montana, USA)|Mountain View]]||Broadview, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Netley Hutterite Colony (Petersfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Netley]]||Petersfield, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Neu Muehl Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Neu Muehl]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neudorf Hutterite Colony (Kersey, Alberta, Canada)|Neudorf]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neuhof Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Neuhof]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring]]||Ethan, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New Miami Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|New Miami]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| New Rockport||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New York Hutterite Colony (Stirling, Alberta, Canada)|New York]]||Lethbridge, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|Newdale]]||Milo, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Souris, Manitoba, Canada)|Newdale]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Elkton, South Dakota, USA)|Newdale]]||Elkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newell Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Newell]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newhaven Hutterite Colony (Argyle, Manitoba, Canada)|Newhaven]]||Argyle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newport Hutterite Colony (Claremont, South Dakota, USA)|Newport]]||Claremont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norfeld Hutterite Colony (White, South Dakota, USA)|Norfeld]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norquay Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Norquay]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[North Harlem Hutterite Colony (Harlem, Montana, USA)|North Harlem]]||Harlem, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Northern Breeze Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Northern Breeze]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[O. B. Hutterite Colony (Marwayne, Alberta, Canada)|O.B.]]||Marwayne, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O. K.]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]]||Morris, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oak Lane Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Oak Lane]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Oak River Hutterite Colony (Oak River, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak River]]||Oak River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oaklane Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Oaklane]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oakridge Hutterite Colony (Holland, Manitoba, Canada)|Oakridge]]||Holland, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Odanah Hutterite Colony (Rufford, Manitoba, Canada)|Odanah]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Parkston, South Dakota, USA)|Old Elm Spring]]||Parkston, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Orland Hutterite Colony (Montrose, South Dakota, USA)|Orland]]||Montrose, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Parkland Hutterite Colony (Parkland, Alberta, Canada)|Parkland]]||Nanton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Parkview Hutterite Colony (Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Parkview]]||Riding Mountain, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Peace View Hutterite Colony (Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace View]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]]||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembina Hutterite Colony (Darlingford, Manitoba, Canada)|Pembina]]||Darlingford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembrook Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Pembrook]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pennant Hutterite Colony (Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Pennant]]||Pennant, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Creek Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Pine Creek]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pine Haven Hutterite Colony (Westaskiwin, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Haven]]||Wetaskiwin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill]]||Red Deer, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pineland Hutterite Colony (Piney, Manitoba, Canada)|Pineland]]||Piney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Plain Lake Hutterite Colony (Two Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Plain Lake]]||Two Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Plainview]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Plainview]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Plainview]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Clive, Alberta, Canada)|Pleasant Valley]]||Clive, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Belt, Montana, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Belt, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Flandreau, South Dakota, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Flandreau, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Poinsett Hutterite Colony (Estelline, South Dakota, USA)|Poinsett]]||Estelline, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pondera Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Pondera]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponderosa Hutterite Colony (Grassy Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Ponderosa]]||Grassy Lake, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponteix Hutterite Colony (Ponteix, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ponteix]]||Ponteix, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Prairie Blossom Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Prairie Blossom]]||Stonewall, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Prairie Elk Hutterite Colony (Wolf Point, Montana, USA)|Prairie Elk]]||Wolf Point, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Prairie Home Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie Home]]||Wrentham, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Prairie View Hutterite Colony (Sibbald, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie View]]||Sibbald, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Quill Lake Hutterite Colony (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Quill Lake]]||Quill Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rainbow Hutterite Colony (Innisfail, Alberta, Canada)|Rainbow]]||Innisfail, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Raymore Hutterite Colony (Raymore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Raymore]]||Raymore, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Red Willow]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Toronto, South Dakota, USA)|Red Willow]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ribstone Hutterite Colony (Edgerton, Alberta, Canada)|Ribstone]]||Edgerton, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridge Valley Hutterite Colony (Crooked Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Ridge Valley]]||Crooked Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Hussar, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ridgeville Hutterite Colony (Ridgeville, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeville]]||Ridgeville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rimrock Hutterite Colony (Sunburst, Montana, USA)|Rimrock]]||Sunburst, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[River Road Hutterite Colony (Milk River, Alberta, Canada)|River Road]]||Milk River, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Mossleigh, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Waldheim, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Waldheim, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]]||Arden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Riverview]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverview]]||Saskatoon, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Grosse Isle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]]||Pendroy, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Roland||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rolling Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Rolling Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosalind Hutterite Colony (Rosalind, Alberta, Canada)|Rosalind]]||Camrose, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Glen Hutterite Colony (Hilda, Alberta, Canada)|Rose Glen]]||Hilda, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Graysville, Manitoba, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Graysville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Verwood, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Assiniboia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosebank Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosebank]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosetown Hutterite Colony (Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosetown]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rustic Acres Hutterite Colony (Madison, South Dakota, USA)|Rustic Acres]]||Madison, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sage Creek Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sage Creek]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sand Lake Hutterite Colony (Orkney, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sand Lake]]||Val Marie, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhills]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Schoonover Hutterite Colony (Odessa, Washington, USA)|Schoonover]]||Odessa, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]]||Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scott Hutterite Colony (Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Scott]]||Scott, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Seville Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Seville]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shadow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Airdrie, Alberta, Canada)|Shadow Ranch]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Wanham, Alberta, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Treherne, Manitoba, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Treherne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Shamrock]]||Bow Island, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Shamrock]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Shannon Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Shannon]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Silver Creek Hutterite Colony (Ferintosh, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Creek]]||Ferintoch, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Lake Hutterite Colony (Clark, South Dakota, USA)|Silver Lake]]||Clark, South Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Sage Hutterite Colony (Nemiskam, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Sage]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Silverwinds Hutterite Colony (Sperling, Manitoba, Canada)|Silverwinds]]||Sperling, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Simmie Hutterite Colony (Simmie, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Simmie]]||Admiral, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sky Light Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Sky Light]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sky View Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Sky View]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Smiley Hutterite Colony (Smiley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Smiley]]||Smiley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Smoky Lake Hutterite Colony (Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Smoky Lake]]||Smoky Lake, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sommerfeld Hutterite Colony (High Bluff, Manitoba, Canada)|Sommerfeld]]||High Bluff, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Souris River Hutterite Colony (Elgin, Manitoba, Canada)|Souris River]]||Elgin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[South Bend Hutterite Colony (Alliance, Alberta, Canada)|South Bend]]||Alliance, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[South Peace Hutterite Colony (Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada)|South Peace]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Southland Hutterite Colony (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Southland]]||Herbert, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sovereign Hutterite Colony (Sovereign, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sovereign]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spokane Hutterite Colony (Reardan, Washington, USA)|Spokane]]||Reardan, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Walsh, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Creek]]||Walsh, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Hill Hutterite Colony (Springhill, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Hill]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (Oldham, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Lake]]||Arlington, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Lake]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Point Hutterite Colony (Brocket, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Point]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Prairie Hutterite Colony (Hawley, Minnesota, USA)|Spring Prairie]]||Hawley, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Ridge Hutterite Colony (Wainwright, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Ridge]]||Wainwright, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Side Hutterite Colony (Duchess, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Side]]||Duchess, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Spring Coulee, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Spring Coulee, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Shilo, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Wessington Springs, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Valley]]||Wessington Springs, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring View Hutterite Colony (Gem, Alberta, Canada)|Spring View]]||Gem, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Water Hutterite Colony (Ruthilda, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Water]]||Ruthilda, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springdale Hutterite Colony (White Sulpher Springs, Montana, USA)|Springdale]]||White Sulphur, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Springfield]]||Kindersley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springwater Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Springwater]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Spruce Lane||Blanchard, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sprucewood Hutterite Colony (Brookdale, Manitoba, Canada)|Sprucewood]]||Brookdale, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Stahl Hutterite Colony (Ritzville, Washington, USA)|Stahl]]||Ritzville, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Standard Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Standard]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Standoff Hutterite Colony (Fort MacLeod, Alberta, Canada)|Standoff]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stanfield Hutterite Colony (Stanfield, Oregon, USA)|Stanfield]]||Stanfield, Oregon||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Star City Hutterite Colony (Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Star City]]||Star City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starbrite Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Starbrite]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Starland]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Gibbon, Minnesota, USA)|Starland]]||Gibbon, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Starlite Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Starlite]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]]||Headingley, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Kleefeld, Manitoba, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Tourond, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sundale Hutterite Colony (Milnor, North Dakota, USA)|Sundale]]||Milnor, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunny Bend Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Bend]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Brook Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sunny Brook]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunny Dale Hutterite Colony (Arelee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sunny Dale]]||Perdue, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Site Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Site]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sunrise Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Sunrise]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunset Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Sunset]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunshine Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Sunshine]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Surprise Creek Hutterite Colony (Stanford, Montana, USA)|Surprise Creek]]||Stanford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Swift Current Hutterite Colony (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Three Hills Hutterite Colony (Three Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Three Hills]]||Three Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thunderbird Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Thunderbird]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tofield Hutterite Colony (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)|Tofield]], Alberta||Tofield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tompkins Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Sasakatchewan, Canada)|Tompkins]]||Tompkins, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Treesbank Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Treesbank]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Trileaf Hutterite Colony (Baldur, Manitoba, Canada)|Trileaf]]||Baldur, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter]]||Irricana, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Turin Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Turin]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Turner Hutterite Colony (Turner, Montana, USA)|Turner]]||Turner, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Falher, Alberta, Canada)|Twilight]]||Falher, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada)|Twilight]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Twin Creek Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Creek]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Hills Hutterite Colony (Carter, Montana, USA)|Twin Hills]]||Carter, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Rivers Hutterite Colony (Manning, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Rivers]]||Manning, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Upland Hutterite Colony (Letcher, South Dakota, USA)|Upland]]||Artesian, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Valley Centre Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Valley Centre]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Linden, Alberta, Canada)|Valley View]]||Torrington, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Valley View]]||Swan Lake, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Valleyview Ranch Hutterite Colony (Valley View, Alberta, Canada)|Valleyview Ranch]]||Valley View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Vanguard Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Vanguard]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vegreville Hutterite Colony (Vegreville, Alberta, Canada)|Vegreville]]||Vegreville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Verdant Valley Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Verdant Valley]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vermillion Hutterite Colony (Sanford, Manitoba, Canada)|Vermillion]]||Sanford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Veteran Hutterite Colony (Veteran, Alberta, Canada)|Veteran]]||Veteran, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Viking Hutterite Colony (Viking, Alberta, Canada)|Viking]]||Viking, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waldeck Hutterite Colony (Waldeck, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Waldeck]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Warburg Hutterite Colony (Warburg, Alberta, Canada)|Warburg]]||Warburg, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Warden Hutterite Colony (Warden, Washington, USA)|Warden]]||Warden, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waterton Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Waterton]]||Hillspring, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Webb Hutterite Colony (Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Webb]]||Webb, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wellwood Hutterite Colony (Ninette, Manitoba, Canada)|Wellwood]]||Ninette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[West Bench Hutterite Colony (Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada)|West Bench]]||East End, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Westroc Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Westroc]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Westwood Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Westwood]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tudor, Alberta, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tower City, North Dakota, USA)|Wheatland]]||Tower City, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Shackleton, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Cabri, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[White Lake Hutterite Colony (Nobleford, Alberta, Canada)|White Lake]]||Nobleford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[White Rock Hutterite Colony (White Rock, South Dakota, USA)|White Rock]]||Rosholt, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Whiteshell Hutterite Colony (River Hills, Manitoba, Canada)|Whiteshell]]||River Hills, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wild Rose Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Wild Rose]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Claresholm, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Cartwright, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Willow Park Hutterite Colony (Tessier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Willow Park]]||Tessier, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Willowbank Hutterite Colony (Edgeley, North Dakota, USA)|Willowbank]]||Edgeley, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Windy Bay Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Windy Bay]]||Pilot Mound, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wingham Hutterite Colony (Wingham, Manitoba, Canada)|Wingham]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Winnifred Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Winnifred]]||Medicine Hat, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Wintering Hills Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Wintering Hills]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]]||Stirling, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (Hutchinson County, South Dakota, USA)|Wolf Creek]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wollman Ranch Hutterite Colony (Elgin, North Dakota, USA)|Wollman Ranch]]||Elgin, North Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Woodland Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Woodland]]||Poplar Point, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wymark Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wymark]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Zenith Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Zenith]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|}

== 2026 Update ==
In 2026 a study published in The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities summarized the first attempt at a detailed census of Hutterites, based on a 2024 Hutterite-published directory. The total population of Hutterites was 58,392 in 544 colonies in North America. The number of colonies had grown 12.6% from 483 in 2009 to 544 in 2024. The Lehrerleut, the smallest of the three groups, added the most colonies in the last 15 years, growing by 16.5% to 162 colonies. The Dariusleut grew by 20 to 179 colonies, and the Schmiedeleut grew by 16 to 195 colonies. The census also indicated that the Lehrerleut had 18 colonies in formation, the Dariusleut 10, and the Schmiedeleut 11. A geographical breakdown showed the following:
* 20,999 Hutterites in Alberta
* 12,655 in Manitoba
* 7,955 in South Dakota
* 7,873 in Saskatchewan
* 5,706 in Montana
* 1,058 in Minnesota
* 1,049 in North Dakota
* 648 in Washington
* 294 in British Columbia
* 78 in Missouri
* 77 in Oregon

See also [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof, ]][[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]

= Bibliography =
Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible</em>, 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold</em>, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount</em>, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>The Early Anabaptists.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. <em>When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas</em>, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. <em>Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities</em>, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." <em>Sojourners</em> 13 (May 1984): 16-20.

Beck, Josef. <em>Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn</em>. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.

Bennett, John W. <em>Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People.</em> Stanford U. Press, 1967.

<em>The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch]</em>, trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.

Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." <em>Journal of Political Economy </em>(1924): 357-374, 468-486.

Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. <em>Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. </em>Glencoe, Ill, 1954.

Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. <em>Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population </em>(Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.

Eggers, Ulrich. <em>Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA.</em> Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. <em>Community for Life.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. <em>Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.

Fischer, Hans. <em>Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. </em>Newton, KS, 1957.

Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>(1955).

Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." <em>Mennonite Life </em>(July 1946): 38-43.

Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>30 (October 1956): 259-266.

Friedmann, Robert, ed., <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer</em>, vol. 3: <em>Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter</em>, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.

Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons."<em> Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 128-136.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary</em>, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667.</em> Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." <em>Mennonite Life</em> 25 (October 1970): 159-64.

Gross, Leonard. <em>The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Gross, Paul. <em>The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites.</em> Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.

Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.

Hofer, John. <em>The History of the Hutterites.</em> Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

Hofer, Joshua. <em>Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde.</em> Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.

Hofer, Peter. <em>The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs.</em> Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. <em>Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada.</em> Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Hutterite Life</em>, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.

Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. </em> Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.

<em>Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767</em>, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.

<em>Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder...</em>. Scottdale, PA, 1914; reprints: Winnipeg, 1953; Cayley, AB, 1962.

Horsch, John. <em>The Hutterian Brethren. </em>Goshen, IN, 1931.

Hruby, Fr. <em>Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren. </em>Leipzig, 1935.

Huber, Tim. "Census Documents Growth of Hutterite Population, Colonies." Anabaptist World (3 April 2026). Web. 4 April 2026. https://anabaptistworld.org/census-documents-growth-of-hutterite-population-colonies/.

Hutter, Jakob. <em>Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1979.

Kleinsasser, Jacob, Hardy Arnold, Jakob Hofer and Daniel Moody. <em>For the Sake of Divine Truth</em>. Rifton, NY: Plough 1974, a report on a journey to Europe in the summer of 1974.

Längin, Bernd. <em>Die Hutterer: Gefangene der Vergangenheit, Pilger der Gegenwart, Propheten der Zukunft.</em> Hamburg und Zürich: Rasch and Roehring, 1986.

Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).

Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." <em>Mennonite Historical Bulletin</em> 41 (July 1980): 1-6.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em> (<em>MWH</em>), ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference [MWC], 1978: 352-56.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em>, Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, I:: MWC, 1984: 141.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook,</em> ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, IL: MWC, 1990: 413.

Mow, Merrill. "Community Living in our Time. An Account of the Bruderhof Communities." <em>Brethren Life and Thought</em> 1, no. 5 (Autumn 1956): 43-52.

Müller, Lydia. <em>Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. </em>Leipzig, 1927.

Müller, Lydia, ed. <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 1</em>, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 20. Leipzig, 1938.

Peters, Victor. <em>All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life.</em> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.

Riedemann, Peter. <em>Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith</em>, trans. Kathleen E. Hasenberg. London: Hodder and Stoughton, and Plough Publishing House, 1938, 1950, 1970.

Sommer, J. "Hutterite Medicine and Physicians in Moravia in the 16th Century and After." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 111-127.

Thomson, Barbara R. "The Challenge of True Brotherhood." <em>Christianity Today</em> (25 March 1985): 22-28.

Waltner, Gary J. "The Educational System of the Hutterian Anabaptists and their <em>Schulordnung</em> of the 16th and 17th Centuries." MA thesis, History Dept., U. of South Dakota, 1975.

Wiswedel, Wilhelm. <em>Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum,</em> 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.

Wolkan, Rudolf. <em>Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit</em> Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947. With exhaustive bibliography to that date.
{{GAMEO_footer-4|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409|date=April 2026|a1_last=Friedmann|a1_first=Robert|a2_last=Hofer|a2_first=John|a3_last=Meier|a3_first=Hans|a4_last=Hinde|a4_first=John V.}}
[[Category:Denominations]]

Janz, Benjamin B. (1877-1964)

2026-04-02T03:18:49Z

RichardThiessen:

[[File:bbjanz.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''B. B. Janz (1877-1964)<br>
Source: Family'']]
Benjamin B. "B. B." Janz: Mennonite Brethren minister and conference leader, and 1920s immigration leader; born 25 September 1877 in [[Konteniusfeld (Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Konteniusfeld]], [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna Mennonite Settlement]], South [[Russia|Russia]]. He was the eldest child of Benjamin Janz (4 April 1852 – 8 January 1932) and Helena (Penner) Janz (14 April 1854 – 8 April 1941). On 25 September 1905 Benjamin married Maria Rogalsky (14 April 1879, Kowalicha, Schoenfeld, Russia – 12 October 1953, Coaldale, Alberta, Canada). She was the daughter of Peter Rogalsky (11 May 1852 – 5 December 1930) and Getrude (Wiens) Rogalsky (3 December 1849 - 8 July 1940). Benjamin and Maria were the parents of six children: Peter, Helena, [[Wiens, David B. (1908-1981)|Gertrude]], Maria, Jacob and Martha. Benjamin died 16 October 1964 in Abbotsford, British Columbia and was buried in Coaldale, Alberta.

Benjamin, or "B.B." as he was often known, was an influential leader in the Mennonite world, particularly during [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] and during the large Mennonite migration from [[Russia|Russia]] to [[Canada|Canada]] from 1923 to 1926. His entire life, noted for its integrity and tenacity, was dedicated to the support and guidance of Mennonites by his active involvement in their institutions, boards, and agencies. He was known as a "conference man," who promoted a strong church and a belief in nonresistance.

After a lengthy spiritual crisis, he was baptized by immersion on 10 August 1897 in Alexanderthal, Molotschna, South Russia, joining the Mennonite Brethren Church. As a consequence of his own long experience, he frequently spoke of being "in [[Conversion|conversion]]." He remained faithful to the Mennonite Brethren throughout his life, for he saw in them a voluntary body of believers, practicing radical ethics and strong [[Discipline, Church|church discipline]] and promoting thorough Bible study.

In 1905 Benjamin married Maria Rogalsky. Maria's "quiet, patient, praying, concerned, active support" (Toews, Courage, 142) of his ministry made difficult decisions and circumstances bearable for him. He was ordained in his early teaching years (1909), and soon moved into church work as leader and preacher. During World War I he served in the forestry service (<em>[[Forsteidienst|Forsteidienst]]</em>).

In 1921 he began the first of many tasks which would bring him into contact with government officials as negotiator and diplomat on behalf of the Mennonites. He was asked to negotiate the release of Mennonite young men who had been conscripted into the Red Army. This was followed by a request that he assist in negotiating with American Mennonites for help for the famine-stricken colonies in [[Ukraine|Ukraine]]. He was among the first to seriously explore emigration as a possibility for the Mennonites, rejecting the possibility that reconstruction was possible in Ukraine.

In 1926 as an immigrant farmer in the Coaldale, Alberta area, he was soon elected leader of the [[Coaldale Mennonite Brethren Church (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Coaldale Mennonite Brethren Church]]. Before long he was again involved in the larger church constituency, serving with the [[Canadian Mennonite Board of Colonization|Canadian Mennonite Board of Colonization]] in an appeal to American Mennonites to help the sick among the Canadian Mennonite immigrants. He helped the board liquidate the travel [[Debts|debt]] (<em>Reiseschuld</em>) accumulated with the [[Canadian Pacific Railway Company|Canadian Pacific Railway]] by the immigrants.

When he saw that Mennonite young people needed better preparation to enter secular society, he devoted his energies to developing institutions, becoming instrumental in founding the [[Coaldale Bible School (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Coaldale Bible School]] and the [[Alberta Mennonite High School (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Coaldale Mennonite High School]].

During the years after World War II, he spent time in [[South America|South America]] in a ministry of reconciliation and resettlement for displaced persons, becoming known for his oft-repeated phrase, "Ich suche meine Brüder" (I am looking for my brethren).

Throughout his life he maintained a wide-ranging correspondence, admonishing, correcting, and encouraging. As a man caught between the Russian and Canadian cultures, his ministry, seen as being traditionalist, gradually became obsolete. Yet a mythology developed around his personality that indicated his voice was one that could not be regarded lightly.

Almost until his death he continued to be active in various boards and committees, e.g., the Board of Reference and Counsel and the Board of Welfare and Public Relations of the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren General Conference]], Board of Reference and Counsel of the Canadian Mennonite Brethren Conference, Board of [[Mennonite Brethren Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Mennonite Brethren Bible College]] (now Concord College), Mennonite Central Committee, [[Mennonite Central Relief Committee of Western Canada|Mennonite Central Relief Committee]], Board of Christian Press Limited, Committee on Nonresistance (conducting an extensive pastoral ministry to young men in alternative service), and a member of <em>Dienst am Evangelium</em>.
= Bibliography =
Epp, Frank H. <em>Mennonite Exodus. </em>Altona, MB: Canadian Mennonite Relief and Immigration Council, 1962.

Toews, John B. <em>With Courage to Spare: The Life of B. B. Janz (1877-1964).</em> Winnipeg: General Conference Mennonite Brethren Churches, 1978.

Toews, John B. <em>Lost Fatherland: Mennonite Emigration from Soviet Russia, 1921-1927</em>. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press 1967.

Toews, John A. <em>History of the Mennonite Brethren Church</em>, ed. A. J. Klassen. Fresno, CA: Mennonite Brethren Board of Literature and Publication, 1975, index.

=== Archival Records ===
The [https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/ Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies ]in Winnipeg houses the [https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/personal_papers/janz-benjamin-b-1877-1964/ B. B. Janz Collection].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 461-462|date=November 2025|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Katie Funk|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Persons]]
[[Category:Ministers]]
[[Category:Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]
[[Category:Alberta Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]

Janz, Benjamin B. (1877-1964)

2026-04-02T03:17:42Z

RichardThiessen: Updated URL for Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies.

[[File:bbjanz.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''B. B. Janz (1877-1964)<br>
Source: Family'']]
Benjamin B. "B. B." Janz: Mennonite Brethren minister and conference leader, and 1920s immigration leader; born 25 September 1877 in [[Konteniusfeld (Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Konteniusfeld]], [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna Mennonite Settlement]], South [[Russia|Russia]]. He was the eldest child of Benjamin Janz (4 April 1852 – 8 January 1932) and Helena (Penner) Janz (14 April 1854 – 8 April 1941). On 25 September 1905 Benjamin married Maria Rogalsky (14 April 1879, Kowalicha, Schoenfeld, Russia – 12 October 1953, Coaldale, Alberta, Canada). She was the daughter of Peter Rogalsky (11 May 1852 – 5 December 1930) and Getrude (Wiens) Rogalsky (3 December 1849 - 8 July 1940). Benjamin and Maria were the parents of six children: Peter, Helena, [[Wiens, David B. (1908-1981)|Gertrude]], Maria, Jacob and Martha. Benjamin died 16 October 1964 in Abbotsford, British Columbia and was buried in Coaldale, Alberta.

Benjamin, or "B.B." as he was often known, was an influential leader in the Mennonite world, particularly during [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] and during the large Mennonite migration from [[Russia|Russia]] to [[Canada|Canada]] from 1923 to 1926. His entire life, noted for its integrity and tenacity, was dedicated to the support and guidance of Mennonites by his active involvement in their institutions, boards, and agencies. He was known as a "conference man," who promoted a strong church and a belief in nonresistance.

After a lengthy spiritual crisis, he was baptized by immersion on 10 August 1897 in Alexanderthal, Molotschna, South Russia, joining the Mennonite Brethren Church. As a consequence of his own long experience, he frequently spoke of being "in [[Conversion|conversion]]." He remained faithful to the Mennonite Brethren throughout his life, for he saw in them a voluntary body of believers, practicing radical ethics and strong [[Discipline, Church|church discipline]] and promoting thorough Bible study.

In 1905 Benjamin married Maria Rogalsky. Maria's "quiet, patient, praying, concerned, active support" (Toews, Courage, 142) of his ministry made difficult decisions and circumstances bearable for him. He was ordained in his early teaching years (1909), and soon moved into church work as leader and preacher. During World War I he served in the forestry service (<em>[[Forsteidienst|Forsteidienst]]</em>).

In 1921 he began the first of many tasks which would bring him into contact with government officials as negotiator and diplomat on behalf of the Mennonites. He was asked to negotiate the release of Mennonite young men who had been conscripted into the Red Army. This was followed by a request that he assist in negotiating with American Mennonites for help for the famine-stricken colonies in [[Ukraine|Ukraine]]. He was among the first to seriously explore emigration as a possibility for the Mennonites, rejecting the possibility that reconstruction was possible in Ukraine.

In 1926 as an immigrant farmer in the Coaldale, Alberta area, he was soon elected leader of the [[Coaldale Mennonite Brethren Church (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Coaldale Mennonite Brethren Church]]. Before long he was again involved in the larger church constituency, serving with the [[Canadian Mennonite Board of Colonization|Canadian Mennonite Board of Colonization]] in an appeal to American Mennonites to help the sick among the Canadian Mennonite immigrants. He helped the board liquidate the travel [[Debts|debt]] (<em>Reiseschuld</em>) accumulated with the [[Canadian Pacific Railway Company|Canadian Pacific Railway]] by the immigrants.

When he saw that Mennonite young people needed better preparation to enter secular society, he devoted his energies to developing institutions, becoming instrumental in founding the [[Coaldale Bible School (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Coaldale Bible School]] and the [[Alberta Mennonite High School (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Coaldale Mennonite High School]].

During the years after World War II, he spent time in [[South America|South America]] in a ministry of reconciliation and resettlement for displaced persons, becoming known for his oft-repeated phrase, "Ich suche meine Brüder" (I am looking for my brethren).

Throughout his life he maintained a wide-ranging correspondence, admonishing, correcting, and encouraging. As a man caught between the Russian and Canadian cultures, his ministry, seen as being traditionalist, gradually became obsolete. Yet a mythology developed around his personality that indicated his voice was one that could not be regarded lightly.

Almost until his death he continued to be active in various boards and committees, e.g., the Board of Reference and Counsel and the Board of Welfare and Public Relations of the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren General Conference]], Board of Reference and Counsel of the Canadian Mennonite Brethren Conference, Board of [[Mennonite Brethren Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Mennonite Brethren Bible College]] (now Concord College), Mennonite Central Committee, [[Mennonite Central Relief Committee of Western Canada|Mennonite Central Relief Committee]], Board of Christian Press Limited, Committee on Nonresistance (conducting an extensive pastoral ministry to young men in alternative service), and a member of <em>Dienst am Evangelium</em>.
= Bibliography =
Epp, Frank H. <em>Mennonite Exodus. </em>Altona, MB: Canadian Mennonite Relief and Immigration Council, 1962.

Toews, John B. <em>With Courage to Spare: The Life of B. B. Janz (1877-1964).</em> Winnipeg: General Conference Mennonite Brethren Churches, 1978.

Toews, John B. <em>Lost Fatherland: Mennonite Emigration from Soviet Russia, 1921-1927</em>. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press 1967.

Toews, John A. <em>History of the Mennonite Brethren Church</em>, ed. A. J. Klassen. Fresno, CA: Mennonite Brethren Board of Literature and Publication, 1975, index.

=== Archival Records ===
The [https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/personal_papers/janz-benjamin-b-1877-1964/ Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies ]in Winnipeg houses the B. B. Janz Collection.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 461-462|date=November 2025|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Katie Funk|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Persons]]
[[Category:Ministers]]
[[Category:Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]
[[Category:Alberta Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]

Altebabke (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)

2026-03-22T21:01:21Z

RichardThiessen:

[[File:Altebabke.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Detailed map of Altebabke, 1925.<br />
Source: [http://amzpbig.com/maps/1780_Tiegenhof_1925.jpg Archiwum Map Zachodniej Polski]'']]
Altebabke (also known as Alte Babke; now known as Babki; coordinates: 54.25991, 19.050035 [54° 15′ 35″ N, 19° 03′ 00″ E]; population in 1905, 147) is located approximately 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) north-west of Nowy Dwór Gdański ([[Tiegenhof (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Tiegenhof]]), 24 km (15 miles) north-west of Elbląg ([[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]]), and 25 km (15 miles) north of Malbork ([[Marienburg (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Marienburg]]). It was situated south of Vogtei, south-west of [[Scharpau (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Scharpau]] and Rehwalde, north-west of [[Beiershorst (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Beiershorst]], and north-east of Vierzehnhuben.

Until 1793 Altebabke was part of Danzig in Royal Prussia (also known as Polish Prussia) in the Kingdom of [[Poland|Poland]]. The Second Partition of Poland in 1793 added Danzig and its surrounding territory to the province of [[West Prussia|West Prussia]]. Altebabke was situated in the district (Kreis) of Marienburg. Altebabke became part of the [[Danzig, Free City of|Free City of Danzig]] from 1920 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, when it came under the control of Nazi Germany. In February 1945 it was occupied by Soviet forces and eventually returned to Poland. In 2013 it was a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stegna, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship.

In 1793 there were 11 Mennonite families (55 individuals) in Altebabke with the following surnames: Dick, Enss, Friesen, Penner, Philippsche, Reimer, von Riesen, Toewss, and Woelcke. In 1820 Altebabke, along with the hamlets of Polnische Huben and Schröderskampe (now Zabłocie), had 150 inhabitants, of which 45 were Mennonites.

Mennonites who were residents of Altebabke were members of the [[Bärwalde (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)|Bärwalde]] Mennonite Church.
= Bibliography =
Wolf, Hans-Jürgen. "Familienforschung in Westpreußen." Web. 22 June 2020. http://www.westpreussen.de/pages/forschungshilfen/ortsverzeichnis/details.php?ID=128.

= Maps =
[[Map:Babki, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland|Map:Babki, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland]]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2013|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages]]
[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages in Poland]]

Kenya

2026-03-12T06:13:55Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Kenya_Map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: World Factbook map, 2006 '']]
[[File:Kenya1.jpg|271px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationKenya.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
Kenya is situated in the eastern part of Africa. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, [[Somalia]] in the northeast, [[Ethiopia]] in the north, [[Sudan]] in the northwest, [[Uganda]] and Lake Victoria in the west, and [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] in the south. It has a land area of 580,367 km<sup>2</sup> (224,080 sq mi). The official language is Kiswahili, but English is the medium of instruction in schools.

In 2009 the following ethnic groups were reported in Kenya: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%. Religious affiliation was reported as follows: Christian 83% (Protestant 47.7%, Catholic 23.4%, other Christian 11.9%), Muslim 11.2%, Traditionalists 1.7%, other 1.6%, none 2.4%, unspecified 0.2%.

For many years, Kenya was a British colony. It became an independent state on 1 June 1963, and on 12 December 1964 became a republic. By 2016, Kenya had had four presidents with Jomo Kenyatta as the first.

During the colonial period the Kenya Colony, the Uganda Protectorate, and the Tanganyika Territory enjoyed inter-territorial cooperation through the East African High Commission (EAHC) which provided a customs union and a common external tariff, currency and postage. It also dealt with common services in transport and communications, research, and education. This made it very easy for citizens to cross borders and to look for work or schooling.

In the early 1960s, when the colonies became independent, the integrated activities were reconstructed under the East African Common Services Organisation (EACSO), and many thought it might lead to a political federation between the three territories. This new organization ran into difficulties due to the lack of joint planning and fiscal policy, separate political policies, and Kenya's dominant economic position. In 1967, the EACSO was superseded by the East African Community (EAC) which aimed to strengthen the ties between the member States through a range of services to achieve balanced economic growth in the three nations.

The EAC collapsed after ten years for various reasons: disagreements with Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, the disparate economic systems (socialism in Tanzania and capitalism in Kenya), and the numbers of representatives from each country in decision-making organs. Each former member state had to launch, at great cost and lower efficiency, services and industries that the East African Community had provided previously.

By 30 November 1993, the three Presidents of the former member countries signed a Treaty for East African Co-operation and established a Tri-partite Commission for Co-operation. The process for integrating programs on all levels was begun, but it was not until 20 November 1999 that the treaty for re-establishing the East African Community was finally signed: it was ratified on 7 July 2000. A Customs Union came into effect on 1 January 2005. The Republics of Rwanda and Burundi joined the three original EAC members in 2007. A Common Market was established in 2010, and negotiations for the East African Monetary Union commenced in 2011. The EAC headquarters was located in Arusha, Tanzania.

In 2015 Kenya had a fast growing population of over 40 million from 42 language groups. Africans were the majority, but Asians, Arabs, Europeans, and other peoples are also citizens who have deep roots in the Kenya nation. Kenya has experienced enormous challenges; the colonial era was tumultuous and independence from the United Kingdom was acquired amidst violent insurgencies. Even after independence, there have been occasional political upheavals. However, in the midst of these enormous challenges, Kenya has enjoyed significant times of peace and tranquility. Kenya's generous hospitality has opened doors for refugees from Uganda, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda and Ethiopia.

Kenya has been predominantly an agricultural land which relied heavily on coffee, tea, tobacco, and other agricultural products for export earnings. Kenya has excellent wheat, maize, rice, timber, and cattle lands. Tourism is a major booster of the Kenyan economy. Kenyans are a generous, enterprising people.

In 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in Kenya:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations
! Congregations<br/>1978
! Members<br/>1978
! Congregations<br/>1990
! Members<br/>1990
! Congregations<br/>2000
! Members<br/>2000
! Congregations<br/>2012
! Members<br/>2012
! Congregations<br/>2020
! Members<br/>2020
! Congregations<br/>2025
! Members<br/>2025
|-
| align= "left" | Fellowship of Brethren in Christ Church Kenya || || || || || || ||25||4,900||10||500||15||1,200
|-
| align= "left" | Christian Believers Fellowship (Beachy Amish)|| || || || ||5||253||13||748||16||708||16||578
|-
| align= "left" | Christian Church International (formerly African Christian Church of East Africa) || || || || ||160||11,500||310||17,000||320||22,420||320||22.420
|-
| align= "left" | Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (Kenya) || || || || || || ||2||118||9||147||6||118
|-
| align= "left" | [[Kenya Mennonite Church]]||25||1,200||66||4,900||108||15,915||149||11,800||145||11,911||104||11,911
|-
| '''Total'''||'''25'''||'''1,200'''||'''66'''||'''4,900'''||'''273'''||'''27,668'''||'''354'''||'''28,392'''||'''500'''||'''35,686'''||'''461'''||'''36,227'''
|}

[[File:ME5_487.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 5, p. 487'']]

See also [[Kanisa la Mennonite Tanzania |Kanisa la Mennonite Tanzania (North Mara Diocese)]].

This article was adapted from Francis S. Ojwang', ed. ''Forward in faith : history of the Kenya Mennonite Church : a seventy-year journey, 1942-2012.'' Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Mennonite Church, 2015: 11-13.

= Bibliography =
Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 3 April 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/.

Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook: A Survey of Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches, 1978''. Lombard, ILL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 85-90.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 10 April 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 10 April 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Kenya." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 3 April 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics." 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées.'' Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 13.

Ojwang', Francis S., ed. ''Forward in faith: history of the Kenya Mennonite Church: a seventy-year journey, 1942-2012.'' Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Mennonite Church, 2015: 11-13.

Wikipedia. "Kenya." Web. 10 April 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya].

= Original Mennonite Encyclopedia Article =
By Daniel L. Wenger. Copied by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from ''Mennonite Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5, pp. 486-488. All rights reserved.

The Republic of Kenya lies astride the equator in eastern [[Africa]] and is bounded by [[Uganda]] to the west, [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] to the south, the Indian Ocean and [[Somalia]] to the east, and [[Ethiopia]] and [[Sudan]] to the north. The name is derived from the Gikuyu word for Mt. Kenya ''(Kere-Nyaga)''. Much of the north and eastern part of the country is semiarid. Most of the country's 16 million people live on the southwestern highlands (3,700-10,000 ft. [1,100-3,000 m.] altitude) with ideal temperatures and rainfall. The Great Rift Valley pierces Kenya from north to south, west of the capital [[Nairobi (Kenya)|Nairobi]].

In the mid-19th century the British entered East Africa to protect their shipping routes to [[India]]. A railroad was built from Mombasa to Lake Victoria to create a link with Uganda, over which they had claimed a protectorate. Nairobi, begun as a railroad supply station, soon became the capital of Kenya. The British government then encouraged settlers to farm the highlands in the area north and west of Nairobi. The Gikuyu were forced onto reservations.

The Gikuyu resented this taking of their land, so they organized politically to better their situation. After World War II, a secret society known as the Mau Mau was formed. Its members pledged to reduce the influence and presence of the Europeans. Violence in the early 1950s led to the declaration of a state of emergency. The Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta was arrested and sent into detention to the barren northwest. In 1963 the British granted Kenya its independence with Kenyatta as president. He made the Swahili word ''Harambee'' (pull together) a national slogan. He was succeeded in 1978 by Daniel arap Moi.

When the Mennonite Church entered Kenya, Nairobi became the center for [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] (MCC) and [[Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)|Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]] programs. The Mennonite Guesthouse established in the 1960s provided a valuable service to missionaries of all denominations who come to Nairobi for business and rest. Rosslyn Academy was founded in 1967 to serve the elementary education needs of missionary children in [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] and [[Sommerfeld Colony (Bolivia)|Somalia]]. The Baptist mission joined with the Mennonites in the operation of the school in 1976. Beginning in 1988 a high school was added to further its ministry. MCC involvement began with a Teacher's Abroad Program and has moved toward development work in the drier areas of the country, particularly among several nomadic tribes.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Ojwang'|a1_first=Francis S|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Kenya

2026-03-12T06:12:38Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Kenya_Map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: World Factbook map, 2006 '']]
[[File:Kenya1.jpg|271px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationKenya.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
Kenya is situated in the eastern part of Africa. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, [[Somalia]] in the northeast, [[Ethiopia]] in the north, [[Sudan]] in the northwest, [[Uganda]] and Lake Victoria in the west, and [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] in the south. It has a land area of 580,367 km<sup>2</sup> (224,080 sq mi). The official language is Kiswahili, but English is the medium of instruction in schools.

In 2009 the following ethnic groups were reported in Kenya: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%. Religious affiliation was reported as follows: Christian 83% (Protestant 47.7%, Catholic 23.4%, other Christian 11.9%), Muslim 11.2%, Traditionalists 1.7%, other 1.6%, none 2.4%, unspecified 0.2%.

For many years, Kenya was a British colony. It became an independent state on 1 June 1963, and on 12 December 1964 became a republic. By 2016, Kenya had had four presidents with Jomo Kenyatta as the first.

During the colonial period the Kenya Colony, the Uganda Protectorate, and the Tanganyika Territory enjoyed inter-territorial cooperation through the East African High Commission (EAHC) which provided a customs union and a common external tariff, currency and postage. It also dealt with common services in transport and communications, research, and education. This made it very easy for citizens to cross borders and to look for work or schooling.

In the early 1960s, when the colonies became independent, the integrated activities were reconstructed under the East African Common Services Organisation (EACSO), and many thought it might lead to a political federation between the three territories. This new organization ran into difficulties due to the lack of joint planning and fiscal policy, separate political policies, and Kenya's dominant economic position. In 1967, the EACSO was superseded by the East African Community (EAC) which aimed to strengthen the ties between the member States through a range of services to achieve balanced economic growth in the three nations.

The EAC collapsed after ten years for various reasons: disagreements with Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, the disparate economic systems (socialism in Tanzania and capitalism in Kenya), and the numbers of representatives from each country in decision-making organs. Each former member state had to launch, at great cost and lower efficiency, services and industries that the East African Community had provided previously.

By 30 November 1993, the three Presidents of the former member countries signed a Treaty for East African Co-operation and established a Tri-partite Commission for Co-operation. The process for integrating programs on all levels was begun, but it was not until 20 November 1999 that the treaty for re-establishing the East African Community was finally signed: it was ratified on 7 July 2000. A Customs Union came into effect on 1 January 2005. The Republics of Rwanda and Burundi joined the three original EAC members in 2007. A Common Market was established in 2010, and negotiations for the East African Monetary Union commenced in 2011. The EAC headquarters was located in Arusha, Tanzania.

In 2015 Kenya had a fast growing population of over 40 million from 42 language groups. Africans were the majority, but Asians, Arabs, Europeans, and other peoples are also citizens who have deep roots in the Kenya nation. Kenya has experienced enormous challenges; the colonial era was tumultuous and independence from the United Kingdom was acquired amidst violent insurgencies. Even after independence, there have been occasional political upheavals. However, in the midst of these enormous challenges, Kenya has enjoyed significant times of peace and tranquility. Kenya's generous hospitality has opened doors for refugees from Uganda, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda and Ethiopia.

Kenya has been predominantly an agricultural land which relied heavily on coffee, tea, tobacco, and other agricultural products for export earnings. Kenya has excellent wheat, maize, rice, timber, and cattle lands. Tourism is a major booster of the Kenyan economy. Kenyans are a generous, enterprising people.

In 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in Kenya:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations
! Congregations<br/>1978
! Membership<br/>1978
! Congregations<br/>1990
! Membership<br/>1990
! Congregations<br/>2000
! Membership<br/>2000
! Congregations<br/>2012
! Membership<br/>2012
! Congregations<br/>2020
! Membership<br/>2020
! Congregations<br/>2025
! Membership<br/>2025
|-
| align= "left" | Fellowship of Brethren in Christ Church Kenya || || || || || || ||25||4,900||10||500||15||1,200
|-
| align= "left" | Christian Believers Fellowship (Beachy Amish)|| || || || ||5||253||13||748||16||708||16||578
|-
| align= "left" | Christian Church International (formerly African Christian Church of East Africa) || || || || ||160||11,500||310||17,000||320||22,420||320||22.420
|-
| align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (Kenya)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]]|| || || || || || ||2||118||9||147||6||118
|-
| align= "left" | [[Kenya Mennonite Church]]||25||1,200||66||4,900||108||15,915||149||11,800||145||11,911||104||11,911
|-
| '''Total'''||'''25'''||'''1,200'''||'''66'''||'''4,900'''||'''273'''||'''27,668'''||'''354'''||'''28,392'''||'''500'''||'''35,686'''||'''461'''||'''36,227'''
|}

[[File:ME5_487.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 5, p. 487'']]

See also [[Kanisa la Mennonite Tanzania |Kanisa la Mennonite Tanzania (North Mara Diocese)]].

This article was adapted from Francis S. Ojwang', ed. ''Forward in faith : history of the Kenya Mennonite Church : a seventy-year journey, 1942-2012.'' Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Mennonite Church, 2015: 11-13.

= Bibliography =
Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 3 April 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/.

Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook: A Survey of Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches, 1978''. Lombard, ILL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 85-90.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 10 April 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 10 April 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Kenya." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 3 April 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics." 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées.'' Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 13.

Ojwang', Francis S., ed. ''Forward in faith: history of the Kenya Mennonite Church: a seventy-year journey, 1942-2012.'' Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Mennonite Church, 2015: 11-13.

Wikipedia. "Kenya." Web. 10 April 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya].

= Original Mennonite Encyclopedia Article =
By Daniel L. Wenger. Copied by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from ''Mennonite Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5, pp. 486-488. All rights reserved.

The Republic of Kenya lies astride the equator in eastern [[Africa]] and is bounded by [[Uganda]] to the west, [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] to the south, the Indian Ocean and [[Somalia]] to the east, and [[Ethiopia]] and [[Sudan]] to the north. The name is derived from the Gikuyu word for Mt. Kenya ''(Kere-Nyaga)''. Much of the north and eastern part of the country is semiarid. Most of the country's 16 million people live on the southwestern highlands (3,700-10,000 ft. [1,100-3,000 m.] altitude) with ideal temperatures and rainfall. The Great Rift Valley pierces Kenya from north to south, west of the capital [[Nairobi (Kenya)|Nairobi]].

In the mid-19th century the British entered East Africa to protect their shipping routes to [[India]]. A railroad was built from Mombasa to Lake Victoria to create a link with Uganda, over which they had claimed a protectorate. Nairobi, begun as a railroad supply station, soon became the capital of Kenya. The British government then encouraged settlers to farm the highlands in the area north and west of Nairobi. The Gikuyu were forced onto reservations.

The Gikuyu resented this taking of their land, so they organized politically to better their situation. After World War II, a secret society known as the Mau Mau was formed. Its members pledged to reduce the influence and presence of the Europeans. Violence in the early 1950s led to the declaration of a state of emergency. The Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta was arrested and sent into detention to the barren northwest. In 1963 the British granted Kenya its independence with Kenyatta as president. He made the Swahili word ''Harambee'' (pull together) a national slogan. He was succeeded in 1978 by Daniel arap Moi.

When the Mennonite Church entered Kenya, Nairobi became the center for [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] (MCC) and [[Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)|Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]] programs. The Mennonite Guesthouse established in the 1960s provided a valuable service to missionaries of all denominations who come to Nairobi for business and rest. Rosslyn Academy was founded in 1967 to serve the elementary education needs of missionary children in [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] and [[Sommerfeld Colony (Bolivia)|Somalia]]. The Baptist mission joined with the Mennonites in the operation of the school in 1976. Beginning in 1988 a high school was added to further its ministry. MCC involvement began with a Teacher's Abroad Program and has moved toward development work in the drier areas of the country, particularly among several nomadic tribes.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Ojwang'|a1_first=Francis S|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Ghana

2026-03-12T06:04:09Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:gh-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: World Factbook, 2008'']]
[[File:Ghana1.jpg|270px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationGhana.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
== Introduction ==
The Republic of Ghana is located in West Africa and is bordered by [[Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] (Ivory Coast) to the west, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Ghana has an area of 238,535 km<sup>2</sup> (92,098 sq mi) and an estimated population in 2010 of 24,233,431. In 2009 the population was reportedly divided into the following groups: Christian 68.8%, Muslim 15.9%, Traditional African beliefs 8.5%.

Trade with European states flourished after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874. The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to do so. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.

The Ghana Mennonite Church was organized in 1964 under the leadership of S. J. Hostetler.

== Mennonite Activity in Ghana ==
In addition to establishing a church in Ghana, Mennonites have served the wider church in several areas of the country. The biggest thrust of this activity began in 1969 when missionaries could no longer serve in [[Nigeria|Nigeria]] because of the Biafra War (1967-1970). As a result some of them transferred to Ghana.

Larry Borntrager, worked in the northern part of Ghana in an agricultural project operated by the Christian Service Committee of the Ghana Christian Council and the Presbyterian Church. From 1969 to 1982 12 young men served two-year periods in this program. The last one, Stanley Freyenberger, returned with his wife, Jane, and for six years managed one of the agricultural stations.

In another area Edwin and Irene Weaver began relating to the sister churches in Accra of the Spiritual Independent churches ([[African Independent Churches|African Independent Churches]]) they had served in Nigeria. This resulted in the founding of a school called the Good News Training Institute (1971; now the Good News Theological College and Seminary), a day school for training church leaders in these churches. The school is controlled by a board of governors composed of persons from the various denominations of the city and by the Sponsoring Churches Association. Over the years the following Mennonite missionaries served these churches and the school: Willard Roth, Stanley and Delores Friesen, and Erma Grove.

Several missionary doctors worked in hospitals operated by the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in the Volta Region. Assistance was also given to the following for short periods of time: [[Church World Service|Church World Service]]; Ghana Bible Society; ''Christian Messenger, ''a Christian newspaper; Christoffel-Blindenmission; [[Islam|Islam]] in Africa Project; Peace Corps; and in various teaching positions.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations
! Congregations<br /> in 1978
! Members<br /> in 1978
! Congregations<br /> in 1990
! Members<br /> in 1990
! Congregations<br /> in 2000
! Members<br /> in 2000
! Congregations<br /> in 2012
! Members<br /> in 2012
! Congregations<br /> in 2020
! Members<br /> in 2020
! Congregations<br /> in 2025
! Members<br /> in 2025
|-
| align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]]|| || || || || || ||2||94||7||201||10||153
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ghana Mennonite Church]]||16||607||17||1,200||21||3,537||28||5,000||30||5,100||29||3,975
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ohio Wisler Mennonite Churches|Ohio Wisler Mennonite Church]]|| || || || || || ||1||15||1||25||1||24
|}

= Bibliography =
Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook: A Survey of Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches, 1978''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 83.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Ghana." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 30 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics." 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 12.

Wikipedia. "Ghana." Web. 3 April 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 340|date=March 2026|a1_last=Grove|a1_first=Erma|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Ethiopia

2026-03-12T06:03:48Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:EthiopiaMap.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Ethiopia. World Factbook, 2006 '']]
[[File:Ethiopia1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationEthiopia.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']] [[File:Ethiopia2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationEthiopia.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
== Introduction ==
Located in eastern Africa, Ethiopia has an area of 426,371 square miles (1,104,300 sq. km.) and an estimated population in 2012 of 84,320,987. The people subscribe to Christianity, introduced in A.D. 335; [[Islam|Islam]], begun in the 6th century; and traditional (animist) religions. Evangelicals began to evangelize in the 17th century but did not prosper until the 20th century. According to the 2007 national census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country’s population, with 45.3% belonging to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and 19.3% belonging to other Christian churches; 33.9% of Ethiopians are Muslim, 2.6% practice traditional faiths, and 0.6% belonging to other religious groups, including a small group of Jews. The country has been independent except for the five-year domination by Italy in the early 1940s; consequently the people do not hold bitterness toward colonial powers as in some other parts of [[Africa|Africa]].

Much of Ethiopia is a high plateau with a pleasant year-round climate. Early rains come in April; the heavy rains begin in July and last through September. The northeast is desert-like lowlands reaching from the inland mountains to the Red Sea. Here nomadic tribes live. In the mountains and deep river valleys people farm for a living, grow their grain and vegetables and raise cattle. Coffee and hides are important exports.

In 1974 a Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist military government succeeded a monarchy of many centuries duration. During the 1980s the country was devastated by wide-scale droughts and resulting famines, leaving approximately 1 million people dead. In 1991 the Marxist-Leninist government was removed and a new constitution was adopted in 1994, resulting in free elections in 1995.

== Mennonites in Ethiopia ==
Mennonites first went to Ethiopia in 1945 as relief workers sponsored by the Mennonite Relief Committee of [[Mennonite Board of Missions (Mennonite Church)|Mennonite Board of Missions]] (MC). Samuel Yoder and Paul Hooley made initial contacts and found the country to be in need of medical and educational work because the Italian occupation left the country bereft of an educated class. Even so the government was reluctant to admit foreign missionaries. As a result, the Mennonites tried to prove themselves as people of service and not as intruders in the nation's politics nor as proselytizers of Orthodox Christians.

Mennonites contracted with the government to renovate a cotton gin into a hospital at Nazareth, a town of 30,000 located at an elevation of 5,000 ft., 60 mi. (97 km.) southeast of Addis Ababa. By 1947 renovation was complete for a 40-bed hospital, a training school for medical assistants (dressers), and an outpatient clinic. The place was named Haile Mariam Mamo Memorial Hospital in honor of a statesman killed during the war with Italy.

In December 1947 Daniel and Blanche Sensenig of the Lancaster Mennonite Conference arrived in Ethiopia, sent by the [[Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)|Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]]. Their goal was to obtain permission to begin an evangelical mission service. In 1948 Emperor Haile Selassie I invited Mennonites to function as a mission and do educational and medical work among Muslims in Hararge Province. This was the start of the [[Ethiopia Mennonite Mission|Ethiopia Mennonite Mission]]. A hospital and the first elementary school were built at Deder in Hararge Province, a school and clinic were opened at Bedeno, and an evening school was established in Dire Dawa. A School for the Blind, directed by Clayton and Martha Keener, was opened in Addis Ababa in 1952. In 1959 a Bible Academy was opened at Nazareth. A staff of 30 missionaries—doctors, nurses, teachers, pastors—were appointed by Eastern Board to maintain these institutions. Congregations were formed around these institutions. When the [[Meserete Kristos Church|Meserete Kristos Church]] (MKC) was organized in 1959 there were 400 attending worship services in five locations: Deder, Bedeno, Dire Dawa, Addis Ababa, and Nazareth.

The church experienced slow but steady growth throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1974, a Soviet backed military junta (the Derg) overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie and established a one-party communist state. By 1982 the government had closed all 14 Meserete Kristos Church congregations and the 5,000 church members began meeting secretly in cell groups. When the communist government fell in 1991, there were 53 Meserete Kristos Church congregations with 34,000 members. The MKC has experienced tremendous growth and in 2012 was the largest Anabaptist/Mennonite denomination in the world with 225,159 baptized members.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist groups were active in Ethiopia:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations !! Congregations<br />in 1990 !! Members<br />in 1990 !! Congregations<br />in 2000 !! Members<br />in 2000 !! Congregations<br />in 2010 !! Members<br />in 2010 !! Congregations<br />in 2020 !! Members<br />in 2020 !! Congregations<br />in 2025 !! Members<br />in 2025
|-
|align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]] (Ethiopia)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|22
|3
|20
|-
| align= "left" | [[Meserete Kristos Church]] || 31 || 10,000 || 231 || 73,219 || 591 || 205,508 || 1,160 || 370,909 ||1,400 || 514,652
|-
| align="left" | [[Washington-Franklin Mennonite Conference]] (Ethiopia)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|13
|1
|19
|-
| align= "left" | '''Totals''' || '''31''' || '''10,000''' || '''231''' || '''73,219''' || '''591''' || '''205,508''' || '''1,162''' || '''370,944''' || '''1,404''' || '''514,691'''
|}

= Bibliography =
Hansen, Carl E. "MK College Update Oct 12, 2010." Personal e-mail (12 October 2010).

Hansen, Carl E. "MKC Statistics." Personal e-mail (14 October 2012).

Hege, Nathan B. ''Beyond Our Prayers: Anabaptist Church Growth in Ethiopia, 1948-1998''. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1998.

Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 76-81.

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Ethiopia." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics." 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984 : 11.

Wikipedia. "Ethiopia." Web. 19 October 2012. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 273-274|date=March 2026|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Nathan|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Côte d'Ivoire

2026-03-12T06:02:41Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Iv-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html CIA World Factbook]'']] [[File:Ivory%20Coast2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_AU_Africa.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West [[Africa|Africa]]. and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] and [[Ghana|Ghana]]; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 322,462 km<sup>2</sup> (124,502 sq mi) and in 2009 the country's population was estimated to be 20,617,068.

An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a "protectorate" of France and in 1893, it became a French colony. Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960.

In 2008, 38.6% of Côte d'Ivoire was Muslim, followed by 32.8% Christian, 11.9% practicing indigenous religions and 16.7% with no religion.

= 2020 Article =
The Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne (Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast) was founded in 1994 with 200 members in 3 congregations by Raymond Affouka Eba, formerly a leader of the country's leading Baptist independent group. He gathered a group of believers who tried to live out a theology that included adult baptism, nonviolence, justice, and the importance of community.

Eba knew a little about the Anabaptists of the 16<sup>th</sup> century but did not know any modern Anabaptists. A year after the Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast was founded, Eba met James Krabill, a Mennonite mission worker who served two decades in Ivory Coast. Krabill helped Eba learn more about Anabaptist literature and current leaders, connecting with the Mennonite World Conference and the global Anabaptist community for resourcing and relationships.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Denominations'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2020'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2020'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2025'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2025'''
|-
| align= "left" | Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne||3||200||11||1,125||15||1,300||9||1,100||9||1,100||9||1,100
|}

= Bibliography =
"Background Material on Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches in Africa and the Countries where they are Found." 2001? Web. 17 April 2011. [broken link]

Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 14 April 2011. [broken link]

Hollinger-Janzen, Lynda. "Worshipful Work Builds an Anabaptist Church." ''Mennonite Weekly Review'' (20 June 2005). [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map:Côte d'Ivoire." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics." 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées''. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

Wikipedia. "Côte d'Ivoire." Web. 7 March 2011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Côte d'Ivoire

2026-03-12T06:01:09Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Iv-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html CIA World Factbook]'']] [[File:Ivory%20Coast2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_AU_Africa.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West [[Africa|Africa]]. and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] and [[Ghana|Ghana]]; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 322,462 km<sup>2</sup> (124,502 sq mi) and in 2009 the country's population was estimated to be 20,617,068.

An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a "protectorate" of France and in 1893, it became a French colony. Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960.

In 2008, 38.6% of Côte d'Ivoire was Muslim, followed by 32.8% Christian, 11.9% practicing indigenous religions and 16.7% with no religion.

= 2020 Article =
The Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne (Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast) was founded in 1994 with 200 members in 3 congregations by Raymond Affouka Eba, formerly a leader of the country's leading Baptist independent group. He gathered a group of believers who tried to live out a theology that included adult baptism, nonviolence, justice, and the importance of community.

Eba knew a little about the Anabaptists of the 16<sup>th</sup> century but did not know any modern Anabaptists. A year after the Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast was founded, Eba met James Krabill, a Mennonite mission worker who served two decades in Ivory Coast. Krabill helped Eba learn more about Anabaptist literature and current leaders, connecting with the Mennonite World Conference and the global Anabaptist community for resourcing and relationships.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Denominations'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2020'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2020'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2025'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2025'''
|-
| align= "left" | Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne||3||200||11||1,125||15||1,300||9||1,100||9||1,100||9||1,100
|}

= Bibliography =
"Background Material on Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches in Africa and the Countries where they are Found." 2001? Web. 17 April 2011. [broken link]

Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 14 April 2011. [broken link]

Hollinger-Janzen, Lynda. "Worshipful Work Builds an Anabaptist Church." ''Mennonite Weekly Review'' (20 June 2005). [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map:Côte d'Ivoire." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées''. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

Wikipedia. "Côte d'Ivoire." Web. 7 March 2011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2011|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Côte d'Ivoire

2026-03-12T05:59:48Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Iv-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html CIA World Factbook]'']] [[File:Ivory%20Coast2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_AU_Africa.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West [[Africa|Africa]]. and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] and [[Ghana|Ghana]]; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 322,462 km<sup>2</sup> (124,502 sq mi) and in 2009 the country's population was estimated to be 20,617,068.

An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a "protectorate" of France and in 1893, it became a French colony. Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960.

In 2008, 38.6% of Côte d'Ivoire was Muslim, followed by 32.8% Christian, 11.9% practicing indigenous religions and 16.7% with no religion.

= 2020 Article =
The Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne (Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast) was founded in 1994 with 200 members in 3 congregations by Raymond Affouka Eba, formerly a leader of the country's leading Baptist independent group. He gathered a group of believers who tried to live out a theology that included adult baptism, nonviolence, justice, and the importance of community.

Eba knew a little about the Anabaptists of the 16<sup>th</sup> century but did not know any modern Anabaptists. A year after the Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast was founded, Eba met James Krabill, a Mennonite mission worker who served two decades in Ivory Coast. Krabill helped Eba learn more about Anabaptist literature and current leaders, connecting with the Mennonite World Conference and the global Anabaptist community for resourcing and relationships.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Denominations'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2020'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2020'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2025'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2025'''
|-
| Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne||3||200||11||1,125||15||1,300||9||1,100||9||1,100||9||1,100
|}

= Bibliography =
"Background Material on Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches in Africa and the Countries where they are Found." 2001? Web. 17 April 2011. [broken link]

Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 14 April 2011. [broken link]

Hollinger-Janzen, Lynda. "Worshipful Work Builds an Anabaptist Church." ''Mennonite Weekly Review'' (20 June 2005). [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map:Côte d'Ivoire." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées''. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

Wikipedia. "Côte d'Ivoire." Web. 7 March 2011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2011|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Côte d'Ivoire

2026-03-12T05:59:10Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2020 Article */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:Iv-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html CIA World Factbook]'']] [[File:Ivory%20Coast2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_AU_Africa.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West [[Africa|Africa]]. and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] and [[Ghana|Ghana]]; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 322,462 km<sup>2</sup> (124,502 sq mi) and in 2009 the country's population was estimated to be 20,617,068.

An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a "protectorate" of France and in 1893, it became a French colony. Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960.

In 2008, 38.6% of Côte d'Ivoire was Muslim, followed by 32.8% Christian, 11.9% practicing indigenous religions and 16.7% with no religion.

= 2020 Article =
The Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne (Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast) was founded in 1994 with 200 members in 3 congregations by Raymond Affouka Eba, formerly a leader of the country's leading Baptist independent group. He gathered a group of believers who tried to live out a theology that included adult baptism, nonviolence, justice, and the importance of community.

Eba knew a little about the Anabaptists of the 16<sup>th</sup> century but did not know any modern Anabaptists. A year after the Protestant Anabaptist Church of Ivory Coast was founded, Eba met James Krabill, a Mennonite mission worker who served two decades in Ivory Coast. Krabill helped Eba learn more about Anabaptist literature and current leaders, connecting with the Mennonite World Conference and the global Anabaptist community for resourcing and relationships.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Denominations'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 1994'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations<br /> in 2020'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members<br /> in 2020'''
|-
| Eglise Protestante Anabaptiste L'Institution Chrétienne||3||200||11||1,125||15||1,300||9||1,100||9||1,100||9||1,100
|}

= Bibliography =
"Background Material on Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches in Africa and the Countries where they are Found." 2001? Web. 17 April 2011. [broken link]

Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 14 April 2011. [broken link]

Hollinger-Janzen, Lynda. "Worshipful Work Builds an Anabaptist Church." ''Mennonite Weekly Review'' (20 June 2005). [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 7 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map:Côte d'Ivoire." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. ''World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées''. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

Wikipedia. "Côte d'Ivoire." Web. 7 March 2011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2011|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Ghana

2026-03-12T05:55:45Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:gh-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: World Factbook, 2008'']]
[[File:Ghana1.jpg|270px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationGhana.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
== Introduction ==
The Republic of Ghana is located in West Africa and is bordered by [[Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] (Ivory Coast) to the west, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Ghana has an area of 238,535 km<sup>2</sup> (92,098 sq mi) and an estimated population in 2010 of 24,233,431. In 2009 the population was reportedly divided into the following groups: Christian 68.8%, Muslim 15.9%, Traditional African beliefs 8.5%.

Trade with European states flourished after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874. The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to do so. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.

The Ghana Mennonite Church was organized in 1964 under the leadership of S. J. Hostetler.

== Mennonite Activity in Ghana ==
In addition to establishing a church in Ghana, Mennonites have served the wider church in several areas of the country. The biggest thrust of this activity began in 1969 when missionaries could no longer serve in [[Nigeria|Nigeria]] because of the Biafra War (1967-1970). As a result some of them transferred to Ghana.

Larry Borntrager, worked in the northern part of Ghana in an agricultural project operated by the Christian Service Committee of the Ghana Christian Council and the Presbyterian Church. From 1969 to 1982 12 young men served two-year periods in this program. The last one, Stanley Freyenberger, returned with his wife, Jane, and for six years managed one of the agricultural stations.

In another area Edwin and Irene Weaver began relating to the sister churches in Accra of the Spiritual Independent churches ([[African Independent Churches|African Independent Churches]]) they had served in Nigeria. This resulted in the founding of a school called the Good News Training Institute (1971; now the Good News Theological College and Seminary), a day school for training church leaders in these churches. The school is controlled by a board of governors composed of persons from the various denominations of the city and by the Sponsoring Churches Association. Over the years the following Mennonite missionaries served these churches and the school: Willard Roth, Stanley and Delores Friesen, and Erma Grove.

Several missionary doctors worked in hospitals operated by the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in the Volta Region. Assistance was also given to the following for short periods of time: [[Church World Service|Church World Service]]; Ghana Bible Society; ''Christian Messenger, ''a Christian newspaper; Christoffel-Blindenmission; [[Islam|Islam]] in Africa Project; Peace Corps; and in various teaching positions.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations
! Congregations<br /> in 1978
! Members<br /> in 1978
! Congregations<br /> in 1990
! Members<br /> in 1990
! Congregations<br /> in 2000
! Members<br /> in 2000
! Congregations<br /> in 2012
! Members<br /> in 2012
! Congregations<br /> in 2020
! Members<br /> in 2020
! Congregations<br /> in 2025
! Members<br /> in 2025
|-
| align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]]|| || || || || || ||2||94||7||201||10||153
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ghana Mennonite Church]]||16||607||17||1,200||21||3,537||28||5,000||30||5,100||29||3,975
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ohio Wisler Mennonite Churches|Ohio Wisler Mennonite Church]]|| || || || || || ||1||15||1||25||1||24
|}

= Bibliography =
Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook: A Survey of Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches, 1978''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 83.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Ghana." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 30 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 12.

Wikipedia. "Ghana." Web. 3 April 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 340|date=April 2011|a1_last=Grove|a1_first=Erma|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Ghana

2026-03-12T05:54:08Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:gh-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: World Factbook, 2008'']]
[[File:Ghana1.jpg|270px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationGhana.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
== Introduction ==
The Republic of Ghana is located in West Africa and is bordered by [[Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] (Ivory Coast) to the west, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Ghana has an area of 238,535 km<sup>2</sup> (92,098 sq mi) and an estimated population in 2010 of 24,233,431. In 2009 the population was reportedly divided into the following groups: Christian 68.8%, Muslim 15.9%, Traditional African beliefs 8.5%.

Trade with European states flourished after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874. The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to do so. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.

The Ghana Mennonite Church was organized in 1964 under the leadership of S. J. Hostetler.

== Mennonite Activity in Ghana ==
In addition to establishing a church in Ghana, Mennonites have served the wider church in several areas of the country. The biggest thrust of this activity began in 1969 when missionaries could no longer serve in [[Nigeria|Nigeria]] because of the Biafra War (1967-1970). As a result some of them transferred to Ghana.

Larry Borntrager, worked in the northern part of Ghana in an agricultural project operated by the Christian Service Committee of the Ghana Christian Council and the Presbyterian Church. From 1969 to 1982 12 young men served two-year periods in this program. The last one, Stanley Freyenberger, returned with his wife, Jane, and for six years managed one of the agricultural stations.

In another area Edwin and Irene Weaver began relating to the sister churches in Accra of the Spiritual Independent churches ([[African Independent Churches|African Independent Churches]]) they had served in Nigeria. This resulted in the founding of a school called the Good News Training Institute (1971; now the Good News Theological College and Seminary), a day school for training church leaders in these churches. The school is controlled by a board of governors composed of persons from the various denominations of the city and by the Sponsoring Churches Association. Over the years the following Mennonite missionaries served these churches and the school: Willard Roth, Stanley and Delores Friesen, and Erma Grove.

Several missionary doctors worked in hospitals operated by the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in the Volta Region. Assistance was also given to the following for short periods of time: [[Church World Service|Church World Service]]; Ghana Bible Society; ''Christian Messenger, ''a Christian newspaper; Christoffel-Blindenmission; [[Islam|Islam]] in Africa Project; Peace Corps; and in various teaching positions.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations
! Congregations<br /> in 1978
! Membership<br /> in 1978
! Congregations<br /> in 1990
! Membership<br /> in 1990
! Congregations<br /> in 2000
! Membership<br /> in 2000
! Congregations<br /> in 2012
! Membership<br /> in 2012
! Congregations<br /> in 2020
! Membership<br /> in 2020
! Congregations<br /> in 2025
! Membership<br /> in 2025
|-
| align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]]|| || || || || || ||2||94||7||201||10||153
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ghana Mennonite Church]]||16||607||17||1,200||21||3,537||28||5,000||30||5,100||29||3,975
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ohio Wisler Mennonite Churches|Ohio Wisler Mennonite Church]]|| || || || || || ||1||15||1||25||1||24
|}

= Bibliography =
Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook: A Survey of Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches, 1978''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 83.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Ghana." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 30 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 12.

Wikipedia. "Ghana." Web. 3 April 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 340|date=April 2011|a1_last=Grove|a1_first=Erma|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Ghana

2026-03-12T05:51:40Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2020 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:gh-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: World Factbook, 2008'']]
[[File:Ghana1.jpg|270px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationGhana.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
== Introduction ==
The Republic of Ghana is located in West Africa and is bordered by [[Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] (Ivory Coast) to the west, [[Burkina Faso |Burkina Faso]] to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Ghana has an area of 238,535 km<sup>2</sup> (92,098 sq mi) and an estimated population in 2010 of 24,233,431. In 2009 the population was reportedly divided into the following groups: Christian 68.8%, Muslim 15.9%, Traditional African beliefs 8.5%.

Trade with European states flourished after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874. The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to do so. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.

The Ghana Mennonite Church was organized in 1964 under the leadership of S. J. Hostetler.

== Mennonite Activity in Ghana ==
In addition to establishing a church in Ghana, Mennonites have served the wider church in several areas of the country. The biggest thrust of this activity began in 1969 when missionaries could no longer serve in [[Nigeria|Nigeria]] because of the Biafra War (1967-1970). As a result some of them transferred to Ghana.

Larry Borntrager, worked in the northern part of Ghana in an agricultural project operated by the Christian Service Committee of the Ghana Christian Council and the Presbyterian Church. From 1969 to 1982 12 young men served two-year periods in this program. The last one, Stanley Freyenberger, returned with his wife, Jane, and for six years managed one of the agricultural stations.

In another area Edwin and Irene Weaver began relating to the sister churches in Accra of the Spiritual Independent churches ([[African Independent Churches|African Independent Churches]]) they had served in Nigeria. This resulted in the founding of a school called the Good News Training Institute (1971; now the Good News Theological College and Seminary), a day school for training church leaders in these churches. The school is controlled by a board of governors composed of persons from the various denominations of the city and by the Sponsoring Churches Association. Over the years the following Mennonite missionaries served these churches and the school: Willard Roth, Stanley and Delores Friesen, and Erma Grove.

Several missionary doctors worked in hospitals operated by the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in the Volta Region. Assistance was also given to the following for short periods of time: [[Church World Service|Church World Service]]; Ghana Bible Society; ''Christian Messenger, ''a Christian newspaper; Christoffel-Blindenmission; [[Islam|Islam]] in Africa Project; Peace Corps; and in various teaching positions.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the country, and had the following membership:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations
! Congregations<br /> in 1978
! Membership<br /> in 1978
! Congregations<br /> in 1990
! Membership<br /> in 1990
! Congregations<br /> in 2000
! Membership<br /> in 2000
! Congregations<br /> in 2012
! Membership<br /> in 2012
! Congregations<br /> in 2020
! Membership<br /> in 2020
! Congregations<br /> in 2025
! Membership<br /> in 2025
|-
| align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]]|| ||||||||||||2|94|7||201||10||153
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ghana Mennonite Church]]||16||607||17||1,200||21||3,537||28||5,000||30||5,100||29||3,975
|-
| align= "left" | [[Ohio Wisler Mennonite Churches|Ohio Wisler Mennonite Church]]|| ||||||||||||1||15||1||25||1||24
|}

= Bibliography =
Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook: A Survey of Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches, 1978''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 83.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Ghana." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 30 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. World Directory = Directorio mundial = Répertoire mondial 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches = Iglesias Menonitas, de los Hermanos en Cristo y afines = Églises Mennonites, Frères en Christ et Apparentées. Kitchener, ON: Mennonite World Conference, 2012: 5.

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 12.

Wikipedia. "Ghana." Web. 3 April 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 340|date=April 2011|a1_last=Grove|a1_first=Erma|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Ethiopia

2026-03-12T05:45:32Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:EthiopiaMap.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Ethiopia. World Factbook, 2006 '']]
[[File:Ethiopia1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationEthiopia.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']] [[File:Ethiopia2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationEthiopia.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
== Introduction ==
Located in eastern Africa, Ethiopia has an area of 426,371 square miles (1,104,300 sq. km.) and an estimated population in 2012 of 84,320,987. The people subscribe to Christianity, introduced in A.D. 335; [[Islam|Islam]], begun in the 6th century; and traditional (animist) religions. Evangelicals began to evangelize in the 17th century but did not prosper until the 20th century. According to the 2007 national census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country’s population, with 45.3% belonging to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and 19.3% belonging to other Christian churches; 33.9% of Ethiopians are Muslim, 2.6% practice traditional faiths, and 0.6% belonging to other religious groups, including a small group of Jews. The country has been independent except for the five-year domination by Italy in the early 1940s; consequently the people do not hold bitterness toward colonial powers as in some other parts of [[Africa|Africa]].

Much of Ethiopia is a high plateau with a pleasant year-round climate. Early rains come in April; the heavy rains begin in July and last through September. The northeast is desert-like lowlands reaching from the inland mountains to the Red Sea. Here nomadic tribes live. In the mountains and deep river valleys people farm for a living, grow their grain and vegetables and raise cattle. Coffee and hides are important exports.

In 1974 a Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist military government succeeded a monarchy of many centuries duration. During the 1980s the country was devastated by wide-scale droughts and resulting famines, leaving approximately 1 million people dead. In 1991 the Marxist-Leninist government was removed and a new constitution was adopted in 1994, resulting in free elections in 1995.

== Mennonites in Ethiopia ==
Mennonites first went to Ethiopia in 1945 as relief workers sponsored by the Mennonite Relief Committee of [[Mennonite Board of Missions (Mennonite Church)|Mennonite Board of Missions]] (MC). Samuel Yoder and Paul Hooley made initial contacts and found the country to be in need of medical and educational work because the Italian occupation left the country bereft of an educated class. Even so the government was reluctant to admit foreign missionaries. As a result, the Mennonites tried to prove themselves as people of service and not as intruders in the nation's politics nor as proselytizers of Orthodox Christians.

Mennonites contracted with the government to renovate a cotton gin into a hospital at Nazareth, a town of 30,000 located at an elevation of 5,000 ft., 60 mi. (97 km.) southeast of Addis Ababa. By 1947 renovation was complete for a 40-bed hospital, a training school for medical assistants (dressers), and an outpatient clinic. The place was named Haile Mariam Mamo Memorial Hospital in honor of a statesman killed during the war with Italy.

In December 1947 Daniel and Blanche Sensenig of the Lancaster Mennonite Conference arrived in Ethiopia, sent by the [[Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)|Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]]. Their goal was to obtain permission to begin an evangelical mission service. In 1948 Emperor Haile Selassie I invited Mennonites to function as a mission and do educational and medical work among Muslims in Hararge Province. This was the start of the [[Ethiopia Mennonite Mission|Ethiopia Mennonite Mission]]. A hospital and the first elementary school were built at Deder in Hararge Province, a school and clinic were opened at Bedeno, and an evening school was established in Dire Dawa. A School for the Blind, directed by Clayton and Martha Keener, was opened in Addis Ababa in 1952. In 1959 a Bible Academy was opened at Nazareth. A staff of 30 missionaries—doctors, nurses, teachers, pastors—were appointed by Eastern Board to maintain these institutions. Congregations were formed around these institutions. When the [[Meserete Kristos Church|Meserete Kristos Church]] (MKC) was organized in 1959 there were 400 attending worship services in five locations: Deder, Bedeno, Dire Dawa, Addis Ababa, and Nazareth.

The church experienced slow but steady growth throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1974, a Soviet backed military junta (the Derg) overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie and established a one-party communist state. By 1982 the government had closed all 14 Meserete Kristos Church congregations and the 5,000 church members began meeting secretly in cell groups. When the communist government fell in 1991, there were 53 Meserete Kristos Church congregations with 34,000 members. The MKC has experienced tremendous growth and in 2012 was the largest Anabaptist/Mennonite denomination in the world with 225,159 baptized members.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist groups were active in Ethiopia:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations !! Congregations<br />in 1990 !! Members<br />in 1990 !! Congregations<br />in 2000 !! Members<br />in 2000 !! Congregations<br />in 2010 !! Members<br />in 2010 !! Congregations<br />in 2020 !! Members<br />in 2020 !! Congregations<br />in 2025 !! Members<br />in 2025
|-
|align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]] (Ethiopia)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|22
|3
|20
|-
| align= "left" | [[Meserete Kristos Church]] || 31 || 10,000 || 231 || 73,219 || 591 || 205,508 || 1,160 || 370,909 ||1,400 || 514,652
|-
| align="left" | [[Washington-Franklin Mennonite Conference]] (Ethiopia)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|13
|1
|19
|-
| align= "left" | '''Totals''' || '''31''' || '''10,000''' || '''231''' || '''73,219''' || '''591''' || '''205,508''' || '''1,162''' || '''370,944''' || '''1,404''' || '''514,691'''
|}

= Bibliography =
Hansen, Carl E. "MK College Update Oct 12, 2010." Personal e-mail (12 October 2010).

Hansen, Carl E. "MKC Statistics." Personal e-mail (14 October 2012).

Hege, Nathan B. ''Beyond Our Prayers: Anabaptist Church Growth in Ethiopia, 1948-1998''. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1998.

Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 76-81.

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Ethiopia." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984 : 11.

Wikipedia. "Ethiopia." Web. 19 October 2012. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 273-274|date=October 2012|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Nathan|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Ethiopia

2026-03-12T05:45:00Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2020 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:EthiopiaMap.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Ethiopia. World Factbook, 2006 '']]
[[File:Ethiopia1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationEthiopia.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']] [[File:Ethiopia2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationEthiopia.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
== Introduction ==
Located in eastern Africa, Ethiopia has an area of 426,371 square miles (1,104,300 sq. km.) and an estimated population in 2012 of 84,320,987. The people subscribe to Christianity, introduced in A.D. 335; [[Islam|Islam]], begun in the 6th century; and traditional (animist) religions. Evangelicals began to evangelize in the 17th century but did not prosper until the 20th century. According to the 2007 national census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country’s population, with 45.3% belonging to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and 19.3% belonging to other Christian churches; 33.9% of Ethiopians are Muslim, 2.6% practice traditional faiths, and 0.6% belonging to other religious groups, including a small group of Jews. The country has been independent except for the five-year domination by Italy in the early 1940s; consequently the people do not hold bitterness toward colonial powers as in some other parts of [[Africa|Africa]].

Much of Ethiopia is a high plateau with a pleasant year-round climate. Early rains come in April; the heavy rains begin in July and last through September. The northeast is desert-like lowlands reaching from the inland mountains to the Red Sea. Here nomadic tribes live. In the mountains and deep river valleys people farm for a living, grow their grain and vegetables and raise cattle. Coffee and hides are important exports.

In 1974 a Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist military government succeeded a monarchy of many centuries duration. During the 1980s the country was devastated by wide-scale droughts and resulting famines, leaving approximately 1 million people dead. In 1991 the Marxist-Leninist government was removed and a new constitution was adopted in 1994, resulting in free elections in 1995.

== Mennonites in Ethiopia ==
Mennonites first went to Ethiopia in 1945 as relief workers sponsored by the Mennonite Relief Committee of [[Mennonite Board of Missions (Mennonite Church)|Mennonite Board of Missions]] (MC). Samuel Yoder and Paul Hooley made initial contacts and found the country to be in need of medical and educational work because the Italian occupation left the country bereft of an educated class. Even so the government was reluctant to admit foreign missionaries. As a result, the Mennonites tried to prove themselves as people of service and not as intruders in the nation's politics nor as proselytizers of Orthodox Christians.

Mennonites contracted with the government to renovate a cotton gin into a hospital at Nazareth, a town of 30,000 located at an elevation of 5,000 ft., 60 mi. (97 km.) southeast of Addis Ababa. By 1947 renovation was complete for a 40-bed hospital, a training school for medical assistants (dressers), and an outpatient clinic. The place was named Haile Mariam Mamo Memorial Hospital in honor of a statesman killed during the war with Italy.

In December 1947 Daniel and Blanche Sensenig of the Lancaster Mennonite Conference arrived in Ethiopia, sent by the [[Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)|Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities]]. Their goal was to obtain permission to begin an evangelical mission service. In 1948 Emperor Haile Selassie I invited Mennonites to function as a mission and do educational and medical work among Muslims in Hararge Province. This was the start of the [[Ethiopia Mennonite Mission|Ethiopia Mennonite Mission]]. A hospital and the first elementary school were built at Deder in Hararge Province, a school and clinic were opened at Bedeno, and an evening school was established in Dire Dawa. A School for the Blind, directed by Clayton and Martha Keener, was opened in Addis Ababa in 1952. In 1959 a Bible Academy was opened at Nazareth. A staff of 30 missionaries—doctors, nurses, teachers, pastors—were appointed by Eastern Board to maintain these institutions. Congregations were formed around these institutions. When the [[Meserete Kristos Church|Meserete Kristos Church]] (MKC) was organized in 1959 there were 400 attending worship services in five locations: Deder, Bedeno, Dire Dawa, Addis Ababa, and Nazareth.

The church experienced slow but steady growth throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1974, a Soviet backed military junta (the Derg) overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie and established a one-party communist state. By 1982 the government had closed all 14 Meserete Kristos Church congregations and the 5,000 church members began meeting secretly in cell groups. When the communist government fell in 1991, there were 53 Meserete Kristos Church congregations with 34,000 members. The MKC has experienced tremendous growth and in 2012 was the largest Anabaptist/Mennonite denomination in the world with 225,159 baptized members.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist groups were active in Ethiopia:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations !! Congregations<br />in 1990 !! Members<br />in 1990 !! Congregations<br />in 2000 !! Members<br />in 2000 !! Congregations<br />in 2010 !! Members<br />in 2010 !! Congregations<br />in 2020 !! Members<br />in 2020 !! Congregations<br />in 2025 !! Members<br />in 2025
|-
|align= "left" | [[Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite]] (Ethiopia)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|22
|3
|20
|-
| align= "left" | [[Meserete Kristos Church]] || 31 || 10,000 || 231 || 73,219 || 591 || 205,508 || 1,160 || 370,909 ||1,400 || 514,652
|-
| align="left" | [[Washington-Franklin Mennonite Conference]] (Ethiopia)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|13
|1
|19
|-
| align= "left" | '''Totals''' || '''31''' || '''10,000''' || '''231''' || '''73,219''' || '''591''' || '''205,508''' || '''1,162''' || '''370,944''' || '''1,404 || 514,691
|}

= Bibliography =
Hansen, Carl E. "MK College Update Oct 12, 2010." Personal e-mail (12 October 2010).

Hansen, Carl E. "MKC Statistics." Personal e-mail (14 October 2012).

Hege, Nathan B. ''Beyond Our Prayers: Anabaptist Church Growth in Ethiopia, 1948-1998''. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1998.

Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 76-81.

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Ethiopia." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984 : 11.

Wikipedia. "Ethiopia." Web. 19 October 2012. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 273-274|date=October 2012|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Nathan|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Congo, Democratic Republic of

2026-03-12T05:40:14Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:CongoDemRep_Map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Democratic Republic of Congo.<br />Source: World Factbook, 2006. '']]
[[File:Congo1.jpg|272px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationDRCongo.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), known as the Congo Free State (1885-1908), Belgian Congo (1908-1960), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960-1971), and as the Republic of Zaire (1971-1997), is located in Central [[Africa|Africa]], with a short Atlantic coastline (37 km). It is the third largest country in Africa by area (2,345,409 km<sup>2</sup>) and the 12th largest in the world. With an estimated population in 2010 of 70,916,439, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the nineteenth most populous nation in the world. Congo borders the Central African Republic and [[Sudan|Sudan]] to the north; [[Uganda|Uganda]], Rwanda, and Burundi in the east; [[Zambia|Zambia]] and [[Angola|Angola]] to the south; the Atlantic Ocean to the west; and is separated from [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] by Lake Tanganyika in the east.

The Congo Free State was formed in 1885 as the personal private property of King Leopold II of [[Belgium|Belgium]]. Belgium took over the free state as a Belgian colony in 1908, and Congo became independent from Belgium on 30 June 1960. Congo's history since independence has been one of violence and corruption. The Second Congo War, beginning in 1998, devastated the country and is sometimes referred to as the "African World War". The war is the world's deadliest conflict since World War II, killing 5.4 million people.

Christianity is the majority religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by about 90% of the population. Recent figures show that 55% are Roman Catholic and 35% are Protestant, with Animism accounting for 2.4%.

= Mennonite Activity in Congo =
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been an area of major Mennonite interest and ministry in the 20th century. The [[Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission|Congo Inland Mission]] (CIM), known since 1971 as the Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission (AIMM), placed its first missionaries in the West Kasai region of south central Congo in 1912.

Already in 1913, [[Janzen, Aaron A. (1882-1957) and Janzen, Ernestina Strauss (1879-1937)|Aaron A.]] and [[Janzen, Aaron A. (1882-1957) and Janzen, Ernestina Strauss (1879-1937)|Ernestina Janzen]], a [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]] couple from [[Mountain Lake (Minnesota, USA)|Mountain Lake]], Minnesota applied for service with the CIM and served until 1920. Upon returning to the Congo, they opened an independent work at Kafumba, a location south of [[Kikwit (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Kikwit]] along the Kwilu River in an unevangelized area later known as Bandundu Province. Following World War II, some small faith missions of that region were no longer able to keep pace with the changes and demands of work of the post-war era and appealed to other missions to assume responsibility for the ministries they had launched. It was at this juncture that the Mennonite Brethren Board of Missions and Services (BOMAS) decided to assume responsibility for the Kafumba work pioneered by the Janzens, and at the same time, to broaden their ministry to cover some of the areas which were being relinquished by other missions. From its administrative base at Kikwit, the BOMAS ministry was eventually extended to incorporate mission posts at Matende, Kipungu, Lusemvu, Kajiji, and Panzi, all of which were located in the southern part of Kwilu Province.

CIM ministry began at a place called Djoko Punda (known during the Belgian era as [[Charlesville Station (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Charlesville]]). Located at the farthest navigable point inland on the Kasai River, among a mix of Lulua and Baluba people, it quickly became the post of supply for the new CIM work as well as its first point of evangelism. A primary school was early established; it was quickly followed by the mission's first Bible school. A second CIM mission post was also immediately established several days trek south of Djoko near a village called [[Kalamba (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Kalamba]]. This location was deliberately selected since it was adjacent to the home village of the king of the Lulua people. In 1946 the decision was made to move the station some 11 miles (18 km) to the northwest where it was renamed Mutena. This post remains an important center of the [[Communauté Mennonite au Congo|Communauté Mennonite au Congo]] (Congo Mennonite Church).

With the end of World War I and the arrival of new missionaries, high priority was given to a ministry among the Baphende people to the south and west of Djoko. A hardy, industrious, and agrarian people, they had no resident witness to the gospel among them. After some exploratory evangelistic trips made by missionaries and national Christians, a site was chosen near Nyanga village some 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Djoko. By 1920 the first new missionaries took up residence at this third post. Following the pattern established at the previous two stations, primary education and the dispensing of basic medications soon became part of the ministry along with Bible instruction and apprenticeship in evangelism for new converts.

Since the majority of the Baphende people lived to the west of the Loange River in neighboring Kwilu Province (later known as Bandundu Province), plans were early laid to situate a fourth post somewhere in the tribal area west of the river. By 1923 further missionary personnel arrived and the first team was placed adjacent to a large village called [[Mukedi (Democratic Republic of Congo)|Mukedi]], the location of an influential paramount chief of the area. Thus by the late 1920s the CIM work was based at four stations in two provinces.

A notable feature of the broader Congo mission scene by this time was the emergence of a strong and influential inter-mission organization known as the Congo Protestant Council (CPC). A large country with a great variety of ethnic groups, Congo early attracted a growing number of Protestant missions. This mission community eventually reached a total of some 55 different organizations sponsored by a mix of European and North American Protestant church groups. Of whatever origin or theological stance, all quickly encountered the aggressive and combative personnel of the Roman Catholic missions. The Protestant missions, of whatever origin or persuasion, early discovered that there was much to he gained by closing ranks and in dealing with the government and the favored Roman Catholic Church from a stance of solidarity.

A CPC office was soon established in the capital of the Belgian Congo, Leopoldville (known as Kinshasa after political independence), as annual consultative assemblies became traditional. CIM and the Mennonite Brethren Mission early joined this council and participated actively in meetings and special commissions.

World War II brought with it several far-reaching changes for mission work in Congo. The colonial administrators had recruited Congolese troops who were sent to fight in North Africa. As these troops were eventually brought back home and discharged, they returned to their home villages with greatly broadened understandings and aspirations. Some even dared to express the opinion that the Belgian colonial rule under which they lived was not something to be simply accepted forever.

[[File:ME5_955.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Mennonite Churches in Congo and Angola, 1980s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 5, p. 955. '']]
In [[Belgium|Belgium]] also there was dramatic post-war change. Angered by what they considered to have been collaboration on the part of King Leopold III with the German occupation forces during the war, the Belgians not only insisted that he yield his throne to his son but on the occasion of the first elections they repudiated the Catholic party which had long dominated the Belgian political scene, replacing it with a new coalition government made up of Socialists and Liberals. Among the changes which the new administration introduced was the offer to Protestant missions in the Congo of government subsidies for medical and educational work which met government standards. After some debate, the great majority of the Protestant missions in Congo opted to apply for these funds. There promptly followed a major expansion of Protestant educational and medical work across the land, an expansion in which the CIM and BOMAS fully shared. Not only was this a time of new financial resources from a new and sympathetic colonial regime, but it was also the time of a surge of new missionary recruits. In the West Kasai, CIM had already pinpointed areas where its ministry was still inadequate. Some 75 miles (120 km) northwest of Djoko was a large ethnic group known as the Bashilele. Until the late 1940s, CIM's ministry among them had been largely limited to regional school centers and periodic evangelistic trips. With much encouragement from the Congolese believers of the area, the decision was made in 1950 to establish a fifth station at a place called Banga.

At the same time, there was growing concern for a rapidly expanding diamond mining center called [[Tshikapa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Tshikapa]] that was located along the Kasai River between Djoko and Mutena. Already the site of a large Catholic mission, CIM efforts to minister to the steadily growing number of Mennonite Christians living in work camps at Tshikapa consistently encountered frustrating limitations. Parallel requests to secure a plot of ground in the vicinity were also denied. Finally, in 1950, through the intervention of the CPC secretary in Kinshasa, government permission to occupy a hillside five miles across the river from the diamond center was granted. Taking its name from an adjacent village, the sixth CIM station was called Kalonda.

To the west in Bandundu Province, where a cluster of small faith missions were having difficulty coping with the new postwar era, opportunity also came to the CIM to acquire two new mission posts. Near the Angolan border in Kahemba territory was Kamayala, a mission post established under the auspices of the Unevangelized Tribes Mission in 1930 by two extraordinary sisters, Bertha and Mary Miller. This mission, like others, also made an appeal to other organizations to assume responsibility for ongoing ministry. The CIM responded in 1952, thus beginning its first ministry among Chokwe and Lunda people.

Between Kamayala and [[Mukedi (Democratic Republic of Congo)|Mukedi]] was Kandala, a station which had been started in 1926 by a pioneering Canadian Baptist couple, Percy and Rosalie Near, and was also situated among the Baphende people. The Nears approached CIM about assuming leadership for the work. Terms were agreed upon and the first CIM personnel arrived on the station in 1954. CIM and Mennonite Brethren (MB) areas lay side-by-side in Congo and eventually gave rise to three autonomous Mennonite churches. All are part of the national Congolese church, the Eglise du Christ au Congo. Stemming from the work of the CIM were the [[Communauté Mennonite au Congo|Communauté Mennonite au Congo]] and ECZ: [[Communauté Evangélique Mennonite (Democratic Republic of Congo)|Communauté Evangélique Mennonite (Democratic Republic of Congo)]]. The church which grew out of the work of the Mennonite Brethren came to be known as [[Communauté des Églises de Frères Mennonites au Congo|Communauté des Églises de Frères Mennonites au Congo]].

CIM and MB missionaries were partners in several cooperative ventures across the years, notably in a four-year teacher training school at Nyanga in the early 1950s; a missionary children's school at Kajiji, 1954-60; and a pastoral training school, also at Kajiji, 1963-68. Both Mennonite missions were founding partners of the Theological Institute of Kinshasa (Institut Supérieur Théologique de Kinshasa; ISTK), a venture in which 10 other mission groups originally shared. Both CIM and BOMAS provided teaching staff for this school after it opened. All three Mennonite churches sent pastoral candidates there for training.

[[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee ]] (MCC) first became involved in Congo in the 1950s, when a few North American [[Conscientious Objection|conscientious objectors]] were sent as [[Alternative Service (USA)|alternative service]] volunteers. In the aftermath of political independence (1960), MCC teamed with the Congo Protestant Council to form the Congo Protestant Relief Association (CPRA), which became a channel for relief supplies for various areas where local populations were displaced by political unrest. Known as ZPRA, this cooperative project with Zaire (Congo) mission and church communities continues.

It was also in the 1960s that Congo became one of the areas selected by MCC administrators for service for [[Pax|Pax]] and Teachers Abroad Program (TAP) personnel. During that decade a steady stream of young people came to Congo, where they served in a wide variety of roles with Mennonite and other missions. MCC eventually moved beyond construction sites and schoolrooms to cooperative efforts with Congo Mennonite churches in various rural [[Development Work|development]] projects.

By the 1980s, MCC collaborated with the three Zaire (Congo) churches in helping to sponsor seminars for pastors on a variety of topics including issues of peace, justice, and development. French-speaking Mennonites from Europe and [[North America|North America]] were resource people for these much appreciated sessions.

The three Mennonite churches in Congo are situated in a land of great potential, and they are confronted by formidable problems. Economic inflation and devaluation of national currency have been steady since the 1970s; dishonesty and graft have surfaced at many levels of public life. All of this exerted tremendous pressure upon the Christian community of the country. In the midst of grievous social and economic problems, however, it is heartening to note that wherever pockets of stability and integrity are found, invariably they are church-related. Both in terms of political development and church growth on the continent of Africa, more will be heard from Congo and its Mennonite churches in coming years.

= 2025 Update =
Between 1978 and 2024 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo:

<div align="center">

{| class="wikitable"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Denominations'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations'''<br />
'''in 1978'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members'''<br />
'''in 1978'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations'''<br />
'''in 1990'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members'''<br />
'''in 1990'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations'''<br />
'''in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members'''<br />
'''in 2000'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations'''<br />
'''in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members'''<br />
'''in 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations'''<br />
'''in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members'''<br />
'''in 2012'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congregations'''<br />
'''in 2025'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Members'''<br />
'''in 2025'''
|-
| Communauté des Eglises Evangéliques Anabaptistes
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
|align="right" | 16
|align="right" | 1,681
|-
| [[Communauté des Églises de Frères Mennonites au Congo|Communauté des Eglises de Frères Mennonites au Congo]]|
|align="right" | 101
|align="right" | 18,086
|align="right" | 228
|align="right" | 46,906
|align="right" | 468
|align="right" | 76,640
|align="right" | 582
|align="right" | 95,208
|align="right" | 874
|align="right" | 101,626
|align="right" | 638
|align="right" | 98,519
|-
| [[Communauté Evangélique Mennonite (Democratic Republic of Congo)|Communauté Evangélique Mennonite]]
|align="right" | 33
|align="right" | 3,462
|align="right" | 145
|align="right" | 16,000
|align="right" | 160
|align="right" | 21,000
|align="right" | 150
|align="right" | 21,060
|align="right" | 96
|align="right" | 23,576
|align="right" | 95
|align="right" | 12,612
|-
| Communauté Evangélique Mennonite du Congo
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" | 13
|align="right" | 1,142
|-
| [[Communauté Mennonite au Congo]]
|align="right" | 400
|align="right" | 38,000
|align="right" | 350
|align="right" | 50,000
|align="right" | 522
|align="right" | 85,400
|align="right" | 780
|align="right" | 100,000
|align="right" | 798
|align="right" | 110,000
|align="right" | 763
|align="right" | 80,000
|-
| Communauté Mennonite de Kinshasa
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" | 25
|align="right" | 2,100
|-
| Communauté Mennonite Réformée au Congo
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" |
|align="right" | 24
|align="right" | 800
|-
| '''Totals'''
|align="right" |''' 534'''
|align="right" | '''59,548'''
|align="right" | '''723'''
|align="right" | '''112,906'''
|align="right" | '''1,150'''
|align="right" | '''183,040'''
|align="right" | '''1,512'''
|align="right" | '''216,268'''
|align="right" | '''1,768'''
|align="right" | '''235,202'''
|align="right" | '''1,574'''
|align="right" | '''196,854'''
|}

</div> See also [[Igreja Evangélica dos Irmãos Mennonitas em Angola|Igreja Evangélica Irmãos Menonitas em Angola]]; [[Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission|Congo Inland Mission]]; [[Belgian Congo Mennonite Brethren Mission|Belgian Congo Mennonite Brethren Mission]]

= Bibliography =
Juhnke, James C. ''A People of Mission: A History of General Conference Mennonite Overseas Missions''. Newton, KS: Faith and Life, 1979.

Keidel, Levi. ''Caught in the Crossfire. ''Scottdale, 1979.

Kraybill, Paul N., ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook''. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 104-116.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [Broken Link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Democratic Republic of Congo." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 27 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics. 2024 Web. 4 September 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [Broken Link].

Mennonite World Conference. "World Directory 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches." Web. [Broken Link].

''Mennonite World Handbook Supplement''. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 19-21.

Toews, John B. ''The Mennonite Brethren Church in Zaire. ''Fresno: Board of Christian Literature, 1978.

Wikipedia. "Democratic Republic of the Congo." Web. 7 March 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, pp. 953-956|date=March 2020|a1_last=Bertsche|a1_first=James E.|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Burkina Faso

2026-03-12T05:39:34Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__TOC__
== Introduction ==
[[File:Burkina_Faso_map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Burkina Faso, World Factbook, 2005'']]
[[File:Burkina%20Faso1.jpg|271px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
Burkina Faso is located in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and [[Ghana|Ghana]] to the south, and [[Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] to the southwest. It has a total area of 274,200 km<sup>2</sup> (105,869 sq mi) with an estimated population of 15,746,232 in 2009.

Formerly a French colony, the country was established under the name of the Republic of Upper Volta in 1958 and achieved independence in 1960. It was renamed Burkina Faso in 1984.

Burkina Faso's population belongs to two major West African cultural groups—the Voltaic and the Mande. In 2006 it was reported that 60.5% of the population practice Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the Sunni branch. The government also estimated that 23.2% are Christians (19% being Roman Catholics and 4.2% members of various Protestant denominations), 15.3% follow Traditional indigenous beliefs, 0.6% have other religions, and 0.4% have none. Many Muslims and Christians still observe ancient animist rites.

== Mennonite Activity in Burkina Faso ==
[[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] (MCC) began work in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) in the early 1970s. The main relief efforts and water projects were located near Djibasso and Tougan in the northwest part of the country. Through MCC contacts with Christian and Missionary Alliance congregations and missionaries, Mennonite missionaries were invited to plant churches in the southwest part of the country. Two couples were sent there by Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission (AIMM) in 1978. They settled in the town of Orodara in the province of Kenedougou. Because of the diversity of language groups in that area, linguists were needed, and the first such team arrived in 1982 and settled in Kotoura, ca. 50 km. (30 mi.) west and south of Orodara. Since 1982 three more couples joined the first linguistic team. Each has entered a new language group.

During the 1980s the AIMM mission had expanded to six villages, of which four had church groups meeting regularly with a total of more than 40 members. Several national members gave leadership to their respective congregations.

Volunteers for MCC and AIMM workers have strong fraternal ties. MCC has expanded its program into the southern and eastern regions of the country and in 1987 had 20 workers.

== 2025 Update ==
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist group was active in Burkina Faso:
{| class="wikitable" margin:auto"
|-
! Denominations
! Congregations</br>1990
! Members</br>1990
! Congregations</br>2000
! Members</br>2000
! Congregations</br>2009
! Members</br>2009
! Congregations</br>2020
! Members</br>2020
! Congregations</br>2025
! Members</br>2025
|-
| Eglise Evangélique Mennonite du Burkina Faso
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| style="text-align: right;" | 57
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | 180
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
| style="text-align: right;" | 315
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
| style="text-align: right;" | 668
| style="text-align: right;" | 26
| style="text-align: right;" | 850
|-
| Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (Burkina Faso)
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| style="text-align: right;" | 52
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| style="text-align: right;" | 65
|}

= Bibliography =
Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

''Mennonite Reporter'' (1 October 1984).

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Confernce. "Global Map: Burkina Faso." 24 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics. 2024 Web. 4 September 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "World Directory Directorio mundial Répertoire mondial 2012." Web. 2013. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/sites/default/files/website_files/mwc_world_directory_w_links_minus_cover.pdf.

Mennonite World Conference. <em>Mennonite World Handbook Supplement</em>. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 18.

Traore, Siaka. "United by grace for 40 years: Église Évangélique Mennonite du Burkina Faso." ''Courier Correo Courrier'' 34, no. 2 (October 2019): 13-14.

Wikipedia. "Burkina Faso." Web. 2 March 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso].
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 112|date=September 2025|a1_last=Rempel|a1_first=Dennis L.|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Botswana

2026-03-12T05:39:11Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__TOC__
[[File:Botswana_map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Botswana. World Factbook, 2005 '']]
[[File:Botswana1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationBotswana.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
[[File:Botswana2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationBotswana.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= 1990 Article =
Botswana was formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland until it gained independence from Great Britain on 30 September 1966. A Mennonite presence began soon after, with the arrival of [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] (MCC) workers in 1968. Initially emphasis was placed on [[Secondary Education|secondary education]] and teacher training. The MCC program expanded into agriculture and the training of skilled laborers, e.g., mechanics and bricklayers. Later it moved into the area of community development. As MCC workers became more involved in the community they became increasingly aware of African-Initiated Churches (also known as [[African Independent Churches|African Independent Churches]]). Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission (AIMM) began work with these churches in 1975. In 1981 the administration of MCC and AIMM programs was united under Mennonite Ministries in Botswana.

In the following years, Mennonite Ministries had personnel working in the areas of Bible teaching among African-Initiated Churches, community development, education, youth ministry, friendship evangelism, teaching and issues related to families, and health, particularly in AIDS education and counseling. Beginning in 1975, six Mennonite denominations had sent workers to Botswana.
= 2000 Update =
By the 1990s there were many Zimbabwean professionals who had left [[Zimbabwe]] to work in Botswana. Some were lonely for church fellowship. Even if there were other churches around, there were those who still longed for their own church, the [[Brethren in Christ Church|Brethren in Christ]] (BIC). Around 1994/95 they began to push for a BIC church there.

The first baptism was held in Botswana during the weekend of 5-7 November 1999 when Cornelius Mathobela gave evangelistic messages during the baptism weekend and challenged the baptismal candidates to seek to know God’s truth, not the truth of the pastor or BIC doctrine.

The Botswana BIC church mainly ministered to Zimbabweans who were based there. But this began to change in the 2000s. The members in the Botswana church recruited a new pastor, Isaac Ntungwana, who was a national of Botswana, and a graduate of the University of Botswana.

= 2025 Update=
Between 2006 and 2024 the following Anabaptist group was active in Botswana:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right" style="margin:auto"
|-
! Denominations !! Congregations</br>2006 !! Membership</br>2006 !! Congregations</br>2012 !! Membership</br>2012 !! Congregations</br>2020 !! Membership</br>2020 !! Congregations</br>2024 !! Membership</br>2025
|-
| Brethren in Christ Church, Botswana
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | 177
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | 273
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | 354
|}

= Bibliography =
Checoli, Alemu, et al. ''Anabaptist songs in African hearts.'' Global Mennonite history series. Intercourse, PA: Good Books, 2006: 184-185.

Mennonite Mission Network. ''Botswana''. Web. 29 March 2021. https://www.mennonitemission.net/Impact/locations/africa/Botswana.

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Botswana." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 29 March 2021. https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics. 2024 Web. 4 September 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link]

Mennonite World Conference. "World Directory=Directorio mundial=Répertoire mondial 2012." Web. 26 November 2013. [broken link]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 93|date=September 2025|a1_last=Sawatzky|a1_first=Ronald D.|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Angola

2026-03-12T05:38:42Z

RichardThiessen: /* 2025 Update */

__TOC__
[[File:Ao-map.gif|300px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html CIA World Factbook]'']]
[[File:Angola1.jpg|247px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Angola_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Angola is located in south-central [[Africa|Africa]], and is bordered by Namibia to the south, [[Congo, Democratic Republic of|Democratic Republic of Congo]] to the north, [[Zambia|Zambia]] to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Total area is 1,246,700 km<sup>2</sup> (481,354 sq. mi.) and the estimated population in 2009 was 18,498,000. Angola was a Portuguese colony from the 16<sup>th</sup> century until 1975. After independence, the country suffered from a civil war until 2002. The population is composed of Ovimbundu (37%), Ambundu (25%), Bakongo (13%), mestiços (mixed European and African) (2%), European (1%), and other ethnic groups (22%). It is estimated that over half of the population is Roman Catholic and a quarter are Protestant.

= Mennonite Activity in Angola =
Angola had three Mennonite denominations in the 1980s: Igreja Comunidade Menonitas em Angola (ICMA = Mennonite Community of Churches in Angola), Igreja Evangélica Menonitas em Angola (ITEMA = Mennonite Evangelical Church in Angola), and [[Igreja Evangélica dos Irmãos Mennonitas em Angola|Igreja Evangélica Irmãos Mennonitas em Angola]] (IEIMA = Evangelical Church of Mennonite Brethren in Angola). All of these churches resulted from the interaction of Angolan refugees in Congo with Mennonite ministries in that country.

Upon their return to Angola, many Mennonites were persecuted by the Angolan government due to the similarity in the sound of "Mennonita" and UNITA, a rebel movement in the country. The persecution included the destruction of churches and the dispersal of many church members into the forest. After a meeting with government and church officials, the misunderstanding was cleared up.

The Igreja Evangélica Irmãos Mennonitas em Angola (IEIMA), the [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]] church in Angola, was founded in 1983. A split in 1986 over sharing power and the lack of opportunities for leadership training in IEIMA led to the formation of Igreja Evangélica Menonitas em Angola (IEMA).

Igreja da Comunidade Menonita em Angola (ICMA) began in 1990 with a church plant in Luanda. In 2003, MCC helped the three groups form the Conferencia Inter-Menonita em Angola (Inter-Mennonite Conference in Angola).

= 2025 Update =
Between 1990 and 2025 the following Anabaptist groups were active in Angola:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Denominations !! Churches<br />in 1990 !! Membership<br />in 1990 !! Churches<br />in 2000 !! Membership<br />in 2000 !! Churches<br />in 2009 !! Membership<br />in 2009 !! Churches<br />in 2020 !! Membership<br />in 2020 !! Churches<br />in 2024 !! Membership<br />in 2025
|-
| Igreja da Comunidade Menonita em Angola || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | 7 || align="right" | 1,800 || align="right" | 39 || align="right" | 2,145 || align="right" | 75 || align="right" | 12,700 || align="right" | 75 || align="right" | 9,200
|-
| Igreja Evangélica Anabaptista em Angola Simione Mucune || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | 100 || align="right" | 1,547 || align="right" | 100 || align="right" | 1,547
|-
| Igreja Evangélica Irmãos Mennonitas em Angola || align="right" | 13 || align="right" | 1,250 || align="right" | 20 || align="right" | 2,752 || align="right" | 49 || align="right" | 4,559 || align="right" | 107 || align="right" | 14,500 || align="right" | 147 || align="right" | 15,000
|-
| Igreja Evangélica Menonitas em Angola || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | 13,146 || align="right" | 21 || align="right" | 4,216 || align="right" | 19 || align="right" | 4,748 || align="right" | 45 || align="right" | 11,672
|-
| Igreja Menonitas em Angola / Comunidade Central Menonita em Angola|| align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 1,277 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 1,277
|-
| '''Total''' || align="right" | '''13''' || align="right" | '''1,250''' || align="right" | '''27''' || align="right" | '''17,698''' || align="right" | '''109''' || align="right" | '''10,920''' || align="right" | '''313''' || align="right" | '''34,772''' || align="right" | '''379''' || align="right" | '''38,696'''
|}

= Bibliography =
"Anglola" Mennonite World Conference. Web. 28 April 2020. https://mwc-cmm.org/mwc_map/country/1006. [Broken Link].

"Angola." Wikipedia. Web. 28 February 2011. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola].

"Angola MB Church Growing Despite Country’s Struggles." ''Mennonite Brethren Herald'' (23 June 2000). Web. 28 February 2011. [http://old.mbherald.com/39-13/news-9.html http://old.mbherald.com/39-13/news-9.html].

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. <em>Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness</em>. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 28 February 2011. [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000africa.html http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2000africa.html]. [Broken Link].

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 28 February 2011. [http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2003africa.html http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2003africa.html]. [Broken Link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics. 2024 Web. 4 September 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 28 February 2011. <span class="link-external">[http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006africa.pdf http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2006africa.pdf]</span>. [Broken Link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 28 February 2011. <span class="link-external">[http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members%202009/Africa%20Summary.doc http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members%202009/Africa%20Summary.doc]</span>. [Broken Link].

Mennonite World Conference. "World Directory 2012: Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches." Web. 8 March 2014. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/sites/default/files/website_files/mwc_world_directory_w_links.pdf. [Broken Link].

Pedro, Lutiniko Landu Miguel. "The Mennonite Brethren Church in Angola." In The Mennonite Brethren Church Around the World: Celebrating 150 Years," edited by Abe J. Dueck. Kitchener, ON: Pandora Press; Winnipeg, MB: Kindred Productions, 2010: 173-182.

Pedro, Lutiniko Landu Miguel. "Mennonites and Peace-Building in Angola." In ''Freedom’s Distant Shores: American Protestants and Post-Colonial Alliances with Africa'', edited by R. Drew Smith. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2006.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=April 2020|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi

2026-03-12T05:36:27Z

RichardThiessen: Clarified that the church has 24,000 members and adherents in 2026, not members.

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
The [[Mennonite Brethren Church]] in [[Malawi]] began on 13 September 2009 when Safari Bahati Mutabesha from the [[Congo, Democratic Republic of|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC) began a church in Dzaleka Refugee Camp along with several families. The church was comprised of people who were refugees from DRC, Burundi, and Rwanda. Eventually the church grew to two congregations within the camp and many more beyond the refugee camp in 10 additional districts in Malawi by 2023.

The emphasis is on holistic churches, planted through door to door [[evangelism]], open air meetings, Bible study groups, and [[discipleship]] training. Main objectives are providing counseling and conflict resolution in the community, and services and activities that address and alleviate the effects of poverty. Church leadership and mission training is provided by the denomination's founder, Safari, and leaders from [[Canada]] through the Missional Leadership Training program. Mission work by the Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi is being carried out in [[Mozambique]] and plans were underway in 2026 to work in [[Zambia]].

Food security is addressed by promoting drip irrigation technology through demonstration gardens, and a culture of saving is encouraged through a program called Village Savings and Loans (VSL). The church promotes hygiene and sanitation activities through health communities, and provides eyeglasses at a fraction of the cost that would be paid in the capital city through MENNO Eyeglass Clinic.

Climate change is being addressed through reforestation projects in areas where MB churches are located. This includes the planting of new trees as well as the regeneration of forest areas.

The denomination has a close relationship with [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] and the two organizations work together to address gender-based violence and material aid.

In 2022 Safari Bahati Mutabesha, who had led the church from its founding, returned to DRC and was succeeded by Shadreck Kwendanyama.

In 2026 the denomination had 69 churches and approximately 24,000 members and adherents. One primary school was operated by the church inside the Dzaleka camp and a second school outside Dzaleka camp.
= Bibliography =
Faber, Connie. "Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi." ''Christian Leader'' (1 July 2023). https://christianleadermag.com/icomb-mennonite-brethren-church-in-malawi/.

"The Gospel with Two Hands: Physical and Spiritual Development." Mennonite World Conference. 2 January 2024. Web. 9 March 2026. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/stories/gospel-two-hands-physical-and-spiritual-development/

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Kwendanyama|a1_first=Shadreck|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}
[[Category:Denominations]]

Malawi

2026-03-09T22:23:49Z

RichardThiessen: Updated table.

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:mi-map.gif|250px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html CIA World Factbook]'']]
[[File:Malawi1.jpg|245px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationMalawi.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Malawi is located in southeast [[Africa|Africa]] and was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by [[Zambia|Zambia]] to the northwest, [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] to the northeast, and [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is 118,484 km<sup>2</sup> (45,747 sq mi) with an estimated population in 2009 of 15,028,757. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third largest city is Mzuzu. The country is also nicknamed, "The Warm Heart of Africa."

Malawi was first settled during the 10th century and was colonized by the British, who ruled the country from 1891 until 1964, when it gained independence.

Malawi's population is made up of the Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni and Ngonde native ethnic groups, as well as populations of Asians and Europeans. Major languages include Chichewa, an official language spoken by over 57% of the population, Chinyanja (12.8%), Chiyao (10.1%) and Chitumbuka (9.5%).

According to the 1998 census, 79.9% of the population is Christian, with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] and the Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian making up the largest Christian groups. There are also smaller numbers of Anglicans, Baptists, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists. 12.8% of the population is [[Islam|Muslim]], with most of the Muslim population being Sunni. Other religious groups within the country comprise around 3% of the population, including Jews, Rastafarians, Hindus and Baha'is. Atheists make up around 4% of the population, although this number includes people who practice traditional African religions.

= Anabaptist Denominations in Malawi =
The [[Ibandla Labazalwane Kukristu e-Zimbabwe |Zimbabwean Brethren in Christ Church (Ibandla Labazalwane Kukristu e-Zimbabwe)]], in cooperation with [[Brethren in Christ Church |Brethren in Christ]] World Missions, launched a missionary outreach to Malawi in the mid-1980s in the southern and central areas of the country. In 1987 a second ministry was inaugurated in central Malawi among a largely Islamic tribal people who live near Lake Malawi. By 1985 some 200 Christians (13 congregations) in Malawi asked to become part of the Brethren in Christ Church, giving rise to the Brethren in Christ Church in Malawi.

The Malawi Brethren in Christ Church is committed to a variety of ministries. Leadership is comprised exclusively of Malawian personnel, with short-term leadership training carried out by North American missionaries. A key priority of the church is leadership training and it encourages women in ministry. Formal leadership training is centered primarily at the Evangelical Bible College of Malawi.

In 2020 the following Anabaptist denominations operated in Malawi:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations !! Congregations<br />in 1990 !! Membership<br />in 1990 !! Congregations<br />in 2000 !! Membership<br />in 2000 !! Congregations<br />in 2009 !! Membership<br />in 2009 !! Congregations<br />in 2020 !! Membership<br />in 2020 !! Congregations<br />in 2025 !! Membership<br />in 2025
|-
| align= "left" | Brethren in Christ Church (Malawi) Mpingo Wa Abale Mwa Kristu || 25 || 420 || 20 || 1,540 || 46 || 4,002 || 74 || 4,953 || 84 || 9,692
|-
| align= "left" | Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (Malawi) || || || || || 4 || 184 || 4 || 166 || 10 || 130
|-
| align= "left" | [[Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi]] || || || || || || || 19 || 2,500 || 105 || 11,158
|-
| align= "left" | Restoration Bible Church International || || || || || || || 18 || 1,800 || 18 || 1,800
|-
| align= "left" | '''Totals''' || '''25''' || '''420''' || '''20''' || '''1,540''' ||'''50''' || '''4,186''' || '''115''' || '''9,419''' || '''217''' || '''22,780'''
|}

= Bibliography =
"Background Material on Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches in Africa and the Countries where they are Found." 2001? Web. 17 April 2011. [broken link].

Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 5 April 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Malawi." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 5 April 2021. <nowiki>https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map</nowiki>.

Mennonite World Conference. "Membership, Map and Statistics." 2025. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/membership-map-and-statistics/

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Wikipedia. "Malawi." Web. 14 April 2011. [[wikipedia:Malawi|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi]].
= Additional Information =
'''Website''': [http://www.malawi-mission.org/ Brethren in Christ (Malawi)]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Malawi

2026-03-09T22:14:26Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:mi-map.gif|250px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html CIA World Factbook]'']]
[[File:Malawi1.jpg|245px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationMalawi.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Malawi is located in southeast [[Africa|Africa]] and was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by [[Zambia|Zambia]] to the northwest, [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] to the northeast, and [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is 118,484 km<sup>2</sup> (45,747 sq mi) with an estimated population in 2009 of 15,028,757. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third largest city is Mzuzu. The country is also nicknamed, "The Warm Heart of Africa."

Malawi was first settled during the 10th century and was colonized by the British, who ruled the country from 1891 until 1964, when it gained independence.

Malawi's population is made up of the Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni and Ngonde native ethnic groups, as well as populations of Asians and Europeans. Major languages include Chichewa, an official language spoken by over 57% of the population, Chinyanja (12.8%), Chiyao (10.1%) and Chitumbuka (9.5%).

According to the 1998 census, 79.9% of the population is Christian, with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] and the Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian making up the largest Christian groups. There are also smaller numbers of Anglicans, Baptists, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists. 12.8% of the population is [[Islam|Muslim]], with most of the Muslim population being Sunni. Other religious groups within the country comprise around 3% of the population, including Jews, Rastafarians, Hindus and Baha'is. Atheists make up around 4% of the population, although this number includes people who practice traditional African religions.

= Anabaptist Denominations in Malawi =
The [[Ibandla Labazalwane Kukristu e-Zimbabwe |Zimbabwean Brethren in Christ Church (Ibandla Labazalwane Kukristu e-Zimbabwe)]], in cooperation with [[Brethren in Christ Church |Brethren in Christ]] World Missions, launched a missionary outreach to Malawi in the mid-1980s in the southern and central areas of the country. In 1987 a second ministry was inaugurated in central Malawi among a largely Islamic tribal people who live near Lake Malawi. By 1985 some 200 Christians (13 congregations) in Malawi asked to become part of the Brethren in Christ Church, giving rise to the Brethren in Christ Church in Malawi.

The Malawi Brethren in Christ Church is committed to a variety of ministries. Leadership is comprised exclusively of Malawian personnel, with short-term leadership training carried out by North American missionaries. A key priority of the church is leadership training and it encourages women in ministry. Formal leadership training is centered primarily at the Evangelical Bible College of Malawi.

In 2020 the following Anabaptist denominations operated in Malawi:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations !! Congregations<br />in 1990 !! Membership<br />in 1990 !! Congregations<br />in 2000 !! Membership<br />in 2000 !! Congregations<br />in 2009 !! Membership<br />in 2009 !! Congregations<br />in 2020 !! Membership<br />in 2020
|-
| align= "left" | Brethren in Christ Church (Malawi) Mpingo Wa Abale Mwa Kristu || 25 || 420 || 20 || 1,540 || 46 || 4,002 || 74 || 4,953
|-
| align= "left" | Church of God in Christ, Mennonite || || || || || 4 || 184 || 4 || 166
|-
| align= "left" | [[Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi]] || || || || || || || 19 || 2,500
|-
| align= "left" | Restoration Bible Church International || || || || || || || 18 || 1,800
|-
| align= "left" | '''Totals''' || '''25''' || '''420''' || '''20''' || '''1,540''' ||'''50''' || '''4,186''' || '''115''' || '''9,419'''
|}

= Bibliography =
"Background Material on Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches in Africa and the Countries where they are Found." 2001? Web. 17 April 2011. [broken link].

Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 5 April 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Malawi." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 5 April 2021. <nowiki>https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map</nowiki>.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Wikipedia. "Malawi." Web. 14 April 2011. [[wikipedia:Malawi|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi]].
= Additional Information =
'''Website''': [http://www.malawi-mission.org/ Brethren in Christ (Malawi)]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Thiessen|a1_first=Richard D|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Countries]]

Malawi

2026-03-09T22:14:06Z

RichardThiessen:

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:mi-map.gif|250px|thumb|left|''Source: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html CIA World Factbook]'']]
[[File:Malawi1.jpg|245px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationMalawi.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]
= Introduction =
The Republic of Malawi is located in southeast [[Africa|Africa]] and was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by [[Zambia|Zambia]] to the northwest, [[Tanzania, United Republic of|Tanzania]] to the northeast, and [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is 118,484 km<sup>2</sup> (45,747 sq mi) with an estimated population in 2009 of 15,028,757. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third largest city is Mzuzu. The country is also nicknamed, "The Warm Heart of Africa."

Malawi was first settled during the 10th century and was colonized by the British, who ruled the country from 1891 until 1964, when it gained independence.

Malawi's population is made up of the Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni and Ngonde native ethnic groups, as well as populations of Asians and Europeans. Major languages include Chichewa, an official language spoken by over 57% of the population, Chinyanja (12.8%), Chiyao (10.1%) and Chitumbuka (9.5%).

According to the 1998 census, 79.9% of the population is Christian, with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] and the Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian making up the largest Christian groups. There are also smaller numbers of Anglicans, Baptists, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists. 12.8% of the population is [[Islam|Muslim]], with most of the Muslim population being Sunni. Other religious groups within the country comprise around 3% of the population, including Jews, Rastafarians, Hindus and Baha'is. Atheists make up around 4% of the population, although this number includes people who practice traditional African religions.

= Anabaptist Denominations in Malawi =
The [[Ibandla Labazalwane Kukristu e-Zimbabwe |Zimbabwean Brethren in Christ Church (Ibandla Labazalwane Kukristu e-Zimbabwe)]], in cooperation with [[Brethren in Christ Church |Brethren in Christ]] World Missions, launched a missionary outreach to Malawi in the mid-1980s in the southern and central areas of the country. In 1987 a second ministry was inaugurated in central Malawi among a largely Islamic tribal people who live near Lake Malawi. By 1985 some 200 Christians (13 congregations) in Malawi asked to become part of the Brethren in Christ Church, giving rise to the Brethren in Christ Church in Malawi.

The Malawi Brethren in Christ Church is committed to a variety of ministries. Leadership is comprised exclusively of Malawian personnel, with short-term leadership training carried out by North American missionaries. A key priority of the church is leadership training and it encourages women in ministry. Formal leadership training is centered primarily at the Evangelical Bible College of Malawi.

In 2020 the following Anabaptist denominations operated in Malawi:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right"
! Denominations !! Congregations<br />in 1990 !! Membership<br />in 1990 !! Congregations<br />in 2000 !! Membership<br />in 2000 !! Congregations<br />in 2009 !! Membership<br />in 2009 !! Congregations<br />in 2020 !! Membership<br />in 2020
|-
| align= "left" | Brethren in Christ Church (Malawi) Mpingo Wa Abale Mwa Kristu || 25 || 420 || 20 || 1,540 || 46 || 4,002 || 74 || 4,953
|-
| align= "left" | Church of God in Christ, Mennonite || || || || || 4 || 184 || 4 || 166
|-
| align= "left" | [[Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi]] || || || || || || || 19 || 2,500
|-
| align= "left" | Restoration Bible Church International || || || || || || || 18 || 1,800
|-
| align= "left" | '''Totals''' || '''25''' || '''420''' || '''20''' || '''1,540''' ||'''50''' || '''4,186''' || '''115''' || '''9,419'''
|}

= Bibliography =
"Background Material on Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches in Africa and the Countries where they are Found." 2001? Web. 17 April 2011. [broken link].

Central Intelligence Agency. "Kenya." ''The World Factbook''. Web. 5 April 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/.

Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. ''Mennonite World Handbook 1990: Mennonites in Global Witness''. Carol Stream, IL: Mennonite World Conference, 1990.

Mennonite World Conference. "2000 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "2003 Africa Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Global Map: Malawi." Mennonite World Conference. Web. 5 April 2021. <nowiki>https://mwc-cmm.org/global-map</nowiki>.

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2006: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. [broken link].

Wikipedia. "Malawi." Web. 14 April 2011. [[wikipedia:Malawi|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi]].
= Additional Information =
'''Website''': [http://www.malawi-mission.org/ Brethren in Christ (Malawi)]
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[[Category:Countries]]

Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi

2026-03-09T22:13:08Z

RichardThiessen:

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The [[Mennonite Brethren Church]] in [[Malawi]] began on 13 September 2009 when Safari Bahati Mutabesha from the [[Congo, Democratic Republic of|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC) began a church in Dzaleka Refugee Camp along with several families. The church was comprised of people who were refugees from DRC, Burundi, and Rwanda. Eventually the church grew to two congregations within the camp and many more beyond the refugee camp in 10 additional districts in Malawi by 2023.

The emphasis is on holistic churches, planted through door to door [[evangelism]], open air meetings, Bible study groups, and [[discipleship]] training. Main objectives are providing counseling and conflict resolution in the community, and services and activities that address and alleviate the effects of poverty. Church leadership and mission training is provided by the denomination's founder, Safari, and leaders from [[Canada]] through the Missional Leadership Training program. Mission work by the Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi is being carried out in [[Mozambique]] and plans were underway in 2026 to work in [[Zambia]].

Food security is addressed by promoting drip irrigation technology through demonstration gardens, and a culture of saving is encouraged through a program called Village Savings and Loans (VSL). The church promotes hygiene and sanitation activities through health communities, and provides eyeglasses at a fraction of the cost that would be paid in the capital city through MENNO Eyeglass Clinic.

Climate change is being addressed through reforestation projects in areas where MB churches are located. This includes the planting of new trees as well as the regeneration of forest areas.

The denomination has a close relationship with [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] and the two organizations work together to address gender-based violence and material aid.

In 2022 Safari Bahati Mutabesha, who had led the church from its founding, returned to DRC and was succeeded by Shadreck Kwendanyama.

In 2026 the denomination had 69 churches and approximately 24,000 members. One primary school was operated by the church inside the Dzaleka camp and a second school outside Dzaleka camp.
= Bibliography =
Faber, Connie. "Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi." ''Christian Leader'' (1 July 2023). https://christianleadermag.com/icomb-mennonite-brethren-church-in-malawi/.

"The Gospel with Two Hands: Physical and Spiritual Development." Mennonite World Conference. 2 January 2024. Web. 9 March 2026. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/stories/gospel-two-hands-physical-and-spiritual-development/

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[[Category:Denominations]]

Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi

2026-03-09T22:12:52Z

RichardThiessen: Created article.

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The [[Mennonite Brethren Church]] in [[Malawi]] began on 13 September 2009 when Safari Bahati Mutabesha from the [[Congo, Democratic Republic of|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC) began a church in Dzaleka Refugee Camp along with several families. The church was comprised of people who were refugees from DRC, Burundi, and Rwanda. Eventually the church grew to two congregations within the camp and many more beyond the refugee camp in 10 additional districts in Malawi by 2023.

The emphasis is on holistic churches, planted through door to door [[evangelism]], open air meetings, Bible study groups, and [[discipleship]] training. Main objectives are providing counseling and conflict resolution in the community, and services and activities that address and alleviate the effects of poverty. Church leadership and mission training is provided by the denomination's founder, Safari, and leaders from [[Canada]] through the Missional Leadership Training program. Mission work by the Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi is being carried out in [[Mozambique]] and plans were underway in 2026 to work in [[Zambia]].

Food security is addressed by promoting drip irrigation technology through demonstration gardens, and a culture of saving is encouraged through a program called Village Savings and Loans (VSL). The church promotes hygiene and sanitation activities through health communities, and provides eyeglasses at a fraction of the cost that would be paid in the capital city through MENNO Eyeglass Clinic.

Climate change is being addressed through reforestation projects in areas where MB churches are located. This includes the planting of new trees as well as the regeneration of forest areas.

The denomination has a close relationship with [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] and the two organizations work together to address gender-based violence and material aid.

In 2022 Safari Bahati Mutabesha, who had led the church from its founding, returned to DRC and was succeeded by Shadreck Kwendanyama.

In 2026 the denomination had 69 churches and approximately 24,000 members. One primary school was operated by the church inside the Dzaleka camp and a second school outside Dzaleka camp.
= Bibliography =
Faber, Connie. "Mennonite Brethren Church in Malawi." ''Christian Leader'' (1 July 2023). https://christianleadermag.com/icomb-mennonite-brethren-church-in-malawi/.

"The Gospel with Two Hands: Physical and Spiritual Development." Mennonite World Conference. 2 January 2024. Web. 9 March 2026. https://mwc-cmm.org/en/stories/gospel-two-hands-physical-and-spiritual-development/

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[[Category:Denominations]]

Yarrow United Mennonite Church (Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:52:21Z

RichardThiessen: Updated 2025 membership.

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[[File:YarrowUMCearly.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|''Yarrow United Mennonite Church, early years.<br />Source: Mennonite Historical Society of British Columbia''.]]
[[File:YarrowUMC1959.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|''Yarrow United Mennonite Church, 1959<br />
Source: Mennonite Historical Society of British Columbia''.]]
[[File:YarrowUnitedMennoniteChurch.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Yarrow United Mennonite Church, Chilliwack, BC, 2018''.]]

Mennonites in [[Yarrow (Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada)|Yarrow]] (now a part of [[Chilliwack (British Columbia, Canada)|Chilliwack]]), British Columbia began services in 1928 when the first Mennonites moved to the area. United Mennonite and [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]] families gathered together for worship in various homes until the summer of 1928, when a one-room elementary school was built in Yarrow and the school board gave the Mennonites in Yarrow permission to use the school for their worship services. When a second one-room school was built in Yarrow, the two groups separated and held their own worship services. United or General Conference Mennonites organized their first church in Greendale, [[River of Life Church (Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada)|First Mennonite Church Greendale]], in 1931, and in the early years families from both Greendale and Yarrow formed one church with two separate locations.

Yarrow United Mennonite Church (initially called ''Vereinigte Mennoniten Gemeinde zu Yarrow'') formally organized on 25 October 1938 with the assistance of [[Bahnmann, Nicolai W. (1879-1945) & Bahnmann, Meta Regier (1887-1975)|N. W. Bahnmann]] from Coghlan. [[Klassen, John Julius (1905-1971)|J. J. Klassen]] became the first pastor of the church. The first building was occupied in 1938, with a dedication service held on 16 October 1938 in conjunction with a Harvest Thanksgiving service. The congregation grew rapidly in the late 1940s and early 1950s due to a major influx of Mennonites and others from Russia and West Prussia after World War II.

When the [[Mennonite Church British Columbia|Conference of United Mennonite Churches of British Columbia]] organized in 1936 and incorporated in 1940, Yarrow sent delegates. They joined the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]] of North America in 1938 and in 1939 Yarrow officially applied for membership in the provincial conference. Yarrow hosted the formation of the BC Mennonite Women’s Conference in 1939 and in 1940 held a Bible school in the church. In 1941 records show that they had a deacon on the Ministers and Deacons committee of the BC Conference. By all accounts the congregation was quite active in the late 1930s and 1940s.

Yarrow United Mennonite Church continued to grow in worship attendance, and in 1940 the church building was expanded. By the early 1950s membership stood at 210 and plans were made to build a new sanctuary. The new church was dedicated on 21 June 1959 and in October 1963, while celebrating its 25<sup>th</sup> Anniversary, the mortgage papers for the ten year mortgage were ceremonially burned.

The first language used in worship and Sunday school was German. The transition began in the 1960s, when Sunday school teachers began using English because students no longer understood the German language. The final transition to exclusive use of English in worship came due to the very small number of worshipers who spoke the German language.

While a number of Yarrow families moved away to larger cities after a few years, in September 1988 the congregation celebrated its 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary with 113 official members. In the congregation’s 50 years of existence there occurred 165 marriages, 275 baptisms and 150 deaths. The lack of work opportunities in more recent years has resulted in a reduction of members from a high of 201 members in 1956 to 63 in 2010.

The congregation has been served by the following deacons since 1974: Ike and Veronica Thiessen, 1974-1984; Linda Neufeld Klassen, 1981-1983; Gerald and Marlene Janzen, 1981-1985; Dieter and Mary Niedermeiser, 1985-1997; John and Shirley Finstra, 1998-2000; Jake and Janette Toews, 1998-2007; Carter and Ruby Waugh, 2000-2003; Gotthard and Marie Rehsler, 2000-2005; Len and Toby Peters, 2003-present; and Bert and Elisabete Isaak, 2005-2006. The following served as Choir Leaders: John Baerg, 1960-1990; Linda Rempel, 1990-2000; and Marion Braun, 2000-2007.

The generous heart of the congregation has continued throughout its existence. Not only have they contributed to the building of a place of worship, members of the congregation have contributed faithfully to Mennonite Church British Columbia, [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] and [[Mennonite Church Canada|Mennonite Church Canada]] Witness programs over the years. The members of the congregation continue contributing their talents in Mennonite Disaster Service projects.

Yarrow United Mennonite Church continues to worship in the more traditional style. Praise and Worship on Sunday morning is led by a variety of people who lead in the singing of hymns as well as older and more contemporary chorus arrangements. Singing is done with piano accompaniment and also a cappella. In addition to the pastor, lay people also lead the worship services.
= Bibliography =
''Canadian Mennonite'' (24 November 1961): 12.

''Churches in Profile''. Abbotsford, BC: Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia, 1978: 109-113.

"Dedication Service at Yarrow Sunday: New Church Combines Dedication and Harvest Thanksgiving Services." ''Chilliwack Progress'' (19 October 1938): 7.

Kehler, Peter. "The History of the General Conference Church at Yarrow, British Columbia." Research paper, Canadian Mennonite Bible College, 1951, 28 pp. [http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/programs/archives/index.htm Mennonite Heritage Centre.]

Klassen, Agatha E., ed. ''Yarrow: a Portrait in Mosaic''. Yarrow, BC: Miss A. E. Klassen, 1976. 124 pp.

Lehn, Cornelia. ''Frontier Challenge: A Story of the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia''. Clearbrook, BC: Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia, 1990.

Yarrow United Mennonite Church 25<sup>th</sup> Anniversary booklet, 1938-1963.
= Additional Information =
'''Address''': 4336 Eckert Road, Chilliwack BC V2R 5J5

'''Phone''': 604-823-4451

'''Denominational Affiliations:'''

[[Mennonite Church British Columbia|Mennonite Church British Columbia]] (1939-present)

Conference of Mennonites in Canada / [[Mennonite Church Canada|Mennonite Church Canada]] (1939-present)

General Conference Mennonite Church (1938-1999)
=== Yarrow United Mennonite Church Pastors ===
{| class="wikitable"
! <strong>Pastor</strong>
! <strong>Years</strong>
|-
| [[Klassen, John Julius (1905-1971)|John J. Klassen]]
| align="right" | 1938-1957
|-
| [[Dyck, Peter Wilhelm "P. W." (1900-1988)|Peter W. Dyck]]
| align="right" | 1957-1970
|-
| Henry Claassen
| align="right" | 1970-1979
|-
| Henry T. Klassen (interim)
| align="right" | 1979
|-
| [[Epp, Henry H. (1925-2010)|Henry H. Epp]]
| align="right" | 1979-1982
|-
| Arnold Fast
| align="right" | 1982-1986
|-
| John Unrau
| align="right" | 1986-1989
|-
| Dan Rempel
| align="right" | 1989-2000
|-
| Ron Braun
| align="right" | 2000-2007
|-
| Barry Lesser
| align="right" | 2007-2018
|-
| Darnell Barkman
| align="right" | 2018-present
|}
=== Yarrow United Mennonite Membership ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Year
! Members
|-
| 1938
| 31
|-
| 1939
| 44
|-
| 1945
| 63
|-
| 1950
| 152
|-
| 1955
| 193
|-
| 1959
| 174
|-
| 1965
| 189
|-
| 1975
| 110
|-
| 1985
| 103
|-
| 1995
| 96
|-
| 2006
| 77
|-
| 2010
| 63
|-
| 2015
| 55
|-
| 2020
| 60
|-
| 2025
| 56
|}

= Maps =
[[Map:Yarrow United Mennonite Church (Chilliwack, BC)|Map:Yarrow United Mennonite Church (Chilliwack, BC)]]
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[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
[[Category:General Conference Mennonite Church Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

White Rock Mennonite Church (White Rock, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:51:27Z

RichardThiessen: Added membership table.

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[[File:White%20Rock.jpg|400px|thumb|right|''White Rock Mennonite Christian Fellowship, White Rock, BC'']]
White Rock Mennonite Christian Fellowship can be traced back to immigrants from [[Taiwan|Taiwan]] that began arriving in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]] in the 1990s. Many of these were professionals but because of various government requirements, they were not able to find employment. As a result, some of them began their own business ventures. In other cases, the husband would return to Taiwan while the rest of the family remained in Canada. Some of them were Christians but the majority were not.

One family, Harold Lue and his wife Katharine Wu, were members of the Mennonite Church in Taiwan and Katharine worked as a family counselor. She was soon in high demand as a family counselor seeking to help Taiwanese families adjust to their new circumstances. She came in to contact with [[Living Hope Christian Fellowship (Surrey, British Columbia, Canada)|Living Hope Christian Fellowship]] and eventually the Living Hope Mandarin (or Taiwanese) Ministry was envisioned.

On 16 September 1998 Katharine started a Bible Study in her home, reaching out mainly to Taiwanese women and their families in the White Rock and South Surrey area. Since Peter and Sue Kehler had worked with her in Taiwan, they were asked to come and assist her with the Bible Study and also begin teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. They began on 13 November with a Beginner and an Advanced class. The first half hour was devoted to teaching English grammar and the second half was used to teach Canadian customs and culture and later using Bible stories for study and conversation. Lorin Bergen, pastor of Living Hope Christian Fellowship, preached at the White Rock Mennonite Christian Fellowship (WRMCF) one Sunday a month and served the communion and baptized the new believers. Living Hope also provided some of the funds for ministry at WRMCF. [[Mennonite Church British Columbia|Mennonite Church British Columbia]] through the Evangelism and Church Development Committee (ECDC) also contributed to the ministry for a number of years. The congregation joined Mennonite Church BC in 2000 with 7 members.

The group continued to grow, particularly with their youth ministry, so they rented the small chapel in the Seaview Pentecostal Church for ESL on Fridays and worship service on Sunday afternoon. They remained in this building until they moved to the Oxford Baptist Church a few blocks down the street in 2003. The attendance at the worship services was usually about 40 but increased to almost 70 for a short period. They have had a choir for many years and even participated in a number of music festivals.

The ministry of the church varied according to the pastors who served the church and according to the talent and wishes of the persons who served as chairperson of the church. The persons who served as pastors of the church were Katharine Wu, who ministered to the congregation until her return to Taiwan in January 2003, James Lin, Peter Kehler, Jonathan Deng and currently Timothy Liang. For a number of years the church had no pastor but was served by the deacons of the church and guest speakers.

The first years were devoted in helping people to understand the Christian faith and family counseling and in assisting persons in their adjustment to Canada. One unique feature of WRMCF was their sense of community. To encourage their non-Christian friends to explore the Christian faith they invited them to attend the weekly Bible Studies, the Sunday worship services and the church’s annual retreats. Their first retreat was held at the UBC Loon Lake Recreation and Education Center, another at Manning Park, and one at [[Stillwood Camp and Conference Centre (Lindell Beach, British Columbia, Canada)|Stillwood Camp]], overlooking Cultus Lake.

Attendance has declined over the past few years, with some returning to Taiwan, and other relocating.

In 2012 the congregation changed its name to White Rock Mennonite Church.

In March 2019 Chris Lin began to serve as pastor of the congregation. He followed Timothy Liang who left the end of 2018.
= Additional Information =
'''Address''': 1519 Oxford, White Rock, BC V4B 3R7

'''Denominational Affiliations''':

[http://mcbc.ca/ Mennonite Church British Columbia] (2000-present)

[http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/ Mennonite Church Canada] (2000-present)

=== White Rock Mennonite Church Membership ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Year
! Members
! Attendance
|-
| 2015
| 57
|
|-
| 2020
| 55
|
|-
| 2025
| 83
| 72
|}

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[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

Valley Road Church (Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:47:34Z

RichardThiessen: Updated

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Valley Road Church began in January 2024 as a church plant of [[Mennonite Church British Columbia]]. It began with a weekly attendance of 45-55. The church was led by Jordan Pilgrim.

In 2025 the church had an average weekly attendance of 60.
=Bibliography=

=Additional Information=

'''Address:''' 228 Valley Road, Kelowna BC V1V 2G2

'''Website''' https://valleyroadchurch.ca/

'''Denominational Affiliations:'''
Mennonite Church British Columbia

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[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

United Mennonite Church (Black Creek, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:46:20Z

RichardThiessen: Updated 2025 membership and attendance.

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[[File:Black%20Creek%20UMC.jpg|500px|thumb|right|''United Mennonite Church, Black Creek, BC'']]
Twenty kilometers north of Courtenay on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, nestled within the trees and lawns of a small rural acreage, sits the United Mennonite Church of Black Creek (UMC). Although the early Mennonite settlers in Black Creek, beginning in 1932, moved directly from the Prairie Provinces, they were part of a wave of immigrants from the Mennonite settlements in the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]. They worked at mixed farming as well as in logging camps and lumber mills. Their reputation as honest, hardworking men and women was soon established and many were offered jobs simply by virtue of the faith community to which they belonged. The original families included Henry and Elisabeth Schulz, Jacob and Margaret Brucks, Aron and Justina Enns, Jake and Anna Nickel, William and Elizabeth Hamm, Jacob and Maria Dirks, John and Aganeta Kroeker, Jacob and Maria Penner, George and Katherine Wedel, and Peter and Anna Hildebrand.

In 1937 a group of Mennonites that had been meeting in homes and the local school decided to formally organize as a congregation with 34 members under the leadership of Henry H. Schulz. At the same time, the decision was made to build a church. Bil Halbe donated the land for the church and also donated land for the cemetery and school (now Halbe Hall) for a total of three acres. Elder [[Janzen, Jacob H. (1878-1950)|Jacob H. Janzen]] helped to raise funds for the church, collecting half of the $200 needed for the construction of the 24 by 36-foot building. United Mennonite Church was built by a group of men and women who, despite the challenges of cultural barriers and the Great Depression, were determined to have a central meeting place to worship God. The foundation was laid on 24 March 1937 and Rev. Janzen dedicated it in the fall when he arrived.

United Mennonite Church of Black Creek is one of the oldest churches affiliated with [[Mennonite Church British Columbia|Mennonite Church British Columbia]], one of seven BC churches that are listed as attending the first provincial conference in 1936. Like several other Mennonite congregations in British Columbia, this congregation also started services in cooperation with settlers who were Mennonite Brethren. Perhaps more than any other Mennonite Church, it has maintained close ties with its sister church.

Jacob Brucks, who came to Black Creek in 1936, became the first lay minister at the United Mennonite Church, leading meetings, reading sermons, and teaching Sunday school. In 1939 [[Friesen, Nickolai N. (1901-1995)|Nickolai N. Friesen]] came to serve the church at their request. During his first two years, Friesen taught students at a winter Bible school. During the war years many Mennonites went into the [[Alternative Service Work Camps (Canada)|Alternative Service]] Program for [[Conscientious Objection|Conscientious Objectors]]. Due to the close proximity of many of these camps to Black Creek, the congregation became involved in ministry to them. Friesen ministered to them on many occasions. Friesen was the first ordained pastor in the congregation, serving in that role until 1954.

Friesen was followed by Walter Dirks. During Dirks’ ministry, the congregation sponsored a Sunday school mission at Oyster Bay where a mission chapel was built in 1957. In the early 1960s the church was again without a pastor, so they called [[Peters, Gerhard I. (1906-1999)|Gerhard I. Peters]] of Chilliwack to come to Black Creek on weekends. He did this for two and a half years, making at least 100 trips and visiting 156 homes. Jacob Enns served from 1963 to 1968.

On 15 December 1963 the church dedicated its new sanctuary, moving from the small original building to a new and much larger facility located on land donated by Ben and Tina Enns. This building easily accommodated the growing families of the original settlers and other Mennonites who had been attracted to the community.

Jacob Enns and his family moved in 1969 and he was followed in the pastorate by Jacob Schmidt, 1969-1970, and [[Koop, Abraham B. (1914-1993)|Abraham Koop]], 1970-1978. After Abe Koop’s term, it was some time before Black Creek was able to find a permanent pastor. Short term and interim pastoral care was provided by Peter Froese, [[Scheffler, Hugo Cornelius (1901-1977)|Hugo Scheffler]], Steve Dick, Nick Dick and Paul Koehler. In 1985 Peter Neudorf arrived from Calgary to re-established pastoral continuity.

The late 1960s saw a strengthening of the effort to reach out to the broader community. The more frequent use of English in worship services helped; by 1971 English was the first language of worship and the 1970s and 1980s witnessed a greater cultural diversity within the congregation. Peter Neudorf continued the focus on community outreach and under his leadership the church experienced growth that resulted in a significant expansion of the church building in 1994, the congregation having 93 members.

The congregation had an exceptionally strong youth outreach program from 1994 through 2005 under the supervision of Lynn Magee that saw many youth not only participate in social activities, Bible study and mission trips, but also come to faith in Christ and baptism. The youth group was large enough that UMC hired Scott Cosman as half time youth leader, 1998-1999.

Peter Neudorf left in 1996 to accept a position at [[River of Life Church (Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada)|Greendale Mennonite Church]] and Marv and Tanell Wirzba shared the pastorate at UMC, 1996-2000. Abe Buhler was called and served as pastor from 2001-2003 and was followed by the return of Peter Neudorf who served a second term from 2003 until his retirement in 2007. Steve Isaac was called to fill the pastoral position and served until 2009. Walter Dirks (1954-1959) and Gordon Carter (2010-2013) are both members of the local church to be ordained to pastoral ministry.

In the summer of 2012, the Church celebrated its 75th anniversary. The church motto was "Follow Thou Me."

On 7 July 2013, the congregation joined [[Mennonite Church Canada]] after having withdrawn from the conference approximately 10 years earlier.
= Bibliography =
''Canadian Mennonite'' (10 January 1958): 5; (23 August 2010): 26; (30 September 2013): 23.

''Churches in Profile''. Clearbrook, BC: Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia, 1978: 13-15.

Koop, A. B., ed. <em>United Mennonite Church: Black Creek, BC, 1937-1987. </em>Black Creek, BC: United Mennonite Church, 1987.

Lehn, Cornelia. <em>Frontier Challenge: A Story of the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia</em>. Clearbrook, BC: Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia, 1990: 16-17, 110-111.

''Mennonite Reporter'' (20 February 1989): 12; (13 October 1994): 12.

Stobbe, Ben. "The Way We Were: Settling in Black Creek." <em>Roots and Branches: Newsletter of the Mennonite Historical Society of BC</em> 10, no. 1 (April 2004). [http://www.mhsbc.com/news/2004/2004v10n1.htm http://www.mhsbc.com/news/2004/2004v10n1.htm] (accessed 19 May 2008).

Stobbe, Ben. "The Way We Were: Settling in Black Creek: Part 2, The Establishment and Development of Mennonite Churches." <em>Roots and Branches: Newsletter of the Mennonite Historical Society of BC</em> 10, no.2 (September 2004). [http://www.mhsbc.com/news/2004/2004v10n2.htm http://www.mhsbc.com/news/2004/2004v10n2.htm] (accessed 19 May 2008).
<h3>Archival Records</h3>
Mennonite Heritage Centre: [http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/programs/archives/holdings/BC/BC_blackcreek.htm United Mennonite Church (Black Creek, B.C.) fonds].
= Additional Information =
'''Address''': 2277 Enns Road, Black Creek BC V9J 1H7

'''Phone''': 250-337-5341

'''Denominational Affiliations:'''

Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia / <span class="link-external">[http://mcbc.ca/index.html Mennonite Church British Columbia]</span> (1936-present)

Conference of Mennonites in Canada / <span class="link-external">[http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/ Mennonite Church Canada]</span>

[[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]] (1938-1999)
=== United Mennonite Church Ministers ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Minister
! Years
|-
| Jacob Brucks
| align="right" | 1936-1939
|-
| [[Friesen, Nickolai N. (1901-1995)|Nickolai N. Friesen]]
| align="right" | 1939-1953
|-
| Peter Born
| align="right" | 1948-1952
|-
| Walter Dirks
| align="right" | 1953-1954
|-
| [[Scheffler, Hugo Cornelius (1901-1977)|Hugo Scheffler]]
| align="right" | 1954-1955
|-
| Walter Dirks
| align="right" | 1955-1959
|-
| [[Peters, Gerhard I. (1906-1999)|Gerhard I. Peters]]
| align="right" | 1961-1963
|-
| Jacob Enns
| align="right" | 1963-1968
|-
| Peter Froese (interim)
| align="right" | 1968
|-
| Jacob Schmidt
| align="right" | 1968-1970
|-
| [[Koop, Abraham B. (1914-1993)|Abraham B. Koop]]
| align="right" | 1970-1978
|-
| Steve Dick (interim)
| align="right" | 1978-1979
|-
| Nick Dick (interim)
| align="right" | 1979-1982
|-
| Paul Koehler (interim)
| align="right" | 1983-1984
|-
| Peter Neudorf
| align="right" | 1985-1995
|-
| Tanell & Marvin Wirzba
| align="right" | 1996-2000
|-
| Abraham Buhler
| align="right" | 2001-2003
|-
| Peter Neudorf
| align="right" | 2003-2007
|-
| Steve Isaac
| align="right" | 2007-2009
|-
| Gordon Carter (interim)
| align="right" | 2010-2014
|-
| Gerry Binnema
| align="right" | 2014-2020
|-
| Peter Tyne (Interim)
| align="right" | 2021
|-
| Dan Forest
| align="right" | 2021-present
|}

=== United Mennonite Church Membership ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Year
! Members
! Attendance
|-
| 1936
| 34
|
|-
| 1940
| 20
|
|-
| 1947
| 32
|
|-
| 1949
| 54
|
|-
| 1952
| 65
|
|-
| 1959
| 83
|
|-
| 1965
| 54
|
|-
| 1970
| 38
|
|-
| 1975
| 82
|
|-
| 1980
| 52
|
|-
| 1985
| 51
|
|-
| 1990
| 74
|
|-
| 1995
| 93
|
|-
| 2000
| 73
|
|-
| 2005
| 75
|
|-
| 2010
| 90
|
|-
| 2015
| 69
|
|-
| 2020
| 72
|
|-
| 2025
| 46
| 64
|}

= Maps =
[[Map:United Mennonite Church, Black Creek, BC|Map:United Mennonite Church, Black Creek, BC]]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, p. 351|date=March 2026|a1_last=Goerz|a1_first=John A.|a2_last=Carter|a2_first=Gordon}}

[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
[[Category:General Conference Mennonite Church Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

Sherbrooke Mennonite Church (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:44:07Z

RichardThiessen: Updated 2025 membership and attendance.

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:SherbrookeMC.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|''Sherbrooke Mennonite Church, ca. 1980s.<br />
Source: MHSBC Archives S29.3-2011.027.021''.]]
[[File:SMC%20Church.jpg|350px|thumb|right|''Sherbrooke Mennonite Church, Vancouver, BC, 2010<br />
Source: MCBC'']]
The Sherbrooke Mennonite Church in [[Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada)|Vancouver]], British Columbia began services in 1965 and occupied its first building in that same year. [[Cornelsen, Erwin (1919-2020)|Erwin Cornelsen]] is considered the founding leader of the group. The congregation originated through church planting by [[Peace Church on 52nd (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|Vancouver First United Mennonite]]. In the early years the congregation was made up of many emigrants from the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]], [[Germany|Germany]], and [[South America|South America]]. Emigration, primarily from South America, continued through the 1970s and contributed to the congregation's growth. In 1971 the congregation's pastor, Erwin Cornelsen, was ordained as an elder.

Sherbrooke organized itself as an independent congregation on 1 January 1968 with 174 members. Over a period of 10 years (1968-1978) the membership more than doubled, necessitating already in 1973 the building of an annex. The services in Sherbrooke were initially all in the German language. In 1973 separate German and English language services were introduced. Bilingual services helped for a while, but in 1974, separate services in English and German came into effect. This arrangement lasted until early 2010, when keeping a German service was no longer feasible.

Cornelia Lehn reported in 1990: "The people who made up the congregation came from many different places in the world: 39 percent were born in Russia, 23 percent in Paraguay, 18 percent in Canada, 11 percent in Germany, 4 percent in Brazil, and 5 percent in other countries."

Sherbrooke is the parent church to [[Peace Mennonite Church (Richmond, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace Mennonite Church]] in Richmond, which formally organized in 1980. Ministries to various ethnic groups resulted in the birth of the [[Vancouver Vietnamese Mennonite Church (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|Vancouver Vietnamese Mennonite Church]] in 2001, followed by the [[Sherbrooke Korean Mennonite Fellowship (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|Sherbrooke Korean Mennonite Fellowship]] in 2004, with both congregations meeting in the facilities of the parent church.

By the 1990s the congregation experienced a decline due to the movement of retired members to cities like [[Abbotsford (British Columbia, Canada)|Abbotsford]] and the movement of younger families to the [[Fraser Valley (British Columbia, Canada)|Fraser Valley]] in search of more affordable housing.

Many of Sherbrooke’s remaining members have moved further away, thereby making the church more a drive-in church than a community church. Still, the sense of serving the community remains strong. Together with other churches Sherbrooke tries to help people to recover from substance abuse (Place of Refuge) and to help people with physical needs (Food Bank). Sherbrooke reaches out to children in the neighborhood with a Summer Ministries Program. Members of Sherbrooke are actively involved in the Fraser Street Mennonite Central Committee Thrift Store.

In 2023 the [[First United Spanish Mennonite Church (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|First United Spanish Mennonite Church]] moved to the Sherbrooke location.
= Bibliography =
''Churches in Profile''. Clearbrook, BC: Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia, 1978: 94-98.

Mennonite Church British Columbia. <em>New 'n Notes</em> (Jan/Feb/Mar 2009).

''Mennonite Reporter'' (17 April 1978): 18.

"Sherbrooke Mennonite Church 1968-1978," 6 pp. Mennonite Historical Society of Canada coll., [https://uwaterloo.ca/mennonite-archives-ontario/ Mennonite Archives of Ontario]

Unpublished congregational history, 1980, 29 pp. [http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/programs/archives/ Mennonite Heritage Centre. ]
<h3>Archival Records</h3>
Church records at [http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/programs/archives/ Mennonite Heritage Centre. ]

= Additional Information =
'''Address''': 7155 Sherbrooke St., Vancouver, BC, V5X 4E3. The church is located on 55th Ave. between Fraser St. and Knight St.

'''Phone''': 604-327-3913

'''Website''': [http://sherbrookemennonite.org/ Sherbrooke Mennonite Church]

<strong>Denominational Affiliation</strong>

[http://www.mcbc.ca/ Mennonite Church British Columbia] (1968-present)

Conference of Mennonites in Canada / [http://www.mennonitechurch.ca Mennonite Church Canada] (1968-present)

[[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]] (1971-1999)
=== Sherbrooke Mennonite Church Leading Ministers ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Minister
! Years
|-
| [[Cornelsen, Erwin (1919-2020)|Erwin Cornelsen]]
| align="right" | 1968-1996
|-
| [[Schonwetter, Jurgen (1938-2021)|Jurgen Schonwetter]]
| align="right" | 1978-1980
|-
| Henry Kliewer
| align="right" | 1981-1992
|-
| Wally Nickel
| align="right" | 1993
|-
| Rudy Froese
| align="right" | 1994-1998
|-
| Garry Janzen
| align="right" | 1998-2007
|-
| James Wittenberg
| align="right" | 2009-2017
|-
| Phil Routly (transitional)
| align="right" | 2017-2019
|-
| Kevin Barkowsky
| align="right" | 2019-present
|}

=== Sherbrooke Mennonite Church Membership ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Year
! Members
! Attendance
|-
| 1968
| 175
|
|-
| 1974
| 305
|
|-
| 1979
| 374
|
|-
| 1985
| 274
|
|-
| 1990
| 292
|
|-
| 1995
| 282
|
|-
| 2000
| 245
|
|-
| 2005
| 220
|
|-
| 2010
| 212
|
|-
| 2015
| 183
|
|-
| 2020
| 139
|
|-
| 2025
| 54
| 55
|}

= Maps =
[[Map:Sherbrooke Mennonite Church (Vancouver, BC)|Map:Sherbrooke Mennonite Church (Vancouver, BC)]]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Hildebrand|a1_first=Alfred|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
[[Category:General Conference Mennonite Church Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

Peace Chinese Mennonite Church (Richmond, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:41:52Z

RichardThiessen: /* Peace Chinese Mennonite Church Membership */

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
Originating as an outreach by [[Peace Mennonite Church (Richmond, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace Mennonite Church]] in Richmond, BC, Jack and Rose To founded Richmond Peace Chinese Mennonite Church in 1987. The congregation received initial assistance from [[Vancouver Chinese Mennonite Church (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|Vancouver Chinese Mennonite]] and [[Chinese Grace Mennonite Church (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|Chinese Grace Mennonite Church]], although financial sustenance was made possible through a collaborative effort by the Mission/Service Committee of Peace Mennonite Church and Call to Kingdom Commitments, a special renewal effort of the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]]. The congregation joined the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia in 1996. The current pastor is Joseph Huen.

The primary language of worship is Cantonese, although some activities, including youth activities, are in English. The congregation worships in the facilities of Peace Mennonite Church, and has some joint activities with them. Membership in 2011 was 74, with an average attendance of around 80-90 from youth to seniors.

The church is located in a city with an immigrant population of 60%, the highest in Canada, and many of those come from [[People's Republic of China|Mainland China]], [[Taiwan]] or [[Hong Kong (China)|Hong Kong]]. Most congregants of Richmond Chinese Mennonite Church are longer-settled immigrants to the area, rather than recent ones. Outreach ministries include community classes and a summer camp for children.
= Bibliography =
Lehn, Cornelia. <em>Frontier Challenge: A Story of the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia</em>. Clearbrook, BC: The Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia, 1990: 136-137.

''Mennonite Reporter'' (27 July 1987): 16; (17 April 1989): 15.
= Additional Information =
'''Address''': 11571 Daniels Rd., Richmond, BC V6X 1M7

'''Phone''': 604-278-9848

'''Website''': https://rpcmc.org/

'''Denominational Affiliations''':

[[Mennonite Church British Columbia|Mennonite Church British Columbia]] (1996-present)

[[Mennonite Church Canada|Mennonite Church Canada]] (1996-present)
=== Peace Chinese Mennonite Church Pastors ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Minister
! Years
|-
| Jack To
| 1987-2002
|-
| Joseph Huen
| 2002-?
|-
| Samuel Wong
| 2019?-present
|}

=== Peace Chinese Mennonite Church Membership ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Year
! Members
! Attendance
|-
| 2002
| 56
|
|-
| 2006
| 60
|
|-
| 2010
| 74
|
|-
| 2015
| 71
|
|-
| 2020
| 68
|
|-
| 2025
| 57
| 90
|}
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Dueckman|a1_first=Amy|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

Peace Chinese Mennonite Church (Richmond, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:40:35Z

RichardThiessen: Updated 2025 membership.

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
Originating as an outreach by [[Peace Mennonite Church (Richmond, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace Mennonite Church]] in Richmond, BC, Jack and Rose To founded Richmond Peace Chinese Mennonite Church in 1987. The congregation received initial assistance from [[Vancouver Chinese Mennonite Church (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|Vancouver Chinese Mennonite]] and [[Chinese Grace Mennonite Church (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)|Chinese Grace Mennonite Church]], although financial sustenance was made possible through a collaborative effort by the Mission/Service Committee of Peace Mennonite Church and Call to Kingdom Commitments, a special renewal effort of the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonite Church]]. The congregation joined the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia in 1996. The current pastor is Joseph Huen.

The primary language of worship is Cantonese, although some activities, including youth activities, are in English. The congregation worships in the facilities of Peace Mennonite Church, and has some joint activities with them. Membership in 2011 was 74, with an average attendance of around 80-90 from youth to seniors.

The church is located in a city with an immigrant population of 60%, the highest in Canada, and many of those come from [[People's Republic of China|Mainland China]], [[Taiwan]] or [[Hong Kong (China)|Hong Kong]]. Most congregants of Richmond Chinese Mennonite Church are longer-settled immigrants to the area, rather than recent ones. Outreach ministries include community classes and a summer camp for children.
= Bibliography =
Lehn, Cornelia. <em>Frontier Challenge: A Story of the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia</em>. Clearbrook, BC: The Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia, 1990: 136-137.

''Mennonite Reporter'' (27 July 1987): 16; (17 April 1989): 15.
= Additional Information =
'''Address''': 11571 Daniels Rd., Richmond, BC V6X 1M7

'''Phone''': 604-278-9848

'''Website''': https://rpcmc.org/

'''Denominational Affiliations''':

[[Mennonite Church British Columbia|Mennonite Church British Columbia]] (1996-present)

[[Mennonite Church Canada|Mennonite Church Canada]] (1996-present)
=== Peace Chinese Mennonite Church Pastors ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Minister
! Years
|-
| Jack To
| 1987-2002
|-
| Joseph Huen
| 2002-?
|-
| Samuel Wong
| 2019?-present
|}

=== Peace Chinese Mennonite Church Membership ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Year
! Members
|-
| 2002
| 56
|-
| 2006
| 60
|-
| 2010
| 74
|-
| 2015
| 71
|-
| 2020
| 68
|-
| 2025
| 57
|}
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Dueckman|a1_first=Amy|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

[[Category:Churches]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
[[Category:British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]

Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)

2026-03-03T19:37:27Z

RichardThiessen: Updated 2025 membership and attendance.

__FORCETOC__
__TOC__
[[File:PGIMF%20inside.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship, Interior<br />
Source: MCBC'']]
Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship (PGIMF) was begun by individuals interested in creating an inter-Mennonite congregation west of Main Street that could relate to [[Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada)|Vancouver]]’s university students. The fellowship first met in September 1986. Known as the Point Grey Fellowship (PGF), they rented the chapel of The Menno Simons Centre, a former convent that had recently been purchased by The Pacific Centre for Discipleship to serve as a residence for Mennonite and Christian university students. The initial PGF attendees came from three Mennonite traditions: [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]], [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference]], and [[Mennonite Church (MC)|Mennonite Church]].

The small fellowship, which has always worked by consensus, was lay-led (1986-1988), when Palmer Becker was invited to serve from 1988 to 1991 as the fellowship’s part-time pastor and as part-time University Chaplain (supported by the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia). Following the unexpected departure of the fellowship’s second pastor, Murray Phillips, in 1991, PGF once again became lay-led (1991-present).

Point Grey Fellowship was accepted for full membership in the [[British Columbia Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|British Columbia Conference of the Mennonite Brethren (MB) Churches]] in 1987. After it was granted associate membership in the Conference of Mennonites in British Columbia (now [[Mennonite Church British Columbia|Mennonite Church British Columbia]]) in 1992, PGF changed its name to Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship in 1993. Later changes to conference polity permitted the fellowship’s full membership in both conferences, making it one of very few dual-affiliated MB / MC congregations in North America.

Relying solely on volunteers to coordinate and create worship services, lead music and administer, the fellowship’s speakers come either from within or from other congregations, church agencies and seminaries. A pastoral care committee coordinates care giving. The fellowship’s creative worship services typically include four-part hymn singing, extensive scripture readings from the lectionary, children's features, the sharing of concerns and congregational prayers, and talks followed by 15 minutes of open responses. Since many attendees commute, PGIMF relies on weekly coffee hours, a book-study group, monthly potlucks, and informally-formed lunch groups to help to create a sense of community.

The fellowship celebrates its [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] spiritual heritage, its love of music and singing, its keen interest in the visual arts (the chapel is also an art gallery), its opportunities for students and laity to give sermons and participate however they wish, and its extended discussions during which ideas from the morning’s meditation are related to things being read or to life as it is being experienced. The fellowship intentionally does not own property, and nearly 70% of its annual budget goes to support outside activities, the various conferences, missions, [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]], and similar charities.

In 2020 Menno Simons Centre was sold, and the last worship service at that location was held on 15 March 2020. This corresponded with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Folliwng the sale, services were held via Zoom, and eventually occasional in-person worship services were held in rented facilities.

On 15 August 2022, Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship was granted a release from membership in the British Columbia Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches. Point Grey had requested a release, stating in a letter to the conference that "Given the . . . requirement that every church be led by a pastor (or designated leader), we acknowledge that we are not aligned with the bylaws and polity of the MB Conference. We have therefore decided to request to voluntarily withdraw from the BC Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches . . . ."
= Bibliography =
''Canadian Mennonite'' (2 November 1965): 13; (9 August 1966): 9; (14 March 1967): 3; (14 November 1967): 3.

''Mennonite Brethren Herald'' (27 May 1988): 20; (1 May 1992): 18.

Mennonites in Canada files, "1960-British Columbia," [https://uwaterloo.ca/mennonite-archives-ontario/ Mennonite Archives of Ontario].

Neufeld, Henry. "Point Grey Leaves MBs: The Fellowship's Ties to MC B.C. Remain." ''Canadian Mennonite''. 9 November 2022. Web. 13 December 2022. https://canadianmennonite.org/stories/point-grey-leaves-mbs.

= Additional Information =
'''Address''': 4000 W. 11th Ave., Vancouver, BC V6R 2L3

'''Phone''': 604-228-8911

<strong>Web site</strong>: [http://www.pgimf.org www.pgimf.org]

'''Denominational Affiliations''':

[http://www.bcmb.org/qry/page.taf British Columbia Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches] (1987-2022)

[http://mcbc.ca/ Mennonite Church British Columbia] (1992-present)

[http://www.mbconf.ca/ Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches] (1987-2022)

[http://www.mennonitechurch.ca Mennonite Church Canada] (1992-present)

[[General Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches]] (1987-2002)
=== Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship Membership ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! Year
! Members
! Attendance
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align:right;" | 49
|
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;" | 54
|
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:right;" | 55
|
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:right;" | 49
|
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align:right;" | 54
| style="text-align:right;" | 34
|-
| 2020
| style="text-align:right;" | 67
| style="text-align:right;" | 50
|-
| 2025
| style="text-align:right;" | 62
| style="text-align:right;" | 32
|}

= Maps =
[[Map:Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship (Vancouver, BC)|Map:Point Grey Inter-Mennonite Fellowship (Vancouver, BC)]]
{{GAMEO_footer-3|hp=|date=March 2026|a1_last=Pekovich|a1_first=Andre|a2_last=Kreider|a2_first=Evan|a3_last=Krieder|a3_first=Janice}}

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[[Category:Mennonite Church British Columbia Congregations]]
[[Category:Mennonite Church Canada Congregations]]
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[[Category:Canadian Congregations]]