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Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)

2017-08-21T15:54:07Z

EmmyMaendel:

Woodcrest, the oldest settlement of [[Bruderhof Communities]], is located near the junction of New York State Highways 32 and 213, three miles west of Rifton, about 70 miles north of New York City. It was established early in the summer of 1954 on a woodland tract of 96 acres with about a dozen buildings available for use, to which were added three apartment dwellings, a nursery, and a Center House to replace the Carriage House that burned in 1957. Other buildings served as schoolhouse, a shop, sewing room, laundry, or other maintenance functions. The household, including resident guests and children, comprised about 230 in the late 1950s, about 300 in 2017. Living expenses are met from the sale of [http://www.communityplaythings.com/ Community Playthings] (quality, educational toys made of wood, sold primarily to schools) and [http://www.rifton.com/ Rifton Equipment for the Handicapped].
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Alm Bruderhof (Liechtenstein)

2017-08-21T15:14:15Z

EmmyMaendel:

[[File:Alm Bruderhof.jpg|300px|thumb|''Alm Bruderhof, ca. 1934.<br/>Photo courtesy Bruderhof Historical Archives'']]
The Alm Bruderhof, Triesenberg, in the principality of [[Liechtenstein]], was the site of a community ([[Bruderhof]]) of [[Bruderhof Communities]], a brotherhood founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] in Sannerz in 1920. It was settled in March 1934 as a result of restrictions imposed by the Nazi government in [[Germany|Germany]], which made it necessary to move the education and publication activities of the [[Rhön Bruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Rhön Bruderhof]] out of Germany into another country. In March 1935, when a military draft was imposed in Germany, the Rhön Bruderhof's young men fled to Liechtenstein to avoid prison or death.
The school children of the Rhön Bruderhof were cared for in the resort hotel of Silum (elevation 5,000 feet), and some neighboring Alpine huts; buildings and land were leased. In addition to the school, a bindery and a turner's workshop were set up, and in the course of time more land was rented in the Rhine Valley to provide food for the growing colony. The publishing house <em>(Buchverlag des Almbruderhofes) </em>published the books of the <em>Eberhard-Arnold-Verlag, </em>and in 1934 <em>Innenland, Ein Wegweiser in die Seele der Bibel und in den Kampf um die Wirklichkeit </em>by Eberhard Arnold.

The Alm Bruderhof was organized in accordance with [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterite]] tradition, and in connection with the sale of books, writings, and the products of its workshops carried on an intensive propaganda in the adjacent parts of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]]. Active connections were also maintained with [[England|England]]; beginning in 1934 an increasing number of English converts joined the brotherhood. The relationship of the Alm Bruderhof with the mother colony was close and intimate. In 1935, as the Bruderhof increased through the influx of military-aged men, the political community of Triesenberg raised a protest. The objections subsided when the Brethren presented their side of the matter in addresses and articles in the public press, although the government limited the colony to a membership of eighty, inclusive of the children. <br />
During a journey to Holland, England and Scotland, Eberhard Arnold won the practical support of friends of the Bruderhof. In 1934 and 1935 the Bruderhof maintained a small station in [[Zürich (Switzerland)|Zürich]], the cradle of [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]], which served as a training station for some young members, for the sale of their products and as a missionary outpost. In 1936, when military duty was extended to include Germans living in foreign countries, the brotherhood was compelled to look for a new home for these brethren and their families, since the Liechtenstein government could not give them the right of asylum. Thus it came about that the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]] was founded in England in 1936. <br />
The Alm Bruderhof experienced another increase a year later, when the Rhön Bruderhof was dissolved and some of its members found a reception there. In the summer of 1937 the Hutterite elders, [[Hofer, David (1877-1941)|David Hofer]] of [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]] and Michael Waldner of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], visited the Bruderhof, and from there traveled through[[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and [[Slovakia|Slovakia]], visiting the sites of early Hutterite history. In 1938, when [[Austria|Austria]] fell under the power of Germany, the members of the Alm Bruderhof moved into the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]].
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[[Category:Bruderhof Communities]]

Bruderhof Communities

2017-08-18T10:14:32Z

EmmyMaendel:

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==Bruderhof Communities==
[[File:Bruderhof-People-2017.JPG|300px|thumb|''Bruderhof members in outdoor gathering.<br/>Photo courtesy Bruderhof Historical Archives'']]
[[File:Bruderhof-Dinner-2017.jpg|300px|thumb|''Bruderhof families at mealtime.<br/>Photo courtesy Bruderhof Historical Archives'']]
The Bruderhof Communities (Church Communities International, previously known as Society of Brothers or the Hutterian Society of Brothers) is an [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] community founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] (1883-1935) in the village of Sannerz in [[Germany|Germany]] in 1920.

The Bruderhof’s origins can be traced to 1907, when Arnold and his fiancée [[Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)|Emmy von Hollander]] decided to be baptized as adults, thus breaking away from the established church. Raised as a Lutheran, Arnold studied theology and philosophy. What he wrote in a letter to Emmy in September 1907 is an unwitting echo of the ideas of the first Anabaptists of 1525: “On Tuesday I’ll briefly inform our parents of my conviction, according to which I must a) be [[Baptism|baptized]] as a believer, since [[Infant Baptism|infant baptism]] is in opposition to what is meant biblically and is therefore not baptism; b) withdraw from the established church, since I consider it dishonest through and through and contrary to the spirit of the Bible; c) embrace as my ideal church communities of believing, baptized Christians who use church discipline and celebrate the Lord’s Supper.” (''Love letters'', 145)

Arnold came to his conviction on pacifism through the horrors of [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]]. He came to believe, too, that war was a direct result of selfishness, of the need to defend one’s property, and therefore that the private ownership of property was opposed to God’s will. In June 1920, he and his wife and children and Emmy’s sister, Else von Hollander, sold their home and moved into a villa in Sannerz. Here they formed a community with any who wished to join them. They ran a farm and a publishing house and took in foster children.

The community grew slowly, and in 1926 they purchased a nearby neglected farm at [[Rhönbruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Neuhof]], in the district of Fulda, which they named [[Bruderhof|“Bruderhof,”]] a conscious imitation of the historic Hutterite term known to Arnold from his study of the 16th-century [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterites]]. Inspired by their history (particularly their martyrs), and thrilled by the fact that this group was still living in community after 400 years, he established contact with the American Hutterites in 1928. He spent a year visiting them from 1930 to 1931 and in December 1930 was ordained a Hutterite minister at the [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand-Off Colony]] near Macleod, [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]]. He was commissioned to lead the new German Bruderhof group as a part of the ancient Hutterite brotherhood. Although the union between Bruderhof Communities and the Hutterian Brethren Church broke more than once, from 1930 on the Bruderhof Communities have shared the Hutterian tenets of faith – the same baptism and marriage vows, the same [[Ordination|ordination]] of ministers, and the same practice of [[Discipline, Church|church discipline]] – which go back to [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] in the 16th century.

The [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]] was established in the principality of [[Liechtenstein]] in 1934 as a refuge for the school-age children when the [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|Nazi]] government withdrew support of the Rhön Bruderhof’s private school. The following year, when a military draft was introduced in [[Germany]], the young men too escaped to Liechtenstein. Eberhard Arnold died on 22 November 1935. The Rhön Bruderhof was dissolved by the National Socialist government in 1937. Two Hutterian elders, [[Hofer, David (1877-1941)|David Hofer]] from [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley, Manitoba]], and Michael Waldner from [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme, South Dakota]], were visiting at that time, and their presence probably saved the lives of Bruderhof members. The Bruderhof members expelled from Germany were welcomed by Mennonites in [[Netherlands|Holland]] until they were able to move to [[England]].

The [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], founded in England in 1936, became the home of the ongoing movement. There was great interest in an alternative way of life among pacifist circles in England before the outbreak of World War II, and the Bruderhof movement doubled in size during the four years there. However, with the outbreak of international hostilities, the high German population of this pacifist group became suspect. Rather than allowing their German members to be interned, the entire Bruderhof group migrated to [[Paraguay]] in [[South America]], thanks to the help of [[Miller, Orie O. (1892-1977)|Orie Miller]] and the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. In Primavera, near the Mennonite colony of [[Friesland Colony (San Pedro Department, Paraguay)|Friesland]], about 80 miles northeast of [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]], they established three communities, Isla Margarita, Loma Hoby, and Ibate. The group was incorporated under the name "Sociedad de Hermanos."

Meanwhile there was continued interest in the Bruderhof in England, and the representatives who had remained to close the Cotswold Bruderhof decided to start a new settlement at Wheathill in Shropshire.

In 1954 the first American Bruderhof was begun: [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]] in Rifton, [[New York (USA)|New York]], about 90 miles (80 km) north of New York City. Oak Lake (later called New Meadow Run) was established in 1957 in Farmington, [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], and in 1958 a third American Bruderhof was founded: Evergreen (later called Deer Spring) in Norfolk, Connecticut. In the late 1950s, the Bruderhof returned to Germany at the Sinntal Bruderhof.

In 1959-1961, the Bruderhof movement experienced a spiritual crisis. For many, community had become a goal in itself, and each member had to refound his or her life on Christ. This led to the closing of all centers in South America, Germany, and England (except for Bulstrode, begun in 1958, which closed in 1966). Darvell, in Robertsbridge, England, was begun in 1971, and several additional Bruderhofs have been established since that time. In 1999 Danthonia was begun in Australia. Starting in December 2003, the Bruderhof set up small urban communities in various cities, some closing after a few months or years and others lasting longer. In 2002 they returned to the original villa in Sannerz, and in 2010 a small center was re-established in Paraguay, in Asunción.

In 1962, [[Arnold, Johann Heinrich ("Heini") (1913-1982)|Johann Heinrich Arnold]] was appointed bishop for the whole Bruderhof movement. After his death in 1982, Johann Christoph Arnold became bishop. J. C. Arnold retired in 2001, and the brotherhood members appointed Richard Scott in his place; Arnold continued serving in an advisory capacity until his death in 2017. Richard Scott died in 2011, and Paul Winter continued as the current (2017) bishop.

==Relationship with the Hutterites==
When Eberhard Arnold was incorporated into the Hutterian Church in December 1930 he said that he wanted to join the original Hutterian Church of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jacob Hutter’s]] time rather than what it had become by 1930: “I am of the opinion that our turning to Hutterianism means that we should become like the early Hutterites. We don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1692; we don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1930–1931; but we do want to become Hutterian in the sense of 1529–1589, in the sense of these first fifty years. With this the Hutterites are in agreement.” (''Brothers Unite,'' 249) Unfortunately, over the decades the relationship between the two groups has gone through times of tension and conflict.

In 1955 members of the [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River Hutterian colony]] in North Dakota wished for a closer association with the Bruderhof. Due largely to differences in general outlook – the Hutterites depending on tradition while the Bruderhof Communities were more spontaneous and outward-looking – this led to a complete break. In January 1974 J. Heinrich Arnold with several other Bruderhof ministers, working with Hutterite elder Jacob Kleinsasser, was able to reestablish unity.

For the next 20 years the two groups worked together on various projects, such as helping one another build communities and mission trips to various parts of the world. There were joint baptisms and several marriages between the “western” and “eastern” Hutterites (named thus because the Bruderhof was situated on the US east coast). But in 1994 a rupture again took place with significant bitterness on both sides, again over cultural and theological differences.

==Publishing==
Publishing books and a magazine has been part of the Bruderhof’s mission since its beginning. Eberhard Arnold was editor of a periodical ''Das neue Werk'' and the Eberhard Arnold Verlag published, among other things, a series of books ''(Quellen)'' of Christian witnesses through the centuries. The Plough Publishing House was established at the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1938, with a quarterly ''The Plough.'' It was re-established by the Woodcrest Service Committee in the 1960s; during the years of a military draft in the United States, the Plough Publishing House was part of an alternative service program recognized by Selective Service.

Plough has translated into English and published several Hutterian doctrinal writings. Peter Riedemann’s ''Rechenschaft'' was published at the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1938 and in English by the Wheathill Bruderhof in 1950 as ''Account of our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith.'' In 2011 Plough published ''The Christian and the Sword: An Anabaptist Manifesto of 1577,'' one section of the Great Article Book attributed to [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]]. The translation and English publication of ''[[Hutterite Chronicles|The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren]]'' in 1987 was a significant contribution to Anabaptist study.
In 2014 Plough was set up at the Fox Hill Bruderhof in Walden, New York, with a reformatted ''Plough Quarterly.''
==Business==
Bruderhof members run a variety of businesses that provide income: Community Playthings was developed during the 1950s and soon became the Bruderhof's main source of income. Community Playthings designs and manufactures quality wooden classroom and play environments for schools and daycare centers. The business is run by the communities in the United States[35] and United Kingdom.
Rifton Equipment, run by some of the American communities, sells mobility and rehabilitation equipment for disabled adults and children. It was founded in 1977.

Danthonia Designs is the business that supports the Australian Bruderhofs. It specializes in hand-carved three-dimensional signage and was founded in 2001.
==List of Bruderhofs==
(Some centers that have existed only a short time are not included in the list below. Those marked with an asterisk are small, urban communities.)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Community name!! Location!! Dates
|-
| Sannerz|| Sannerz, Germany || 1920 – 1927; 2002 -
|-
| Rhön || Post Neuhof, Kreis Fulda, Germany || 1927 - 1937
|-
| Alm|| Silum, Liechtenstein || 1934 - 1938
|-
| Cotswold|| Ashton Keynes, England || 1936 - 1941
|-
| Oaksey || Swindon, England || 1939 - 1940
|-
| Wheathill || Bridgnorth, England || 1942 - 1961
|-
| Isla Margarita, Primavera || Paraguay || 1941 - 1961
|-
| Loma Hoby, Primavera || Paraguay || 1942 - 1960
|-
| Ibate, Primavera || Paraguay || 1947 - 1961
|-
| El Arado || Montevideo, Uruguay || 1952 - 1960
|-
| Woodcrest || Rifton, NY, USA || 1954 -
|-
| Sinntal || Bad Brückenau, Germany || 1955 - 1961
|-
| New Meadow Run (Oak Lake) || Farmington, PA, USA || 1957 -
|-
| Deer Spring (Evergreen) || Norfolk, CT, USA || 1958 - 1998
|-
| Bulstrode || Gerrards Cross, England || 1958 - 1966
|-
| Darvell || Robertsbridge, England || 1971 -
|-
| Maple Ridge (Pleasant View) || Ulster Park, NY, USA || 1985 -
|-
| Platte Clove || Elka Park, NY, USA || 1990 -
|-
| Spring Valley || Farmington, PA, USA || 1990 -
|-
| Beech Grove || Nonington, England || 1995 -
|-
| Fox Hill || Montgomery, NY, USA || 1998 -
|-
| Michaelshof || Birnbach, Germany || 1988 - 1995
|-
| Palmgrove || Nigeria || 1993 - 1994
|-
| Danthonia || Inverell, Australia || 1999 -
|-
| Bellvale || Chester, NY, USA || 2001 -
|-
| Holzland || Bad Klosterlausnitz, Germany || 2004 -
|-
| Kingston* || Kingston, NY || 2004 -
|-
| London* || London, England || 2005 -
|-
| Inverell || Inverall, Australia || 2005 -
|-
| Armidale || Armidale, Australia || 2005 -
|-
| Morgantown* || West Virginia, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Bayboro || St. Petersburg, FL, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Harlem* || Harlem, NY, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Parkview* || Albany, NY, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Villa Primavera || Asuncion, Paraguay || 2010 -
|-
| Mount Community || Esopus, NY, USA || 2012 -
|}

=Bibliography=
Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy von Hollander. ''Love Letters.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House 2007.

Arnold, Emmy. ''A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1999.

Barth, Emmy. ''An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany.'' Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.

Barth, Emmy. ''No Lasting Home: A Year in the Paraguayan Wilderness.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 2009.

Baum, Marcus. ''Against the Wind: Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof.'' Farmington, PA: Plough Publishing House, 1998.

The Bruderhof: ''Foundations of our Faith & Calling.'' Rifton, New York: The Plough Publishing House, 2012.

Mommsen, Peter. ''Homage to a Broken Man.'' Walden, NY: Plough Publishing House, 2015.

Hutterian Brethren, Ed. ''Brothers Unite: An Account of the Uniting of Eberhard Arnold and the Rhön Bruderhof with the Hutterian Church,'' introduced by John A. Hostetler and Leonard Gross. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1988.

'''See also''' [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]]

For the description of the historic Hutterite Brethren settlements in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and [[Slovakia]] see [[Bruderhof]].

= Additional Information =

[https://www.schoeningh.de/katalog/titel/978-3-506-78777-4.html/ Thomas Nauerth, ''Zeugnis, Liebe und Widerstand: Der Rhönbruderhof 1933–1937'']

[https://www.scribd.com/document/354366939/Church-Community-is-a-Gift-of-the-Holy-Spirit-The-Spirituality-of-the-Bruderhof/ Ian M. Randall, "The Spirituality of the Bruderhof"]

'''Websites:'''

[http://www.churchcommunities.org/ Christian Communities International]

[http://www.plough.com/ Plough Publishing]

[http://www.eberhardarnold.com/ Eberhard Arnold]
== Original Article from Mennonite Encyclopedia ==
By Harold S. Bender and Eberhard C. H. Arnold. Copied by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from ''Mennonite Encyclopedia'', Vol. 4, pp. 1126-1127. All rights reserved.

Society of Brothers, since 1939 the official name of the new Anabaptists ([[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterites]]) founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] (1883-1935) in 1922 at Sannerz, Hesse-Nassau, Germany, holding all goods in common like the early Hutterites, though at that time without knowledge of the existence of the continuing Hutterian brotherhood in North America. The term "Bruderhof," first applied to the group when it established the [[Rhön Bruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Rhonbruderhof]] at Neuhof near Fulda, Germany, in 1926, was a conscious imitation of the historic Hutterite term known to Arnold from his study of the 16th-century Hutterites. Contact was established with the North American Hutterites in 1928, and in 1930-31 Arnold visited their Bruderhofs. In December 1930 he was ordained a Hutterite elder at the Stand-Off Colony near Macleod, Alberta, and commissioned to lead the new German Bruderhof group as a part of the ancient Hutterite brotherhood. In 1955 there was a complete break between the old Hutterites and the new Hutterites, now named Society of Brothers, due largely to the differences in cultural practices as well as in general outlook, the "Brothers" being committed to aggressive outreach in the modern world.

The Rhonbruderhof was closed in 1937 by eviction and expulsion from Germany by the National Socialist government who would not tolerate this "com¬munistic" movement. A temporary Bruderhof ([[Alm Bruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]]) was established in the principality of Liechtenstein, at Silum, Post Triesenberg, in 1933-38. The [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], established in 1936 at Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England, became the home of the ongoing movement, which had 250 souls by 1938, when a second Bruderhof was established (1939) at Oaksey near by. The further growth of the brotherhood was interrupted by World War II, and the entire group, except several persons left behind to liquidate the property, migrated to Paraguay with the help of the Mennonite Central Committee in 1940-41 under heavy pressure from the British government, who feared they would aid the Germans in a possible invasion. Attempts to secure permission to settle in the United States and Canada near the Hutterite colonies there failed. Meanwhile, the representatives who remained in England were able in 1942 to start a new Bruderhof at Wheathill in Shropshire, address Bromdon, Bridgnorth, which in 1959 had a population of 110. A second Bruderhof was founded in Bulstrode, Gerrards Cross, Bucks, in 1958, which had about 100 population in 1959.

In Paraguay meanwhile the Bruderhof settlement called [[Primavera Hutterite Colony (Paraguay)|Primavera]], established in 1941, about 80 miles northeast of Asuncion, had grown by 1959 to three village communities with a population of over 650, and a "Bruderhof House" in Asuncion. The group is incorporated under the name "Sociedad de Hermanos." In 1954 a small Bruderhof was established at El Arado, Montevideo, Uruguay, which had a population of 60 in 1959.

In 1954 a Bruderhof was established at Woodcrest, Rifton, N.Y., about 50 miles north of New York City, which had grown to 230 (70 members, 115 children, rest guests) by 1959. A second American Bruderhof, Oak Lake, was established in 1957 at Farmington, near Uniontown, Pa., which had a population of 150 in 1959 (50 members, 75 children). In 1958 a third American Bruderhof was established at Evergreen, Norfolk, Conn., which had a population of 60 in 1959 (20 members, 30 children). The Forest River Bruderhof, near Fordville, N.D., which had separated from the old Hutterites to join the Society of Brothers in 1955, was discontinued in 1957. The newest European Bruderhof is Sinntal, established in 1955 at Bad Brückenau, northeast of Frankfurt, near the East Zone border. In 1959 it had a population of some 60. In 1959 the Society had a total population of some 1,500 in all its communities, of whom some 600 were regular or novice members. The name "community" has now supplanted "Bruderhof" everywhere except in Germany. However, all the communities are completely communal in organization and pattern of life.

The publishing agency of the group is the Plough Publishing House at Bromdon, England (Wheathill Bruderhof), established in 1938. The group organ is a quarterly journal, ''The Plough'', first number March 1938, discontinued with III, 1 (spring of 1940), resumed in the spring of 1953, with New Series I, 1. It has parallel editions in the German (''Der Pflug''), Spanish (''El Arado''), and Esperanto (''La Pugilo''). Prior to 1938 three Bruderhof Letters were issued (September 1936, Christmas 1936, and August 1937). Pamphlets are also issued annually.

The Society of Brothers is a Christian brotherhood which holds all property in common, regards all work as of equal worth, upholds a radical peace testimony with complete non-participation in war and military service, rejects all swearing of oaths, litigation, and office-holding, practices simplicity of life, is governed by unanimous consent of the members in each community, and bases membership on unity of faith in Christ regardless of race, class, or nationality. Candidates for membership are received on probation for a variable period, after which they are received through baptism by vote of the group on profession of adherence to the principles of the brotherhood. All property is surrendered to the group upon reception into membership. The Society reaches out into the world through mission journeys, education, hospital work, youth work camps, and publication.
== Original Bibliography ==
Arnold, Eberhard. ''The Hutterian Brothers. Four Centuries of Common Life and Work''. Ashton Keynes, 1940.

Arnold, Eberhard. ''From His Life and Writings, A Witness to Community''. Bromdon, 1953.

Arnold, Emmy. ''Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities'', 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

''Living Together'' (an illustrated account of the history, life, and work of the Society of Brothers in three continents) Farmington, 1958.

''Ten Years of Community Living. The Wheathill Bruderhof, 1942-52''. Bromdon, 1953.

''True Surrender and Christian Community of Goods, From the Great Article Book by Peter Walpot 1577''. Bromdon, 1957, reprint from ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 31 (1957).
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 1126-1127|date=August 2017|a1_last=Maendel|a1_first=Emmy|a2_last=|a2_first=}}
[[Category:Denominations]]

Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)

2017-08-17T15:28:35Z

EmmyMaendel:

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== 1955 Article ==
=== Introduction ===
[[File:ME2_858.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 1: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, Slovakia & [[Transylvania|Transylvania]].<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 858.'']]

The Hutterian Brethren, also called Hutterites, the Austrian branch of the great [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] movement of the 16th century, was characterized by the practice of [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established on more solid grounds by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533. In contradistinction to the other Anabaptist groups the Hutterites had the unique chance to develop their communal life in comparatively peaceful Moravia where, due to a predominantly Slavic surrounding, they lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world. Thus a rich group life developed with a strong sense for their own history. Remarkable is also their extensive manuscript literature (devotional and historical) which made it possible that their teachings and their history, particularly of the beginnings, should become better known than those of any other group of the Anabaptist movement except the Dutch.

=== Early Development ===

The 1520s saw a lively spread of Anabaptism throughout the [[Hapsburg, House of|Hapsburg]] territories, [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Austria|Austria]], [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]], etc. In Tyrol in particular Anabaptism was by far the strongest trend, and remained so until far into the second half of the 16th century, in spite of a government which ruthlessly fought all "heretics" wherever they could be ferreted out. It was here that [[Blaurock, Georg (ca. 1492-1529)|Georg Blaurock]] of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] worked successfully as a missioner until his early martyrdom in 1529. Persecutions were extremely bloody. One source (Kirchmaier, 487) claimed that prior to 1530 no less than one thousand had been executed, and that the stakes were burning all along the [[Inn Valley (Austria)|Inn Valley]]. Yet the number of Anabaptists only grew. Soon the news became known that [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] (and in particular the manorial estate [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] of the lords of Liechtenstein) was a haven for all sectarians. Here [[Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480?-1528)|Hubmaier]] could freely write and print his new ideas concerning adult baptism. In fact, [[Liechtenstein, Leonhard von (1482-1534)|one of the Liechtensteins]] himself accepted baptism upon faith. Also other manorial lords showed sympathy and toleration, perhaps due to the fact that this country had seen the Hussites (now called Piccards) for nearly a century, and allowed complete freedom of conscience to practically all sorts of beliefs. Naturally from then on a continuous stream of Anabaptists moved toward this "promised land," from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] as well as from other Hapsburg lands, but also from South Germany, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse, and even from Switzerland.

[[File:ME2_860.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 2: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Moravia, 1530-1622.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 860'']]

In 1528 the nonresistant group, called "Stäbler" (staff-bearers), moved away from Nikolsburg, then the center of the opposing group, the "[[Schwertler|Schwertler]]" (sword-bearers, the Hubmaier followers), who, however, soon died out. Compelled by the emergency situation, the need of taking care of the many indigent brethren, they pooled all their possessions and money in the manner of the first church in Jerusalem. But this act was at first not understood as a definite step toward complete community of goods comprising both consumption and production. This development came but slowly step by step. The first leader was [[Wideman, Jakob (d. 1535/6)|Jacob Wiedemann]], the "one-eyed one"; later leaders were [[Schützinger, Simon (16th century)|Siegmund Schützinger]], [[Zaunring, Georg (d. 1531/38)|Jörg Zaunring]], and [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]] (for details see [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]], [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]], also [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]] and [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]). The groups around 1529-1533 lived by no means in brotherly harmony; local quarrels over leadership and form of community-life marred these first years in Moravia. [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], an Anabaptist from [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] who had visited the Moravian brotherhoods in 1529, and who worried much about these conditions, first sent his emissary, Jörg Zaunring, but eventually decided to leave Tyrol and to try for himself to settle these disputes and rivalries, and to establish more evangelical foundations. Details of this intricate story cannot be told here, but it soon became obvious that Hutter was by far the strongest leader of all. In 1533 the evangelical (nonresistant) Anabaptists of [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] broke up into three groups: <em>(a) </em>Those who accepted Jacob Hutter's leadership and (according to his organization) complete community of goods, called themselves from now on <em>Hutterische Brüder. </em>Hutter, himself a very strong prophetic and charismatic leader, had given to this group such definite foundations that it could survive and, in spite of many ups and downs, preserve its basic principles through more than four centuries, <em>(b) </em>The Philippites, named after [[Weber, Philipp|Philipp Plener]] or Blauärmel, a Württemberger, This group left Moravia already in 1535 during the first bitter days of persecution. They returned through Austria to South Germany. On their way many were imprisoned in Passau (see [[Ausbund|Ausbund]]), while others decided to stay in Upper Austria where still in the 1530s [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] visited them and managed eventually a merger with the Hutterian Brethren. This group stressed the suffering church in particular and with it <em>[[Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]] </em>(see also [[Haffner, Hans (16th century)|Hans Haffner]]). <em>(c) </em>The [[Gabrielites|Gabrielites]], named after [[Ascherham, Gabriel (d. 1545)|Gabriel Ascherham]]. They, too, soon moved out of Moravia back to Silesia, Ascherham's home country. But soon they became disappointed with their leader, who tended more and more toward a vague spiritualism. Between 1542 and 1545 most of these Gabrielites returned and likewise merged with the Hutterites. (The doctrinal basis for this is contained in a document inserted in the <em>Geschicht-Buch, </em>Wolkan, 197-200, "Der Gabrieler Vereinigung mit uns.")

Other groups of evangelical Anabaptists in Moravia who did not accept community of goods were given the general name "[[Swiss Brethren|Swiss Brethren]]," even though they did not come from Switzerland. Also a small group of followers of [[Marpeck, Pilgram (d. 1556)|Pilgram Marpeck ]] were found in Southern Moravia under the leadership of Leopold Scharnschlager. Yet these groups later disappeared, while the Hutterian Brethren managed to maintain themselves through all early hardships and local persecutions.

[[File:AMC_X-31-1_17_30.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''Hutterite family as illustrated in Erhard's 1588 Historia.<br />
Scan courtesy [http://www.mennoniteusa.org/executive-board/archives/ Mennonite Church USA Archives-Goshen] X-31.1, Box 17/30'']]

This may have been due to a large extent to a remarkable number of outstanding leaders: Ulrich Stadler of [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Hans Amon]] of Bavaria, Peter Riedemann of Silesia, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]] of Tyrol, [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] of Hesse, not to mention the long array of other brethren, most of whom died as martyrs or suffered long years of imprisonment. Although "expelled" from Moravia more than once upon [[Mandates|mandates]] by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564)|Ferdinand]] (the later emperor), they yet somehow succeeded in finding the sympathy of the manorial lords, who quickly recognized their value as craftsmen and tillers of the soil. Many of these lords were either Protestants or at least in sympathy with the Reformation, and proud of their quasi-independence from the government in Vienna. And thus Moravia remained the one stable place in this century of intolerance and suffering. In 1546 the Brethren also moved east across the border into adjacent Slovakia (then a part of Hungary) where the influence of the Hapsburgs was still weaker, and where a good many of the lords belonged to the Reformed faith.

[[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] was a leader for only two years (1533-1535); he returned to [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]] where eventually he too fell into the hands of his persecutors. In February 1536 he was martyred. Hans Amon thereupon became the <em>Vorsteher </em>or head bishop of the brotherhood, 1536-1542, being a strong and inspiring leader. In this time organized missionary activities of the brethren set in, perhaps the first such in all of Europe. Missioners <em>(Sendboten) </em>were sent out to many places (knowing quite well the fate ahead of them; 80 per cent of them died a martyr's death), and those in the throes of death were comforted by epistles and visiting brethren (e.g., the case of the 140 [[Falkenstein (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Falkenstein]] Brethren who were sent to Trieste to become galley slaves, 1539-1540). One of the strongest missioners of this time was Peter Riedemann, who went more than once to Upper Austria and to Hesse. While in jail in Hesse (1540-1542), he drew up that outstanding document which from now on became the very symbolic book of the brotherhood, the <em>Account of Our Religion (Rechenschaft)</em> 1540 (printed 1565, and again in the 19th and 20th century). In 1542-1556 he shared the leadership of the brotherhood with [[Lanzenstiel, Leonhard (d. 1565)|Leonhard Lanzenstiel]] or Seiler.

[[File:ME2_861a.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 3: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Slovakia<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

=== The Golden Period ===

While elsewhere persecution intensified (Anabaptism had died out by the middle of the 16th century in the Hapsburg domain except [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]]; it declined in Bavaria and other German lands), in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] on the contrary it experienced now a kind of flowering. This was particularly true during the reign of Emperor Maximilian II (1564-1576), himself rather in sympathy with Protestantism, hence averse to any harsh measures. The Brethren speak of the "Good Period" (about 1554-1565) and of the "Golden Period" (1565-1590 or 95). Although the [[Jesuits (1957)|Jesuits]] had been admitted in Hapsburg territories since about 1550-1560, they did not find full influence in Moravia until the end of the century. It is true that Nikolsburg had changed hands; the [[Dietrichstein family|Dietrichsteins]] bought it in 1575, but even though they were more in sympathy with the Counter-Reformation, the Brethren could still persist here, too, relatively peacefully, until the coming of the Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1599, the very head of the Catholic party.

[[File:ME2_861b.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 4: Hutterite Bruderhofs in Ukraine, 1770-1874<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 861'']]

During the Golden Period the Brethren, now well established all over southern [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, found a particularly strong leader in [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Peter Walpot]], a Tyrolean, who led the group in 1565-1578, and whose activities added much to further consolidate the brotherhood. A number of regulations were drawn up, both for the general conduct of the brotherhood and for the different crafts or trades. The schools of the Brethren were organized on better defined grounds. Doctrinal and polemic writings (mostly anonymous) were drawn up (such as the great [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], the <em>Handbüchlein, </em>the book called <em>Anschlag und Fürwenden, </em>etc.). A rich correspondence with missionaries all over the countries of German tongue came in and went out (carefully recorded in a <em>Schreibstube </em>or <em>scriptorium)</em>; the great <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>was then begun by [[Braitmichel, Kaspar (d. 1573)|Kaspar Braitmichel]] on the basis of archival material collected almost from the very beginning. In short, it was the peak of Hutterite history. It has been estimated that in Moravia and Slovakia together there existed at that time about one hundred [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] or farm colonies, with a population estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. (Certain estimates go as high as 70,000, but that figure is most unlikely.) (See the accompanying maps.) While Anabaptism elsewhere (except for the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] and Prussia) was on a sharp decline, in fact nearly disappeared as an articulated movement in the latter half of the 16th century, in remote Moravia and Slovakia it was almost on its way to becoming a distinct denomination (were it not that the sect-principle, that is, brotherhood-living, continued to be dominant).

Very remarkable of that time were also contacts with the antitrinitarian Polish Brethren (Socinians) who in Racov (Poland) tried to set up their "New Jerusalem" (see [[Antitrinitarianism|Antitrinitarianism]]), somewhat along lines which they had been studying at the Moravian Hutterite communistic colonies. Visitors and correspondence witness to this contact which, however, never became very warm, due to basic differences both in doctrine and intellectual background.

Contacts with Swiss Brethren, in Switzerland and elsewhere, continued to be intensive; missioners were sent out and a good number of Brethren from Switzerland and South Germany joined the church in Moravia. (The later bishop Ulrich Jausling, serving 1619-1621, had been such a Swiss newcomer.) Of particular interest was here a long letter (almost a tract) which the <em>Vorsteher </em>[[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Klaus Braidl]] sent to a Swiss brother Christian Raussenberger in 1601 defending on Biblical ground the principle of community of goods. Also with the Prussian Mennonites around [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] and Danzig contacts were obtained around the turn of the century. Even a settlement was attempted in [[Elbing (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)|Elbing]] though without success. In the meantime the peaceful period had come to an end, and severe trials were in store. <em>(a) </em>The Counter-Reformation became now the cry of the day. Whoever would not be converted to the Roman Church was to leave [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]]. [[Dietrichstein family|Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein]] gave the lead in that movement, supported by a most vigilant government in Vienna and two priests, Christoph Erhard and [[Fischer, Christoph Andreas (1560-after 1610)|Christoph Andreas Fischer]], in southern Moravia, who supplied the Catholics with polemic material (gross slanders), and cast suspicions of all kinds. They incited the hatred of the poor peasant population all around who naturally could not compete with large-scale rational farm economies (see [[Eysvogel, Johann (16th century)|Eysvogel]] and [[Jedelshauser, Hans (16th century)|Jedelshauser]]). In short the situation became ever more precarious. Yet until 1622 they somehow managed to come through, although on a declining scale, <em>(b) </em>Turkish wars and invasions added to these internal troubles. Emperor Rudolph II asked for war contributions, and Dietrichstein was to extort them from the Brethren (at one time no less than 20,000 fl. was asked). Needless to say, the Brethren very decidedly declined, accepting all the consequences. In 1605 Turks and their Hungarian allies plundered southern Moravia and many brethren were killed or dragged away into Turkish captivity (see [[Böger, Salomon (d. 1610)|Böger]]). Eventually <em>(c) </em>the event, later called the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]], 1618-1648, brought the Moravian establishments of the Brethren to a complete end. After the success of the Catholic forces at the White Mountain in 1620, all restraint was dropped; complete expulsion was ordered by Vienna. The <em>Geschicht-Buch </em>(570-571) reported that what they lost in inventory (corn, wine, cattle, linen and woolens, groceries, equipment, and furniture) amounted to about 364,000 florins not assessing any houses and grounds. And all this after only one year earlier (1621) a sum of 30,000 fl. had been taken away from the Brethren by methods of extortion and downright robbery.

[[File:ME2_863.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 5: Hutterite Colonies in Manitoba & the Dakotas, 1950s.<br />
Source: Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 863'']]
[[File:ME2_864.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Map 6: Hutterite Colonies in Alberta & Montana, 1950s.<br />
Mennonite Encyclopedia, v. 2, p. 864'']]

=== Leadership of Andreas Ehrenpreis ===

With these events the brotherhood begins to show a sharp decline in activities and also in loyalty to the old principles, and even in number of members and colonies (in Slovakia there were only 15 colonies). Although Moravia was now lost, the Brethren could still withdraw to their Slovakian colonies, and after 1621 also to their new Bruderhof in Alvinc, [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] (today Rumania). In spite of continued great hardships, mainly through Turkish marauders, the Brethren carried on, and visitors were amazed by their industriousness and diligence (see [[Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoph von (1621-1676)|Grimmelshausen]]). The brotherhood was fortunate enough in getting once more a bishop of outstanding qualities in leadership and spirituality, viz., [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Andreas Ehrenpreis]], 1639-1662, the real leader already since 1630. He was born in a Moravian colony. His work was an effort to revive the brotherhood in many regards: the last mission work in Silesia (contacts with Schwenkfeldians) and Danzig (the Socinians were contacted) was carried out, although with rather moderate success. A short-lived colony was established in [[Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Mannheim]] in 1664. Internal discipline was re-established by strict regulations (see [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]]). And a rich literature was produced. Of particular value for posterity was also the new custom of writing down all sermons (called <em>Lehr und Vorred). </em>The amount of such manuscript material is amazing; there were about 250 such <em>Lehren </em>(some quite voluminous books about most books of the New Testament, and many of the Old Testament, mainly prophets, psalms, also about many apocryphal books and pseudepigrapha), and about as many <em>Vorreden </em>(shorter sermons). The <em>Klein-Geschichtsbueh </em>(204-221) brought excerpts from these sermons. One may safely say that the Hutterian Brethren of the mid-20th century continued the Ehrenpreis tradition at least as much if not more than any earlier tradition (e.g., that of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]]). [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Gemeinde Ordnung </em>of 1651 was still in use, and the sermons of that period were the backbone of all spiritual life of the brethren in the 20th century.

=== Persecution of the 18th Century ===

After [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' death more tribulations made life in community of goods harder and harder until this core element of the Hutterites was partly abandoned, and a semiprivate or semicooperative form of economy was accepted (1685, 1695). The great misery of Turkish invasions with its looting (which the nonviolent Brethren could not stop in any way) impoverished the brotherhood to such an extent that they had to turn to their Dutch Mennonite "cousins" to ask for financial help. The [[Hutterite Chronicles|Great Chronicle]] ends with the letter which Johann Riecker, the successor of Ehrenpreis, wrote to the "Gemeinden in Holland," 20 April 1665. It is known that the Doopsgezinde most generously responded <em>(Inv. Arch. Amst. </em>II, 419, a letter of thanks). Yet also this help could not prevent further troubles.

After the defeat of the Turks before Vienna (1683) and their expulsion from Hungary (1700), the Hapsburg government gained strength also in this newly conquered territory. And even though the 18th century was known as one of religious toleration, it was not the same for [[Hungary|Hungary]]. Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) allowed the otherwise forbidden Jesuits to exert all means to convert non-Catholics back to the Roman Church. And what torture, dungeon, and executioners could not achieve in the 16th century, the Jesuits achieved, at least partly, in the 18th, mainly in Slovakia. Their old manuscript books were confiscated (1757-1763, 1782-1784); children were taken away from their parents; and the more important male members were put into monasteries until they either accepted instructions and were converted, or until they died. Catholic services were established at the Bruderhofs and every one was compelled to attend. In short, externally the Hutterite population now turned Catholic, although in secret they continued to practice their old beliefs, likewise maintaining their cooperative enterprises. From then on the nickname <em>[[Habáner|Habaner]] </em>became the general name for these people.

=== Immigration to Russia ===

In [[Transylvania|Transylvania]] the Brethren had dwindled to scarcely more than a small group of perhaps 30 or 40 souls. Then Lutheran transmigrants from [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]] to Transylvania (they arrived in 1756) came into contact with this remnant of Hutterite life, and felt immediately attracted by this form of Christian communism. They now joined the brotherhood, and thus brought about a rejuvenation of and rededication to the old principles. Naturally, persecutions, mainly by Jesuits, quickly set in here too. After a number of attempts to find other places the Brethren finally decided to flee Transylvania (1767, after a stay of 146 years), across high mountain passes almost without trails, and to enter [[Walachia (Romania)|Walachia]] (now Romania) where conditions looked favorable. Another Turkish War (against [[Russia|Russia]]) again brought hardships, and the great trek continued after three years. In 1770 at the Dniester River the Brethren were received by the Russian general [[Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovitch (1725-1796)|Count Rumyantsev]], who offered them an asylum on his own estate in the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]] (then a rather sparsely populated area). At [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] the Brethren finally settled down for about one generation. In 1802 the colony was transferred to Czarist crown land at [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Radichev]], 10 miles north. It was [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner]] (born in [[Carinthia (Austria)|Carinthia]]) who was then the most outstanding <em>Vorsteher </em>of the brotherhood (1794-1824). It was he who between 1793 and 1802 wrote the second big chronicle of the Hutterites, the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>a work of great charm and refinement. J. Loserth called Waldner a genuine historian. He was also a genuine disciple of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]], who with all his strength opposed the threatening abandonment of the principle of community of goods, which one group under the leadership of Jacob Walter (formerly of Slovakia) carried out in 1818. This new Walter-group then settled down in southern Russia ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna district]], under the sponsorship of the Mennonite [[Cornies, Johann (1789-1848)|Johann Cornies]]), where for about 40 years it practiced private property. In 1859-60 some leader dared to re-establish communal life as of old, and soon the new Hutterite villages began to thrive. Then in 1870, universal military conscription in Russia brought an end to all former privileges, and the Brethren saw no other way out than again to migrate—in this case to emigrate to America.

=== Immigration to America ===

The story of this migration is too long to be retold here in detail. After a trip of inspection and scouting (1873), all the Brethren decided to come to the [[United States of America|United States]], where they chose the prairie land of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]] for settlement (in scenery so similar to the steppe of Russia). They arrived in 1874, 1877, and 1879, settling down in complete community of goods in three colonies near Yankton. According to these three settlements they are still today divided into the <em>[[Dariusleut|Darius-Leut]] </em>(named after [[Walter, Darius (1835-1903)|Darius Walter]], their leader), [[Schmiedeleut|<em>Schmiede-Leut </em>]](after [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner]], a blacksmith, their leader), and <em>[[Lehrerleut|Lehrer-Leut]] </em>(named after Jacob Wipf, called the <em>Lehrer). </em>The last group, when still in Russia, did not practice community of goods but began to do so in South Dakota. Those of their members who were disinclined, however, to accept this new-old form of living and wanted to stay in private ownership, later joined the group now called [[Krimmer Mennonite Brethren|Krimmer Mennonite Brethren]] or also the [[General Conference Mennonite Church (GCM)|General Conference Mennonites]].

The colonies soon grew again under the favorable conditions of American democracy and its freedom, until new suffering occurred during World War I. Then super-patriots could not understand the nonresistant attitude of these Anabaptists, and a great number of young Hutterite conscientious objectors went through almost unbelievable hardships in federal prisons. Two men died there on account of exposure and privations. At that point the Brethren decided to move on to [[Canada|Canada]] where exemption from military service was granted. They located in southern [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], and south central [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]]. However, one colony, the original one at Bonhomme, remained in South Dakota, and several new ones have been re-established there, while others were established in north central [[Montana (USA)|Montana]] from Alberta.<br />
In 1930, Eberhard Arnold, who had founded a community in Germany, spent a year among the Hutterian colonies and joined his group with the older movement. [[Bruderhof Communities]] has maintained a relationship with the Hutterites since that time.

In the 1950s the brotherhood was still growing, and in general their young people stayed loyal to their group. In 1954 they had close to 120 farm colonies ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]]) with almost 10,000 souls (between 50 and 150 souls per colony). Community of goods was practiced everywhere, rather strictly, and seemed to result in thrift and general health, both physical and moral. By and large the customs of old were observed, and this reminded the visitor occasionally of similar [[Old Order Amish|Amish]] attitudes. Although the young people learned English in their schools (on each Bruderhof), they yet spoke exclusively German at home. Since the days of Ehrenpreis (17th century), mission work was abandoned. At their services they read the sermons of old, and did not allow any new ones. The use of farm machinery, cars, telephone, and electric light was accepted, but otherwise they shared very little in modern American civilization. They continued to copy their manuscript books by hand (in fine penmanship). Only the two [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]] and their hymnbook had been printed, together with Riedemann's <em>Rechenschaft </em>of 1540 and [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' great <em>Sendbrief </em>of 1652.

This article cannot describe in any way the inner life of the Brethren or their external organization; for these purposes compare the following articles: [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]], [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Ceramics|Ceramics]], [[Folk Arts|Folk Arts]], [[Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren|Economic History of the Hutterian Brethren]], [[Education, Hutterite|Education — Hutterite]], Epistles — Hutterite, as well as articles on leaders such as [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Hutter]], [[Amon, Hans (d. 1542)|Amon]], Riedemann, [[Walpot, Peter (1521-1578)|Walpot]], [[Braidl, Klaus (1528?-1611)|Braidl]], [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]], and on their books, [[Hutterite Article Book|Article Book]], [[Hutterite Chronicles|Chronicles]], Handbüchlein, Rechenschaft, Liederbuch.

Finally also the following articles should be consulted: [[Gemeindeordnungen (Hutterite Brethren)|Gemeindeordnungen]], regarding their regulations and discipline, [[Marriage, Hutterite Practices|Marriage]], [[Medicine Among the Hutterites|Medicine among the Hutterites]], dealing with their barber-surgeons and physicians, Sermons—Hutterite, and naturally also the article [[Habáner|Habaner]] which gives details about those who had turned Catholic in the 18th century.

<div align="center">

<h3 style="text-align: center;">List of Hutterite Bruderhofs through the 1950s</h3> <strong>Table 1: Moravia, 1529-1622</strong>

(According to E. Crous, <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> III, 420-422.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-85 on Map 2)

<table class="vertical listing">
<tr> <td> 1. [[Alecowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Alexowitz]] (Alecowitz, Olkowitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2. Altenmarkt (Zierotin, 1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3. [[Auspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Auspitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>4. [[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>5. [[Pergen (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bergen]] (Pergen)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>6. [[Billowitz Hutterite Colony (Moravia)|Bilowitz]] (Billowitz, Pillowitz) (1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>7. Birnbaum</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>8. Bisenz ([[Bisenz Hutterite Colony (Bisenz, Moravia)|Bisentz]]) (Zierotin, 1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>9. Bogesch (Bogesitz/Bogenitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>10. Bohntitz (Bawd tz/[[Podusilna (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine)|Bochtitz]]-Pochtitz) (1546)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>11. Boretitz/Borzetitz ([[Paraditz (Czech Republic)|Paraditz]]) (1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>12. Budespitz/Butschowitz ([[Bučovice (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Bucovic]], Pudespitz) (1536)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>13. [[Budkov (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Budkau (Budkaw)]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>14. Czermakowitz (Schermankowitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>15. Damborschitz/Damborzitz ([[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]) (Kaunitz, 1550)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>16. [[Eibenschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Eibenschitz]] (Lipa)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>17. Eihis</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>18. Frätz/Wratzow (Niary von Bedek, 1547)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>19. [[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]] (1581)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>20. [[Gobschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gobschitz/Gubschitz]] (1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>21. [[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]] (Hodonin) (Lipa, 1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>22. Gurda/[[Gurdau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gurdau]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>23. Herspitz ([[Gerspitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gerspitz]])</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>24. Hosterlitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>25. Hrubschitz ([[Rupschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Rupschitz]]) (1546)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>26. Jamnitz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>27. Jemeritz (Jemeritz/Jaronowitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>28. Kanitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>29. [[Kobylí (Okres Břeclav, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kobily]]/Kobyli (Kobelitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>30. Kostl/Kostel ([[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]]) (Zierotin)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>31. Kreuz ([[Creutz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Creutz]]) (Lipa, 1565)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>32. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]] (Lipa, 1540)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>33. Landshut (Zierotin, 1565)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>33a. Lettnitz/Letonitz ([[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]])</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>34. [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg (Breclav)]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>35. [[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz/Millotitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>36. Mistrin/Mistrin</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>37. Moskowitz (Maskowitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>38. Muschau</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>39. Napagedl (Napajedl) (Zierotin, 1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>40. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (east of Auspitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>41. [[Klein Nembschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nembschitz/Klein Niemtschitz]] (near Prahlitz) (1562)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>42. Nemschau/Niemtschau (Niemtscha) (Kaunitz, 1560)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>43. [[Neudorf (Morava, Czech Republic)|Neudorf near Lundenburg]] (Zierotin, 1570)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>43a. Neudorf, Hungarian-Ostra district (Liechtenstein, 1570)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>44. [[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]] (Liechtenstein, 1558)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>45. [[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] (Mikulov) (Liechtenstein, Maximilian II, Dietrichstein, 1556)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>46. Nikolschitz/[[Nikoltschitz (Olomoucký kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikoltschitz]] (Zierotin, 1570)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>47. [[Nusslau (Morava, Czech Republic)|Nusslau]] (Nuslau) (Zierotin, 1583)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>48. Paulowitz/Pawlowitz (Lipa, 1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>49. Pausram (Zierotin, 1538)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>50. Pohrlitz (Zierotin, 1581)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>51. Polau/Pollau</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>52. Polehraditz (Bellerditz, Pettertitz) (1559)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>53. Popitz/Poppitz (1537)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>54. Pribitz/Przibitz (Zierotin, 1565)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>55. Pruschank/Pruschanek</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>56. Pulgrams/Pulgram (1538)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>57. [[Bohuslavice (Moravskoslezský kraj, Czech Republic)|Puslawitz/Bohuslawitz (Postlawitz)]] (1546)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>58. Rackschitz/Rakschitz (Lipa, 1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>59. Rakowitz (Räkowitz/Rakwitz) (Lipa, 1540)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>60. Rampersdorf (Zierotin)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>61. Rohatetz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>62. Ropitz/Rossitz (Pernstein, Lipa, Zierotin)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>63. Saitz (Lipa, 1540)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>64. Schaidowitz/Ziadowitz (1553)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>65. Schaikowitz (Schaickowitz/Ceikowitz) (1545)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>66. [[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schäckowitz/Schakwitz) (Lipa, 1533)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>67. (Klein-) Selowitz/K1. Seelowitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>68. Skalitz ([[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]) (1563)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>69. (Klein- or Gross-) Steurowitz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>69a. Stigonitz/Stignitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>70. Swatoborschitz/Swatoboritz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>71. Swetlau</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>72. Tannowitz (Abtei Kanitz, Thurn)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>73. Taykowitz/Taikowitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>74. Tracht (1558)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75. Tscheitsch/Ceitsch (Schenkhof)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76. Turnitz-[[Durdenitz (Niederösterreich, Austria)|Durdenitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>77. [[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]/Uhrzitz (Kaunitz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>78. Voit(e)lsbrunn (1557)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>79. Watzenowitz (Wacenowitz) (Zierotin)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>79a. Weisstätten</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>80. Welka-Hulka (Zierotin, um 1560)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>81. Wernslitz (Wemslitz/Weimis(ss)litz)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>82. Wessely (1546)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>83. Wischenau</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>84. Wisternitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>85. Wostitz (Thurn, 1567)</td> </tr> </table> <strong>

Table 2: Slovakia, 1545-1762

</strong>(According to E. Crous,<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> III, 423.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers I-XIV on Map 3)

<table class="vertical listing">
<tr> <td>I. Broczko ([[Brodské (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Protzka]]; Neutra) (1547)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>II. Dejte ([[Dechtitz (Hungary)|Dechtitz]]; Oberneutra)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>III. Dobravoda (Gutenwasser; Oberneutra)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>IV. Egbell (Neutra)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>V. [[Farkenschin (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Farkashida]] (Farkenschin; Pressburg) (1622)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>VI. Holics ([[Holitsch (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Holitsch]]; Neutra)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>VII. Kosolna (Kesselsdorf; Pressburg)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>VIII. Kúty ([[Gätte (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Gätte]]; Neutra) (1550)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>IX. Lévàrd Velky-Levary (Gross-Schützen, Lewär; Pressburg) (1588)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>X. Pobudin (Popadin, Popodin; Neutra) ([[Bakisch, Peter de Lak (16th century)|Bakisch de Lák]])</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>XI. Rovenszko ([[Rabenska (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Rabenska]]; Neutra) (1622)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>XII. Soblaho (Soblahov, Zobelhof; Trentschin) (Illés-häzi, 1622)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>XIII. [[Sobotište (Trnavský kraj, Slovakia)|Sobotište]] (Freischütz, Sabatisch; Neutra) (1546)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>XIV. Unter Nussdorf ([[Deutsch-Nussdorf (Hungary)|Deutsch-Nussdorf]]; Pressburg) (1548)</td> </tr> </table> <strong>

Table 3: Moravia, by manorial estates, 1619-1622

</strong>(According to Fr. Hruby,<em> Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren, </em>Leipzig, 1935)

<table class="vertical listing">
<tr> <td>1. <em>Lundenburg-Billowitz:</em> [[Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lundenburg]], Altenmarkt, [[Gostal (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Gostal]] Ober- and Nieder-Haus), Pillowitz, Rampersdorf</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2. <em>Seelowitz: </em>Eibes (auch Meubes), Nikolschitz, Nussla, Pausram, Pribitz, Poherlitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3. <em>[[Austerlitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Austerlitz]]: </em>Austerlitz and Gerspitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>4. <em>Nikolsburg: </em>[[Nikolsburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Nikolsburg]] and Tracht</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>5. <em>Steinitz: </em>[[Dämberschitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Dämberschitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>6. <em>Kanitz: </em>Klein-Niemtschitz (Ober- and Unterhaus)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>7. <em>Landshut: </em>Landshut</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>8. <em>[[Lettonitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Lettonitz]]: </em>Lettnitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>9. <em>Skalitz: </em>[[Gallitz (Trnava kraj, Slovakia)|Gallitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>10. <em>Wischenau: </em>Wischnau and [[Stignitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Stignitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>11. <em>Tscheikowitz:</em>[[Schäkowitz (Moravia, Czech Republic)|Schäkowitz]] (Schaikowitz) and Prutschan</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>12. <em>Bochtitz: </em>[[Pochtitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pochtitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>13. <em>[[Frischau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Frischau]]: </em>Frischau</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>14. <em>[[Göding (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Göding]]: </em>Göding and Koblitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>15. <em>Mähr. [[Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Kromau]]: </em>Maskowitz and Oleckowitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>16. <em>[[Milotitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Milotitz]]: </em>Wäzenobis</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>17. <em>Uhritz: </em>[[Urschitz Hutterite Colony (Slavkov u Brna, Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Urschitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>18. <em>Wesseli: </em>Wessela</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>19. <em>[[Ziadowitz (Morava, Czech Republic)|Ziadowitz]]: </em>Schädewitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>20. <em>Ungarisch-Ostra: </em>Neudorf</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>21. <em>Eisgrub: </em>[[Nové Mlýny (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Neumühl]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>22. <em>Ober-Tannowitz: </em>Tannewitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>23. <em>Tulleschitz: </em>Schermankowitz</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>24. <em>[[Wostitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Wostitz]]: </em>(Wostite), Weisstätten</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>25. <em>Polehraditz: </em>[[Pellertitz (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic)|Pellertitz]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>26. <em>Tawikowitz: </em>Teikowitz</td> </tr> </table>

<strong>Table 4: [[Transylvania|Transylvania]]</strong>

<table align="center" class="vertical listing">
<tr> <td>1. [[Alwinz (Transylvania, Romania)|Alvinc]], 1621-1767</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2. Kreuz, 1761-1767</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3. Stein, 1761-1767</td> </tr> </table>

<strong>Table 5: Ukraine</strong>

<table class="vertical listing">
<tr> <td>1. [[Vyshenka (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Vyshenka]] (1770-1802)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2. [[Radichev (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine)|Raditcheva]] (1802-1842)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3. [[Hutterthal (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Hutterthal]] (1842-1857)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>4. Hutterdorf (2) (1859-1874)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>5. Johannisruh (1864-1877)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>6. Sheromet (1868-1874)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>7. Neu-Hutterthal or Dabritcha (1866-1875)</td> </tr> </table>

<strong>Table 6: North Ameria, 1950, by branches</strong> (According to J. W. Eaton, "The Hutterite Mental Health Study," ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 25 (1951): 17-19.

For location of the Bruderhofs see the numbers 1-91 on Maps 5 & 6)

<table class="vertical listing">
<tr> <td><strong>Name & Address of Colony</strong></td> <td> <div align="center"><strong><em>Yr. Settled</em></strong></div> </td>
<td><strong><em>Population in 1950</em></strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>1. [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose, Camrose]]</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">83</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2. [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]], Cayley</td> <td>1937</td> <td> <div align="right">80</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3. [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]], Cardston</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">81</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>4. [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]], Macleod</td> <td>1928</td> <td> <div align="right">69</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>5. [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]], Ponoka</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">75</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>6. [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]], Granum</td> <td>1930</td> <td> <div align="right">75</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>7. [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]], Irma</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">57</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>8. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter, Irricana]]</td> <td>1948</td> <td> <div align="right">76</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>9. [[New Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|New Rosebud, Crossfield]]</td> <td>1944</td> <td> <div align="right">78</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>10. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]], Cranford</td> <td>1935</td> <td> <div align="right">91</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>11. [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker, Beiseker]]</td> <td>1926</td> <td> <div align="right">65</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>12. [[New York Hutterite Colony (Maybutt, Alberta, Canada)|New York, Maybutt]]</td> <td>1924</td> <td> <div align="right">110</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>13. [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek, Pincher Creek]]</td> <td>1926</td> <td> <div align="right">85</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>14. [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill, Penhold]]</td> <td>1948</td> <td> <div align="right">86</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>15. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]], Fort Macleod</td> <td>1933</td> <td> <div align="right">86</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>16. [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]], Redland</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">187</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>17. [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhill]], Beiseker</td> <td>1936</td> <td> <div align="right">114</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>18. [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]], Rockyford</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">77</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>19. [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]], Rockyford</td> <td>1919</td> <td> <div align="right">98</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>20. [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand Off]], Macleod</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">76</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>21. [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson, Glenwood]]</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">76</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>22. [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]], Cardston</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">117</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>23. [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek, Stettler]]</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">89</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>24. [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding, Lethbridge]]</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">140</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>25. [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]], Stirling</td> <td>1924</td> <td> <div align="right">76</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>DARIUSLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>26. [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]], Grass Range</td> <td>1945</td> <td> <div align="right">54</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>27. [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]], Danvers</td> <td>1947</td> <td> <div align="right">65</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>28. [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch, Lewistown]]</td> <td>1935</td> <td> <div align="right">61</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>29. [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]], Lewistown</td> <td>1945</td> <td> <div align="right">26</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, ALBERTA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>30. [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]], Woolford</td> <td>1920</td> <td> <div align="right">129</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>31. [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], Magrath</td> <td>1937</td> <td> <div align="right">117</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>32. [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elmspring]], Warner</td> <td>1929</td> <td> <div align="right">177</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>33. [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]], Magrath</td> <td>1932</td> <td> <div align="right">155</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>34. [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|McMillan]], Cayley</td> <td>1937</td> <td> <div align="right">127</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>35. [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami, New Dayton]]</td> <td>1924</td> <td> <div align="right">103</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>36. [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]], Raymond</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">134</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>37. [[New Elm Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elmspring]], Magrath</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">115</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>38. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], New Dayton</td> <td>1932</td> <td> <div align="right">113</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>39. [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O.K.]], Raymond</td> <td>--</td> <td> <div align="right">96</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>40. [[Old Elm Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm]], Magrath</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">151</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>41. [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|New Dale]], Queenstown</td> <td>1950</td> <td> <div align="right">60</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>42. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Wrentham</td> <td>1935</td> <td> <div align="right">89</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>43. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]], Magrath</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">100</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>44. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Warner</td> <td>1935</td> <td> <div align="right">186</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>LEHRERLEUT, MONTANA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>45. [[Birch Creeek Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Birch Creek]], Valier</td> <td>1947</td> <td> <div align="right">95</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>46. Miami, Pendroy</td> <td>1948</td> <td> <div align="right">112</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>47. (New) [[New Milford Hutterite Colony (Augusta, Montana, USA)|Milford]], Augusta</td> <td>1945</td> <td> <div align="right">105</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>48. Miller Ranch, Choteau</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">100</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>49. [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]], Choteau</td> <td>1948</td> <td> <div align="right">101</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>50. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]], Pendroy</td> <td>1947</td> <td> <div align="right">100</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>51. [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]], Sweet Grass</td> <td>1950</td> <td> <div align="right">?</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>UNAFFILIATED COLONIES, ALBERTA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>52. [[Felger Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Felger]], Lethbridge</td> <td>1924</td> <td> <div align="right">25</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>53. Hofer Brothers, Brocket</td> <td>1920</td> <td> <div align="right">15</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>54. Monarch, Monarch</td> <td>1942</td> <td> <div align="right">31</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>55. [[Stirling Mennonite Church (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Stirling Mennonite]], Stirling</td> <td>1944</td> <td> <div align="right">30</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, MANITOBA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>56. [[Barickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba Canada)|Barickman]], Headingly</td> <td>1920</td> <td> <div align="right">151</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>57. [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengard, Plum Coulee]]</td> <td>1922</td> <td> <div align="right">132</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>58. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]], Benard</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">108</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>59. [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]], Newton Siding</td> <td>1934</td> <td> <div align="right">153</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>60. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]], Benara</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">193</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>61. [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]], Headingly</td> <td>1919</td> <td> <div align="right">101</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>62. [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]], Starbuck</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">128</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>63. [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]], Headingly</td> <td>1946</td> <td> <div align="right">94</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>64.[[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada) | Maxwell, Headingly]]</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">86</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>65. [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]], Benard</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">54</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>66. [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale, Portage la Prairie]]</td> <td>1944</td> <td> <div align="right">155</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>67. [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]], Poplar Point</td> <td>1938</td> <td> <div align="right">93</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>68. [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]], Gladstone</td> <td>1946</td> <td> <div align="right">98</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>69. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]], Arden</td> <td>1934</td> <td> <div align="right">98</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>70. [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]], Gross Isle</td> <td>1947</td> <td> <div align="right">85</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>71. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]], Elie</td> <td>1918</td> <td> <div align="right">128</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>72. [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]], Headingly</td> <td>1938</td> <td> <div align="right">118</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>73. [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]], Newton Siding</td> <td>1925</td> <td> <div align="right">93</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>74. [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]], Elie</td> <td>1935</td> <td> <div align="right">121</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75. [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]], Vivian</td> <td>1950</td> <td> <div align="right">83</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, NORTH DAKOTA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76. [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]], Fordville</td> <td>1950</td> <td> <div align="right">?</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>SCHMIEDELEUT, SOUTH DAKOTA</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>77. [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]], Tabor</td> <td>1874</td> <td> <div align="right">58</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>78. [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]], Frankfort</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">97</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>79. [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]], Winfred</td> <td>1948</td> <td> <div align="right">71</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>80. [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]], Huron</td> <td>1944</td> <td> <div align="right">74</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>81. [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]], Utica</td> <td>1937</td> <td> <div align="right">107</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>82. [[Maxmill Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell, Scotland]]</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">72</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>83. [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]], Miller</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">54</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>84. [[New Elm Springs Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring, Ethan]]</td> <td>1936</td> <td> <div align="right">102</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>85. [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]], Iroquois</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">94</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>86. [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]], Academy</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">68</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>87. [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]], Huron</td> <td>1949</td> <td> <div align="right">48</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>88. [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]], Alexandria</td> <td>1934</td> <td> <div align="right">84</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>89. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]], Mitchell</td> <td>1945</td> <td> <div align="right">92</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>90. [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]], Frankfort</td> <td>1945</td> <td> <div align="right">94</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>91. [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]], Olivet</td> <td>1942</td> <td> <div align="right">94</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>CONVERT COLONIES</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>ONTARIO</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>92. Colony Farm of the Brethren, Bright</td> <td>1941</td> <td> <div align="right">46</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>Bruderhof Communities</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><strong>NEW YORK (State) </strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>[[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Rifton</td> <td>1954</td> <td> <div align="right">135</div> </td> </tr> </table>

<strong>Table 7: Summary of Hutterite Population By Census, by Kinship Group and Location, 1950s</strong>

<table class="vertical listing"> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><strong>Total</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Dariusleut</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Alberta</td> <td> <div align="right">2,247</div> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Montana</td> <td> <div align="right">206</div> </td> <td> <div align="right">2,453</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Lehrerleut</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Alberta</td> <td> <div align="right">1,852</div> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Montana</td> <td> <div align="right">613</div> </td> <td> <div align="right">2,465</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]]</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Manitoba</td> <td> <div align="right">2,272</div> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>South Dakota</td> <td> <div align="right">1,209</div> </td> <td> <div align="right">3,481</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Unaffiliated colonies</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Alberta</td> <td> <div align="right">101</div> </td> <td> <div align="right">101</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Total, Kinship Colonies</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right">8,500</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Total, Convert Colonies and Society of Brothers (est.)</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right">1,100</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div align="right" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Total No. of Hutterites</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right"><strong>9,600</strong></div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>SUMMARY OF HUTTERITE POPULATION CENSUS (1950) BY LOCATION</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Montana</td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right">819</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Dakota</td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right">1,209</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Alberta</td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right">4,200</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Manitoba</td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right">2,272</div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Ontario</td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right">46</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <tr> <td> <div align="right"><strong>Total</strong></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> <div align="right"><strong>9,211</strong></div> </td> </tr> </table>

Addenda 1955: The above lists and maps correspond to the situation around 1950. From 1950 until early 1955, 14 new kinship colonies were established. The population in these 4 1/2 years increased by more than 1,400 souls to a total of close to 10,000. These new colonies were (according to Rev. Peter Hofer, [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]):

<table class="vertical listing"> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div align="center"><strong><em>Dariusleut, Alberta</em></strong></div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">98. [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]], Pibroch</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">99. [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]], Fort Saskatchewan</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Alberta</em></strong></div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">100. Acadia Valley, Oyen</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">101. New Milford, Winnifred</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">102. [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]], Etzikom</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">103. Springside, Duchess</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Saskatchewan</em></strong></div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">104. [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]], Shaunavon</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">105. [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]], Maple Creek</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">106. Slade Colony, Tompkins</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div align="center"><strong><em>Lehrerleut, Montana</em></strong></div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">107. [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]], Cut Banks</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, Manitoba</em></strong></div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">108. [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]], Westbourne</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">109. [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]], St. Agathe</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">110. [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]], [[Morris (Manitoba, Canada)|Morris]]</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> <div align="center"><strong><em>Schmiedeleut, South Dakota</em></strong></div> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2">111. [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]], Wecota</td> </tr> </table>

The colonies of the Society of Brothers (Paraguay, etc.) had grown in the same period to more than 1,000 souls.

</div> <strong>Note for the Maps: </strong><em>Rev. David Decker, Tschetter Colony, South Dakota, Rev. Paul Gross, Pincher Creek Colony, Alberta, Rev. Peter Hofer, James Valley Colony, Manitoba, Rev. Joseph Waldner, Springfield Colony, Manitoba, and Rev. John Würz, Wilson Colony, Alberta, assisted in preparing a list of Hutterite colonies and determining their location. The maps were prepared under the direction of Dr. Joseph W. Eaton, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, with the assistance of Evelyn Plaut; they were drawn by R. A. Morwood of the Dept. of Geography at Wayne University.</em>

The first exhaustive list of Hutterite [[Bruderhof|Bruderhofs]] in Europe with locations (concerning [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and Slovakia, however) was that prepared by E. Crous and published in 1953 in connection with the article <em>Rabenska </em>in the <em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches ]]</em>[[Mennonitisches Lexikon|<em>Lexikon</em>]] (Installment 39, pp. 418-23) where two maps were also given, prepared by Dr. Gerhard Wöhlke of the Geographical Institute in Göttingen on the basis of the Austrian Spezialkarte 1:75,000, published 1869-1888 by the K. K. Militärgeographisches Institut. The Crous lists are here reproduced, but new maps were prepared by Dr. Robert Friedmann, two of which are based on the<em> Mennonitisches Lexikon</em> maps. The first two lists contained all known Bruderhofs of the 16th and 17th centuries, without indication as to the date of dissolution. They therefore do not reveal how many were in existence at any one time, although most were in existence in the "Golden Age" ca. 1590. The only such list is the third one, which names the Bruderhofs in existence in Moravia, 1619-1622, 1622 being the date when all were expelled from the country.

J. Loserth published the first list of Bruderhofs in his <em>Communismus </em>(1894) p. 246. This list he published in<em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]]</em> (1931) Haushaben, slightly revised, where 88 locations are named. Fr. Hruby published a list of 43 Bruderhofs in existence in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1619-1622, in his <em>Wiedertäufer in Mähren </em>(Leipzig, 1935), which is reproduced as list no. 3 above. He reported that a considerable number of Bruderhofs were destroyed in 1605. According to Hruby most of the Bruderhofs were in Czech nationality areas; only 9 of the 43 listed areas were in German nationality areas.

Zieglschmid's list of North American Bruderhofs <em>(Klein-Geschichtsbuch, </em>677-80) contained only 64, although it was not quite exhaustive. He reported (p. 471) the growth in numbers as follows: 1878 (3), 1900 (10), 1915 (17), 1926 (29), 1944 (57), 1947 (64). Before 1918 all American Bruderhofs were in South Dakota. The first Canadian Bruderhofs were established in Manitoba and Alberta in 1918, when a mass migration occurred. Zieglschmid (p. 472 f.) gave a genealogical chart of the origin of the North American Bruderhofs of the [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] and [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]in existence in 1947. -- <em>Robert Friedmann</em>

== 1990 Update ==

The Hutterian Brethren practice [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], as first established in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] in 1529 and re-established by [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jakob Hutter]] in 1533 according to the example of the first church in Jerusalem (Acts 2:44), "And all that believed were together, and had all things in common." The basic beliefs and way of life, including community of goods, are the same today as when the movement began.

In 1990 there were about 353 Hutterite colonies with a population of more than 35,000. They were situated in [[British Columbia (Canada)|British Columbia]], [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]], Saskatchewan, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], [[Washington (USA)|Washington]], [[Montana (USA)|Montana]], [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Minnesota (USA)|Minnesota]], [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], [[New York (USA)|New York]], Connecticut, England, and Japan.

The Hutterians in Japan began as a small group of Japanese Christians in 1969. They had all things in common and in a worldwide search for other groups living according to the gospel and Acts 2 and 4, their leader, Izeki, visited the Hutterian Brethren. He was baptized at Wilson Siding Bruderhof in 1975 and confirmed as Servant of the Word two years later.

The Hutterians who fled to the [[United States of America|United States]] from [[Russia|Russia]] in the 1870s and moved to [[Canada|Canada]] after [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] because of hostility and mistreatment on account of their conscientious objection against military participation, encountered fresh discrimination following the outbreak of World War II and in subsequent years. The Hutterians refused to join any branch of the military forces, but accepted alternative service under civilian jurisdiction.

In 1942 the Alberta legislature passed an act preventing the Hutterites from buying land if the site was closer than 40 miles (65 km) from an existing colony, and the amount of land was limited to not more than 6,400 acres (2600 hectares). In 1960 the law was amended. New colonies were formed in Montana in 1948 and in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]] in 1952.

In Manitoba attempts were made to introduce restrictive legislation. Fearing restrictions like those in Alberta, a "gentleman's agreement" with the Union of Manitoba Municipalities stipulated the location of no more than one or two colonies per municipality and at least 10 miles (16 km) apart. In 1971 this agreement was terminated.

The <em>[[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] </em>(Manitoba and Dakota colonies) set up their own mutual insurance in 1980. The other two groups do not insure, but depend upon intercolony mutual aid when a fire or disaster strikes. Sizable donations are given every year to local funds and to the disaster fund of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. The Dakota colonies formed a health or hospital insurance fund while the Canadian colonies participate in provincial health plans.

Hutterian [[Children|children]] attend kindergarten (age 2-5), and elementary school (age 6-16). Normally the colony supplies the building, heating, and the maintenance costs. The local school division and board selects and pays the salary of the teachers, administers the school and, in most cases, pays a small rent for the building. In the past 10 years a number of colonies which have experienced difficulties in acquiring teacher grants have educated their own members as qualified teachers. It is also felt that a colony's own teacher will offset the worldly influence of the outside teacher. In Manitoba the Hutterite English teachers formed an association which provides inservice training sessions geared to the colony teacher's needs.

The children also receive two hours of German instruction daily from their own German teacher. The [[Dariusleut|Dariusleut ]]and [[Schmiedeleut|Schmiedeleut]] have German school from October to May, while the Lehrerleut have it from September to June. Training sessions of two to three days per year for German teachers have been held for 10 years in Manitoba and [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. Many of the teachers have replaced the Tyrolean dialect with the use of standard (high) German as the language of instruction.

The Hutterite Education Committee, along with other German teachers, has developed a history course for use in English and German schools. Other materials and new books have been introduced on hymnology, grammar, literature, etc. Many schools have copying and printing machines. A bookstore at [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in Manitoba stocks most school and church materials as well as books in English and German. German schools in Manitoba colonies received sizable cultural grants from both federal and provincial governments for the retention of language, printing of cultural or historical books, and training sessions.

<em>John Hofer</em>

== 2014 Update ==

The following colonies were members of the Hutterian Brethren in 2014:
<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Colony !! Location !! Leut
|-
| [[Abbey Hutterite Colony (Abbey, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Abbey]]||Abbey, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Oyen, Alberta, Canada)|Acadia]]||Oyen, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Acadia Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Acadia]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Airport Hutterite Colony (Macdonald, Manitoba, Canada)|Airport]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Albion Ridge Hutterite Colony (Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada)|Albion Ridge]]||Picture Butte, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Alix Hutterite Colony (Alix, Alberta, Canada)|Alix]]||Alix, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Altona Hutterite Colony (Henderson, Minnesota, USA)|Altona]]||Henderson, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Arm River Hutterite Colony (Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Arm River]]||Lumsden, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Armada Hutterite Colony (Armada, Alberta, Canada)|Armada]]||Lomond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Arrowwood Hutterite Colony (Blackie, Alberta, Canada)|Arrowwood]]||Blackie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Aspenheim Hutterite Colony (Bagot, Manitoba, Canada)|Aspenheim]]||Bagot, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Athabasca||Athabasca, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ayers Ranch Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Ayers Ranch]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Baildon Hutterite Colony (Briercrest, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Baildon]]||Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Baker Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Baker]]||Mac Gregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Barickman Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba Canada)|Barickman]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Beechy Hutterite Colony (Beechy, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Beechy]]||Beechy, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Beiseker Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Beiseker]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Belle Plaine Hutterite Colony (Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Belle Plaine]]||Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bench Hutterite Colony (Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bench]]||Shaunavon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Bentley Hutterite Colony (Bentley, Alberta, Canada)|Bentley]]||Blackfalds, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Berry Creek Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Berry Creek]]||Hanna, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Bend Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|Big Bend]]||Cardston, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Rose Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Big Rose]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Big Sky Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Big Sky]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Graceville, Minnesota, USA)|Big Stone]]||Graceville, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Big Stone Hutterite Colony (Sand Coulee, Montana, USA)|Big Stone]]||Sand Coulee, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Birch Creek||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Birch Hills Hutterite Colony (Peoria, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Hills]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Birch Meadows Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Birch Meadows]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bloomfield Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Bloomfield]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blooming Prairie Hutterite Colony (Homewood, Manitoba, Canada)|Blooming Prairie]]||Homewood, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Clay Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Blue Clay]]||Arnaud, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blue Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Ridge]]||Mountain View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Blue Sky Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Blue Sky]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Bluegrass Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Bluegrass]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Blumengard Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Blumengard]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Blumengart Hutterite Colony (Plum Coulee, Manitoba, Canada)|Blumengart]]||Plum Coulee, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Bon Homme]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme]]||Tabor, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Bone Creek Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Bone Creek]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Boundary Lane Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Boundary Lane]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Bow City Hutterite Colony (Bow City, Alberta, Canada)|Bow City]]||Brooks, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Box Elder Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Box Elder]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Brant Hutterite Colony (Brant, Alberta, Canada)|Brant]]||Brant, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Brantwood Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Brantwood]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Brentwood Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Brentwood]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Brightstone Hutterite Colony (La du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada)|Brightstone]]||Lac Du Bonnet, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Britestone Hutterite Colony (Carbon, Alberta, Canada)|Britestone]]||Carbon, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Broad Valley Hutterite Colony (Arborg, Manitoba, Canada)|Broad Valley]]||Arborg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Brocket||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Butte Hutterite Colony (Bracken, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Butte]]||Bracken, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Byemoor Hutterite Colony (Byemoor, Alberta, Canada)|Byemoor]]||Byemoor, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cameron Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Cameron]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Cameron||Viborg, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Camrose, Alberta, Canada)|Camrose]]||Camrose, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Camrose Hutterite Colony (Ledger, Montana, USA)|Camrose]]||Ledger, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Camrose||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[CanAm Hutterite Colony (Margaret, Manitoba, Canada)|CanAm]]||Margaret, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Carmangay Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Carmangay]]||Carmangay, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Carmichael Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Carmichael]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (MacGregor, Manitoba, Canada)|Cascade]]||MacGregor, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cascade Hutterite Colony (Fort Shaw, Montana, USA)|Cascade]]||Sun River, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Castor Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Castor]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cayley Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|Cayley]]||Cayley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Cedar Grove Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Cedar Grove]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Claremont Hutterite Colony (Castlewood, South Dakota, USA)|Claremont]]||Castlewood, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clark Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Clark]]||Raymond, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clear Lake Hutterite Colony (Carmangay, Alberta, Canada)|Clear Lake]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clear Spring Hutterite Colony (Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Clear Spring]]||Kenaston, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cleardale Hutterite Colony (Cleardale, Alberta, Canada)|Cleardale]]||Cleardale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Clearfield Hutterite Colony (Wagner, South Dakota, USA)|Clearfield]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Clearview]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Clearview Hutterite Colony (Elm Creek, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearview]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Clearwater Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Clearwater]]||Balmoral, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cloverleaf Hutterite Colony (Delia, Alberta, Canada)|Cloverleaf]]||Delia, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Cluny Hutterite Colony (Cluny, Alberta, Canada)|Cluny]]||Cluny, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Codessa Hutterite Colony (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)|Codessa]]||Eaglesham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| Collins||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Concord Hutterite Colony (Stony Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Concord]]||Winnipeg, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cool Spring Hutterite Colony (Polonia, Manitoba, Canada)|Cool Spring]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Cool Springs||Rudyard, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Copperfield Hutterite Colony (Vauxhall, Alberta, Canada)|Copperfield]]||Vauxhall, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Craigmyle Hutterite Colony (Craigmyle, Alberta, Canada)|Craigmyle]]||Craigmyle, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Crystal Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Crystal Spring Hutterite Colony (Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada)|Crystal Spring]]||Ste. Agathe, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Cypress River, Manitoba, Canada)|Cypress]]||Cypress River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Cypress Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Cypress]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Decker Hutterite Colony (Decker, Manitoba, Canada)|Decker]]||Decker, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Deerboine Hutterite Colony (Alexander, Manitoba, Canada)|Deerboine]]||Alexander, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Deerfield]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Deerfield]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Deerfield Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Deerfield]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Delco Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Delco]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Delta Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Delta]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Dinsmore Hutterite Colony (Dinsmore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Dinsmore]]||Dinsmore, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Donalda Hutterite Colony (Donalda, Alberta, Canada)|Donalda]]||Donalda, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Downie Lake Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Downie Lake]]||Maple Creek, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Duncan Ranch Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Duncan Ranch]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Galata, Montana, USA)|Eagle Creek]]||Galata, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Eagle Creek Hutterite Colony (Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eagle Creek]]||Asquith, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ear View Hutterite Colony (Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ear View]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Cardston Hutterite Colony (Cardston, Alberta, Canada)|East Cardston]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East End Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|East End]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[East Malta Hutterite Colony (Malta, Montana, USA)|East Malta]]||Malta, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[East Raymond Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|East Raymond]]||Raymond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Eatonia Hutterite Colony (Eatonia, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Eatonia]]||Eatonia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| Elk Creek||Augusta, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elkwater Hutterite Colony (Irvine, Alberta, Canada)|Elkwater]]||Irvine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Elm River Hutterite Colony (Newton, Manitoba, Canada)|Elm River]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Elm Spring]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Elmendorf Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Elmendorf]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Undefined
|-
| [[Emerald Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Emerald]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Enchant Hutterite Colony (Enchant, Alberta, Canada)|Enchant]]||Enchant, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Erskine Hutterite Colony (Erskine, Alberta, Canada)|Erskine]]||Erskine, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Estuary Hutterite Colony (Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Estuary]]||Leader, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Evergreen]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Evergreen Hutterite Colony (Faulkton, South Dakota, USA)|Evergreen]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ewelme Hutterite Colony (Standoff, Alberta, Canada)|Ewelme]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fair Haven Hutterite Colony (Ulm, Montana, USA)|Fair Haven]]||Ulm, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairholme Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairholme]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fairlane Hutterite Colony (Skiff, Alberta, Canada)|Fairlane]]||Skiff, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (Crossfield, Alberta, Canada)|Fairview]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fairview Hutterite Colony (La Moure, North Dakota, USA)|Fairview]]||La Moure, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fairville Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Fairville]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Fairway Hutterite Colony (Douglas, Manitoba, Canada)|Fairway]]||Douglas, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ferrybank Hutterite Colony (Ponoka, Alberta, Canada)|Ferrybank]]||Ponoka, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Flat Willow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Flat Willow Ranch]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Fordham Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Fordham]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Fords Creek Hutterite Colony (Grass Range, Montana, USA)|Fords Creek]]||Grass Range, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River]]||Fordville, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Fort Pitt Hutterite Colony (Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Fort Pitt]]||Lloydminister, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Forty Mile Hutterite Colony (Lodge Grass, Montana, USA)|Forty Mile]]||Lodge Grass, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Gadsby Hutterite Colony (Hackett, Alberta, Canada)|Gadsby]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Garden Plane Hutterite Colony (Frontier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Garden Plane]]||Frontier, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Gildford Hutterite Colony (Gildford, Montana, USA)|Gildford]]||Gildford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Glacier Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glacier]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Glendale]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Glendale Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Glendale]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Glenway Hutterite Colony (Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada)|Glenway]]||Dominion City, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Glidden Hutterite Colony (Glidden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Glidden]]||Glidden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Golden Valley Hutterite Colony (Ryegate, Montana, USA)|Golden Valley]]||Ryegate, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Golden View||Salem, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Golden View Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Golden View]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Good Hope Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Good Hope]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Gracevale Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Gracevale]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grand Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Grand]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grandview Hutterite Colony (Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada)|Grandview]]||Grand Prairie, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grant Hutterite Colony (Enderlin, North Dakota, USA)|Grant]]||Enderlin, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Granum Hutterite Colony (Granum, Alberta, Canada)|Granum]]||Granum, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Grass Ranch Hutterite Colony (Kimball, South Dakota, USA)|Grass Ranch]]||Kimball, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grass River Hutterite Colony (Glenella, Manitoba, Canada)|Grass River]]||Glenella, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassland Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Grassland]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Grassy Hill Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Grassy Hill]]||Gull Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Green Acres Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Green Acres]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Green Leaf Hutterite Colony (Marcelin, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Green Leaf]]||Marcelin, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Greenwald Hutterite Colony (Brokenhead, Manitoba, Canada)|Greenwald]]||Beausejour, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Stand Off, Alberta, Canada)|Greenwood]]||Fort Macleod, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Greenwood Hutterite Colony (Delmont, South Dakota, USA)|Greenwood]]||Delmont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hairy Hill Hutterite Colony (Hairy Hill, Alberta, Canada)|Hairy Hill]]||Hairy Hill, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hand Hills Hutterite Colony (Hanna, Alberta, Canada)|Hand Hills]]||Hanna, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Bashaw, Alberta, Canada)|Hartland]]||Bashaw, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hartland Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hartland]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Dexter, Minnesota, USA)|Haven]]||Dexter, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Haven Hutterite Colony (Fox Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Haven]]||Fox Valley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Hazelridge, Manitoba, Canada)|Heartland]]||Hazelridge, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Heartland Hutterite Colony (Lake Benton, Minnesota, USA)|Heartland]]||Lake Benton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hidden Lake Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Hidden Lake]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hidden Valley Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Hidden Valley]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[High River Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|High River]]||High River, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Garden City, South Dakota, USA)|Hillcrest]]||Garden City, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillcrest Hutterite Colony (Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillcrest]]||Dundurn, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hilldale Hutterite Colony (Havre, Montana, USA)|Hilldale]]||Havre, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillridge Hutterite Colony (Barnwell, Alberta, Canada)|Hillridge]]||Barnwell, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Justice, Manitoba, Canada)|Hillside]]||Justice, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Sweetgrass, Montana, USA)|Hillside]]||Sweetgrass, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hillside Hutterite Colony (Doland, South Dakota, USA)|Hillside]]||Doland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Hillsvale Hutterite Colony (Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hillsvale]]||Cut Knife, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hillview Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Hillview]]||Rosebud, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Hodgeville Hutterite Colony (Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hodgeville]]||Hodgeville, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holden Hutterite Colony (Holden, Alberta, Canada)|Holden]]||Holden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Holmfield Hutterite Colony (Holmfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Holmfield]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Holt Hutterite Colony (Irma, Alberta, Canada)|Holt]]||Irma, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Homewood Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Homewood]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Horizon]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Horizon Hutterite Colony (Lowe Farm, Manitoba, Canada)|Horizon]]||Lowe Farm, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Hughenden Hutterite Colony (Hughenden, Alberta, Canada)|Hughenden]]||Hughenden, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Benard, Manitoba, Canada)|Huron]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Huron]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Huron Hutterite Colony (Brownlee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Huron]]||Brownlee, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Hutterville]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Hutterville Hutterite Colony (Stratford, South Dakota, USA)|Hutterville]]||Stratford, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Huxley Hutterite Colony (Huxley, Alberta, Canada)|Huxley]]||Huxley, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Iberville Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Iberville]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Interlake Hutterite Colony (Teulon, Manitoba, Canada)|Interlake]]||Teulon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Iron Creek Hutterite Colony (Bruce, Alberta, Canada)|Iron Creek]]||Bruce, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jamesville Hutterite Colony (Utica, South Dakota, USA)|Jamesville]]||Utica, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Jenner Hutterite Colony (Jenner, Alberta, Canada)|Jenner]]||Jenner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kamsley Hutterite Colony (Somerset, Manitoba, Canada)|Kamsley]]||Somerset, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Keho Lake Hutterite Colony (Barons, Alberta, Canada)|Keho Lake]]||Barons, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Keystone Hutterite Colony (Warren, Manitoba, Canada)|Keystone]]||Warren, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Kilby Butte Hutterite Colony (Roundup, Montana, USA)|Kilby Butte]]||Roundup, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[King Ranch Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|King Ranch]]||Lewiston, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Kings Lake Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Kings Lake]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsbury Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Kingsbury]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kingsland Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Kingsland]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Kyle Hutterite Colony (Elrose, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Kyle]]||Kyle, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Lajord Hutterite Colony (White City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lajord]]||White City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lake View Hutterite Colony (Lake Andres, South Dakota, USA)|Lake View]]||Lake Andes, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cranford, Alberta, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cranford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lakeside Hutterite Colony (Cartier, Manitoba, Canada)|Lakeside]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Lakeview Hutterite Colony (Unity, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lakeview]]||Unity, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lathom Hutterite Colony (Brooks, Alberta, Canada)|Lathom]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Leask Hutterite Colony (Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Leask]]||Leask, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Leedale Hutterite Colony (Rimbey, Alberta, Canada)|Leedale]]||Rimbey, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lismore Hutterite Colony (Clinton, Minnesota, USA)|Lismore]]||Clinton, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Little Bow Hutterite Colony (Champion, Alberta, Canada)|Little Bow]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Little Creek Hutterite Colony (Marquette, Manitoba, Canada)|Little Creek]]||Marquette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Livingstone Hutterite Colony (Lundbreck, Alberta, Canada)|Livingstone]]||Lundbreck, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lomond Hutterite Colony (Lomond, Alberta, Canada)|Lomond]]||Lomond, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lone Pine Hutterite Colony (Botha, Alberta, Canada)|Lone Pine]]||Botha, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Long Lake Hutterite Colony (Wetonka, South Dakota, USA)|Long Lake]]||Westport, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Loring Hutterite Colony (Loring, Montana, USA)|Loring]]||Loring, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lost River Hutterite Colony (Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Lost River]]||Allan, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Lougheed Hutterite Colony (Lougheed, Alberta, Canada)|Lougheed]]||Lougheed, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[McMillan Hutterite Colony (Cayley, Alberta, Canada)|MacMillan]]||Cayley, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Main Centre Hutterite Colony (Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Main Centre]]||Rush Lake, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mannville Hutterite Colony (Mannville, Alberta, Canada)|Mannville]]||Mannville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Maple Grove Hutterite Colony (Lauder, Manitoba, Canada)|Maple Grove]]||Lauder, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Maple River Hutterite Colony (Fullerton, North Dakota, USA)|Maple River]]||Fullerton, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marble Ridge Hutterite Colony (Hodgson, Manitoba, Canada)|Marble Ridge]]||Hodgson, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Marlin Hutterite Colony (Marlin, Washington, USA)|Marlin]]||Marlin, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Martinsdale Hutterite Colony (Martinsdale, Montana, USA)|Martinsdale]]||Martinsdale, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Maxwell]]||Cartier, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Maxwell Hutterite Colony (Scotland, South Dakota, USA)|Maxwell]]||Scotland, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfair Hutterite Colony (Killarney, Manitoba, Canada)|Mayfair]]||Killarney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Mayfield]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mayfield Hutterite Colony (Willow Lake, South Dakota, USA)|Mayfield]]||Willow Lake, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[McGee Hutterite Colony (McGee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McGee]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[McMahon Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|McMahon]]||MacMahon, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mialta Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Mialta]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Miami]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Miami Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Miami]]||Morden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Midland Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Midland]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Midway Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|Midway]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milden Hutterite Colony (Milden, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Milden]]||Milden, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|Milford]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Milford Hutterite Colony (Wolf Creek, Montana, USA)|Milford]]||Wolf Creek, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millbrook Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Millbrook]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Miller Hutterite Colony (Choteau, Montana, USA)|Miller]]||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Millerdale Hutterite Colony (Miller, South Dakota, USA)|Millerdale]]||Miller, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[MillsHof Hutterite Colony (Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada)|MillsHof]]||Glenboro, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Milltown Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Milltown]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Miltow Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Miltow]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Mixburn Hutterite Colony (Minburn, Alberta, Canada)|Mixburn]]||Minburn, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Morinville Hutterite Colony (Alcomdale, Alberta, Canada)|Morinville]]||Morinville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Mountain View]]||Strathmore, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Mountain View Hutterite Colony (Broadview, Montana, USA)|Mountain View]]||Broadview, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Netley Hutterite Colony (Petersfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Netley]]||Petersfield, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Neu Muehl Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Neu Muehl]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neudorf Hutterite Colony (Kersey, Alberta, Canada)|Neudorf]]||Crossfield, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Neuhof Hutterite Colony (Mountain Lake, Minnesota, USA)|Neuhof]]||Mountain Lake, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[New Elm Springs Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|New Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Elm Springs Hutterite Colony (Ethan, South Dakota, USA)|New Elm Spring]]||Ethan, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New Miami Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Montana, USA)|New Miami]]||Conrad, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rockport Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|New Rockport]]||New Dayton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| New Rockport||Choteau, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[New Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|New Rosedale]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[New York Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|New York]]||Lethbridge, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Milo, Alberta, Canada)|Newdale]]||Milo, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Hayfield, Manitoba, Canada)|Newdale]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newdale Hutterite Colony (Elkton, South Dakota, USA)|Newdale]]||Elkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newell Hutterite Colony (Bassano, Alberta, Canada)|Newell]]||Bassano, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Newhaven Hutterite Colony (Argyle, Manitoba, Canada)|Newhaven]]||Argyle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Newport Hutterite Colony (Claremont, South Dakota, USA)|Newport]]||Claremont, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norfeld Hutterite Colony (White, South Dakota, USA)|Norfeld]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Norquay Hutterite Colony (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada)|Norquay]]||Oakville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[North Harlem Hutterite Colony (Harlem, Montana, USA)|North Harlem]]||Harlem, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Northern Breeze Hutterite Colony (Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada)|Northern Breeze]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[O. B. Hutterite Colony (Marwayne, Alberta, Canada)|O.B.]]||Marwayne, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[O. K. Hutterite Colony (Raymond, Alberta, Canada)|O. K.]]||Raymond, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oak Bluff Hutterite Colony (Arnaud, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak Bluff]]||Morris, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oak Lane Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Oak Lane]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Oak River Hutterite Colony (Oak River, Manitoba, Canada)|Oak River]]||Oak River, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Oaklane Hutterite Colony (Taber, Alberta, Canada)|Oaklane]]||Taber, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Oakridge Hutterite Colony (Holland, Manitoba, Canada)|Oakridge]]||Holland, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Odanah Hutterite Colony (Rufford, Manitoba, Canada)|Odanah]]||Minnedosa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Old Elm Spring]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Old Elm Spring Hutterite Colony (Parkston, South Dakota, USA)|Old Elm Spring]]||Parkston, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Orland Hutterite Colony (Montrose, South Dakota, USA)|Orland]]||Montrose, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Parkland Hutterite Colony (Parkland, Alberta, Canada)|Parkland]]||Nanton, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Parkview Hutterite Colony (Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada)|Parkview]]||Riding Mountain, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Peace View Hutterite Colony (Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada)|Peace View]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pearl Creek Hutterite Colony (Iroquois, South Dakota, USA)|Pearl Creek]]||Iroquois, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembina Hutterite Colony (Darlingford, Manitoba, Canada)|Pembina]]||Darlingford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pembrook Hutterite Colony (Ipswich, South Dakota, USA)|Pembrook]]||Ipswich, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pennant Hutterite Colony (Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Pennant]]||Pennant, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pibroch Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Pibroch]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pincher Creek Hutterite Colony (Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Pincher Creek]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Creek Hutterite Colony (Austin, Manitoba, Canada)|Pine Creek]]||Austin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pine Haven Hutterite Colony (Westaskiwin, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Haven]]||Wetaskiwin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pine Hill Hutterite Colony (Penhold, Alberta, Canada)|Pine Hill]]||Red Deer, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pineland Hutterite Colony (Piney, Manitoba, Canada)|Pineland]]||Piney, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Plain Lake Hutterite Colony (Two Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Plain Lake]]||Two Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Plainview]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Elkhorn, Manitoba, Canada)|Plainview]]||Elkhorn, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Plainview Hutterite Colony (Leola, South Dakota, USA)|Plainview]]||Leola, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Platte Hutterite Colony (Platte, South Dakota, USA)|Platte]]||Platte, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Clive, Alberta, Canada)|Pleasant Valley]]||Clive, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Belt, Montana, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Belt, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Pleasant Valley Hutterite Colony (Flandreau, South Dakota, USA)|Pleasant Valley]]||Flandreau, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Poinsett Hutterite Colony (Estelline, South Dakota, USA)|Poinsett]]||Estelline, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Pondera Hutterite Colony (Valier, Montana, USA)|Pondera]]||Valier, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponderosa Hutterite Colony (Grassy Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Ponderosa]]||Grassy Lake, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ponteix Hutterite Colony (Ponteix, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Ponteix]]||Ponteix, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Poplar Point Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Poplar Point]]||Portage La Prairie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Prairie Blossom Hutterite Colony (Balmoral, Manitoba, Canada)|Prairie Blossom]]||Stonewall, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Prairie Elk Hutterite Colony (Wolf Point, Montana, USA)|Prairie Elk]]||Wolf Point, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Prairie Home Hutterite Colony (Conrad, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie Home]]||Wrentham, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Prairie View Hutterite Colony (Sibbald, Alberta, Canada)|Prairie View]]||Sibbald, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Quill Lake Hutterite Colony (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Quill Lake]]||Quill Lake, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rainbow Hutterite Colony (Innisfail, Alberta, Canada)|Rainbow]]||Innisfail, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Raymore Hutterite Colony (Raymore, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Raymore]]||Raymore, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Stettler, Alberta, Canada)|Red Willow]]||Stettler, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Red Willow Hutterite Colony (Toronto, South Dakota, USA)|Red Willow]]||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Ribstone Hutterite Colony (Edgerton, Alberta, Canada)|Ribstone]]||Edgerton, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridge Valley Hutterite Colony (Crooked Creek, Alberta, Canada)|Ridge Valley]]||Crooked Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Hussar, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Ridgeland Hutterite Colony (Dugald, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeland]]||Dugald, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Ridgeville Hutterite Colony (Ridgeville, Manitoba, Canada)|Ridgeville]]||Ridgeville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rimrock Hutterite Colony (Sunburst, Montana, USA)|Rimrock]]||Sunburst, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[River Road Hutterite Colony (Milk River, Alberta, Canada)|River Road]]||Milk River, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Mossleigh, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Carberry, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Carberry, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverbend Hutterite Colony (Waldheim, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverbend]]||Waldheim, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverdale Hutterite Colony (Gladstone, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverdale]]||Gladstone, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Riverside]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Arden, Manitoba, Canada)|Riverside]]||Arden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverside Hutterite Colony (Huron, South Dakota, USA)|Riverside]]||Huron, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Riverview]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Riverview Hutterite Colony (Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Riverview]]||Saskatoon, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Coaldale, Alberta, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rock Lake Hutterite Colony (Gross Isle, Manitoba, Canada)|Rock Lake]]||Grosse Isle, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Magrath, Alberta, Canada)|Rockport]]||Magrath, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Pendroy, Montana, USA)|Rockport]]||Pendroy, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rockport Hutterite Colony (Alexandria, South Dakota, USA)|Rockport]]||Alexandria, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| Roland||White, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rolling Acres Hutterite Colony (Eden, Manitoba, Canada)|Rolling Acres]]||Eden, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosalind Hutterite Colony (Rosalind, Alberta, Canada)|Rosalind]]||Camrose, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Glen Hutterite Colony (Hilda, Alberta, Canada)|Rose Glen]]||Hilda, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Graysville, Manitoba, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Graysville, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rose Valley Hutterite Colony (Verwood, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rose Valley]]||Assiniboia, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosebank Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosebank]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosebud Hutterite Colony (Rosebud, Alberta, Canada)|Rosebud]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Rosedale]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Rosedale Hutterite Colony (Mitchell, South Dakota, USA)|Rosedale]]||Mitchell, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Rosetown Hutterite Colony (Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosetown]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Rustic Acres Hutterite Colony (Madison, South Dakota, USA)|Rustic Acres]]||Madison, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sage Creek Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sage Creek]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sand Lake Hutterite Colony (Orkney, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sand Lake]]||Val Marie, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sandhills Hutterite Colony (Beiseker, Alberta, Canada)|Sandhills]]||Beiseker, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Schoonover Hutterite Colony (Odessa, Washington, USA)|Schoonover]]||Odessa, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scotford Hutterite Colony (Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada)|Scotford]]||Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Scott Hutterite Colony (Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Scott]]||Scott, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Seville Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Seville]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shadow Ranch Hutterite Colony (Airdrie, Alberta, Canada)|Shadow Ranch]]||Champion, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Wanham, Alberta, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Wanham, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Shady Lane Hutterite Colony (Treherne, Manitoba, Canada)|Shady Lane]]||Treherne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Shamrock]]||Bow Island, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Shamrock Hutterite Colony (Carpenter, South Dakota, USA)|Shamrock]]||Carpenter, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Shannon Hutterite Colony (Winfred, South Dakota, USA)|Shannon]]||Winfred, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Silver Creek Hutterite Colony (Ferintosh, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Creek]]||Ferintoch, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Lake Hutterite Colony (Clark, South Dakota, USA)|Silver Lake]]||Clark, South Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Silver Sage Hutterite Colony (Nemiskam, Alberta, Canada)|Silver Sage]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Silverwinds Hutterite Colony (Sperling, Manitoba, Canada)|Silverwinds]]||Sperling, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Simmie Hutterite Colony (Simmie, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Simmie]]||Admiral, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sky Light Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Sky Light]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sky View Hutterite Colony (Miami, Manitoba, Canada)|Sky View]]||Miami, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Smiley Hutterite Colony (Smiley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Smiley]]||Smiley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Smoky Lake Hutterite Colony (Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada)|Smoky Lake]]||Smoky Lake, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sommerfeld Hutterite Colony (High Bluff, Manitoba, Canada)|Sommerfeld]]||High Bluff, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Souris River Hutterite Colony (Elgin, Manitoba, Canada)|Souris River]]||Elgin, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[South Bend Hutterite Colony (Alliance, Alberta, Canada)|South Bend]]||Alliance, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[South Peace Hutterite Colony (Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada)|South Peace]]||Farmington, BC||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Southland Hutterite Colony (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Southland]]||Herbert, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sovereign Hutterite Colony (Sovereign, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sovereign]]||Rosetown, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spink Hutterite Colony (Frankfort, South Dakota, USA)|Spink]]||Frankfort, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spokane Hutterite Colony (Reardan, Washington, USA)|Spokane]]||Reardan, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Creek]]||Walsh, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Lewistown, Montana, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Lewistown, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Creek Hutterite Colony (Forbes, North Dakota, USA)|Spring Creek]]||Forbes, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Hill Hutterite Colony (Springhill, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Hill]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (Oldham, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Lake]]||Arlington, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Lake Hutterite Colony (McMahon, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Lake]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Point Hutterite Colony (Brocket, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Point]]||Pincher Creek, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Prairie Hutterite Colony (Hawley, Minnesota, USA)|Spring Prairie]]||Hawley, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Ridge Hutterite Colony (Wainwright, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Ridge]]||Wainwright, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Side Hutterite Colony (Duchess, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Side]]||Duchess, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Spring Coulee, Alberta, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Spring Coulee, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Shilo, Manitoba, Canada)|Spring Valley]]||Brandon, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring Valley Hutterite Colony (Wessington Springs, South Dakota, USA)|Spring Valley]]||Wessington Springs, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Spring View Hutterite Colony (Gem, Alberta, Canada)|Spring View]]||Gem, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Spring Water Hutterite Colony (Ruthilda, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Spring Water]]||Ruthilda, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springdale Hutterite Colony (White Sulpher Springs, Montana, USA)|Springdale]]||White Sulphur, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Anola, Manitoba, Canada)|Springfield]]||Anola, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Springfield Hutterite Colony (Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Springfield]]||Kindersley, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Springvale Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Springvale]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Springwater Hutterite Colony (Harlowton, Montana, USA)|Springwater]]||Harlowton, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| Spruce Lane||Blanchard, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sprucewood Hutterite Colony (Brookdale, Manitoba, Canada)|Sprucewood]]||Brookdale, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Stahl Hutterite Colony (Ritzville, Washington, USA)|Stahl]]||Ritzville, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stahlville Hutterite Colony (Rockyford, Alberta, Canada)|Stahlville]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Standard Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Standard]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Standoff Hutterite Colony (Fort MacLeod, Alberta, Canada)|Standoff]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Stanfield Hutterite Colony (Stanfield, Oregon, USA)|Stanfield]]||Stanfield, Oregon||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Star City Hutterite Colony (Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Star City]]||Star City, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starbrite Hutterite Colony (Foremost, Alberta, Canada)|Starbrite]]||Foremost, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Starland]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Starland Hutterite Colony (Gibbon, Minnesota, USA)|Starland]]||Gibbon, Minnesota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Starlite Hutterite Colony (Starbuck, Manitoba, Canada)|Starlite]]||Starbuck, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sturgeon Creek Hutterite Colony (Headingly, Manitoba, Canada)|Sturgeon Creek]]||Headingley, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Coronation, Alberta, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Castor, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Suncrest Hutterite Colony (Kleefeld, Manitoba, Canada)|Suncrest]]||Tourond, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sundale Hutterite Colony (Milnor, North Dakota, USA)|Sundale]]||Milnor, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunny Bend Hutterite Colony (Westlock, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Bend]]||Westlock, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Brook Hutterite Colony (Chester, Montana, USA)|Sunny Brook]]||Chester, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunny Dale Hutterite Colony (Arelee, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Sunny Dale]]||Perdue, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Sunny Site Hutterite Colony (Warner, Alberta, Canada)|Sunny Site]]||Warner, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunnyside Hutterite Colony (Newton Siding, Manitoba, Canada)|Sunnyside]]||Newton Siding, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Sunrise Hutterite Colony (Etzikom, Alberta, Canada)|Sunrise]]||Etzikom, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Sunset Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Sunset]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Sunshine Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Sunshine]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Surprise Creek Hutterite Colony (Stanford, Montana, USA)|Surprise Creek]]||Stanford, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Swift Current Hutterite Colony (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thompson Hutterite Colony (Glenwood, Alberta, Canada)|Thompson]]||Ft. Macleod, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Three Hills Hutterite Colony (Three Hills, Alberta, Canada)|Three Hills]]||Three Hills, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Thunderbird Hutterite Colony (Norbeck, South Dakota, USA)|Thunderbird]]||Faulkton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tofield Hutterite Colony (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)|Tofield]], Alberta||Tofield, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tompkins Hutterite Colony (Tompkins, Sasakatchewan, Canada)|Tompkins]]||Tompkins, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Treesbank Hutterite Colony (Wawanesa, Manitoba, Canada)|Treesbank]]||Wawanesa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Trileaf Hutterite Colony (Baldur, Manitoba, Canada)|Trileaf]]||Baldur, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Irricana, Alberta, Canada)|Tschetter]]||Irricana, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Tschetter Hutterite Colony (Olivet, South Dakota, USA)|Tschetter]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Turin Hutterite Colony (Turin, Alberta, Canada)|Turin]]||Turin, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Turner Hutterite Colony (Turner, Montana, USA)|Turner]]||Turner, Montana||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Falher, Alberta, Canada)|Twilight]]||Falher, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twilight Hutterite Colony (Carberry Junction, Manitoba, Canada)|Twilight]]||Neepawa, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Twin Creek Hutterite Colony (Standard, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Creek]]||Standard, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Hills Hutterite Colony (Carter, Montana, USA)|Twin Hills]]||Carter, Montana||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Twin Rivers Hutterite Colony (Manning, Alberta, Canada)|Twin Rivers]]||Manning, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Upland Hutterite Colony (Letcher, South Dakota, USA)|Upland]]||Artesian, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Valley Centre Hutterite Colony (Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Valley Centre]]||Biggar, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Linden, Alberta, Canada)|Valley View]]||Torrington, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Valley View Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Valley View]]||Swan Lake, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Valleyview Ranch Hutterite Colony (Valley View, Alberta, Canada)|Valleyview Ranch]]||Valley View, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Vanguard Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Vanguard]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vegreville Hutterite Colony (Vegreville, Alberta, Canada)|Vegreville]]||Vegreville, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Verdant Valley Hutterite Colony (Drumheller, Alberta, Canada)|Verdant Valley]]||Drumheller, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Vermillion Hutterite Colony (Sanford, Manitoba, Canada)|Vermillion]]||Sanford, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Veteran Hutterite Colony (Veteran, Alberta, Canada)|Veteran]]||Veteran, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Viking Hutterite Colony (Viking, Alberta, Canada)|Viking]]||Viking, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waldeck Hutterite Colony (Waldeck, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Waldeck]]||Swift Current, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Waldheim Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|Waldheim]]||Elie, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Warburg Hutterite Colony (Warburg, Alberta, Canada)|Warburg]]||Warburg, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Warden Hutterite Colony (Warden, Washington, USA)|Warden]]||Warden, Washington||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Waterton Hutterite Colony (Hillspring, Alberta, Canada)|Waterton]]||Hillspring, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Webb Hutterite Colony (Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Webb]]||Webb, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wellwood Hutterite Colony (Ninette, Manitoba, Canada)|Wellwood]]||Ninette, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[West Bench Hutterite Colony (Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada)|West Bench]]||East End, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[West Raley Hutterite Colony (Raley, Alberta, Canada)|West Raley]]||Cardston, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Westroc Hutterite Colony (Westbourne, Manitoba, Canada)|Westroc]]||Westbourne, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Westwood Hutterite Colony (Britton, South Dakota, USA)|Westwood]]||Britton, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tudor, Alberta, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Rockyford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Tower City, North Dakota, USA)|Wheatland]]||Tower City, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wheatland Hutterite Colony (Shackleton, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wheatland]]||Cabri, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[White Lake Hutterite Colony (Nobleford, Alberta, Canada)|White Lake]]||Nobleford, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[White Rock Hutterite Colony (White Rock, South Dakota, USA)|White Rock]]||Rosholt, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Whiteshell Hutterite Colony (River Hills, Manitoba, Canada)|Whiteshell]]||River Hills, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wild Rose Hutterite Colony (Vulcan, Alberta, Canada)|Wild Rose]]||Vulcan, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Claresholm, Alberta, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Claresholm, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Willow Creek Hutterite Colony (Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada)|Willow Creek]]||Cartwright, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Willow Park Hutterite Colony (Tessier, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Willow Park]]||Tessier, Saskatchewan||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Willowbank Hutterite Colony (Edgeley, North Dakota, USA)|Willowbank]]||Edgeley, North Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wilson Siding Hutterite Colony (Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada)|Wilson Siding]]||Coaldale, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Windy Bay Hutterite Colony (Swan Lake, Manitoba, Canada)|Windy Bay]]||Pilot Mound, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Wingham Hutterite Colony (Wingham, Manitoba, Canada)|Wingham]]||Elm Creek, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 1
|-
| [[Winnifred Hutterite Colony (Bow Island, Alberta, Canada)|Winnifred]]||Medicine Hat, Alberta||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Wintering Hills Hutterite Colony (Hussar, Alberta, Canada)|Wintering Hills]]||Hussar, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (New Dayton, Alberta, Canada)|Wolf Creek]]||Stirling, Alberta||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Wolf Creek Hutterite Colony (Freeman, South Dakota, USA)|Wolf Creek]]||Olivet, South Dakota||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wollman Ranch Hutterite Colony (Elgin, North Dakota, USA)|Wollman Ranch]]||Elgin, North Dakota||Dariusleut
|-
| [[Woodland Hutterite Colony (Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada)|Woodland]]||Poplar Point, Manitoba||Schmiedeleut Group 2
|-
| [[Wymark Hutterite Colony (Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Wymark]]||Vanguard, Saskatchewan||Lehrerleut
|-
| [[Zenith Hutterite Colony (Cut Bank, Montana, USA)|Zenith]]||Cut Bank, Montana||Lehrerleut
|}
</div>
See also [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof, ]][[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]

= Bibliography =
Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible</em>, 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold</em>, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount</em>, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>The Early Anabaptists.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. <em>When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas</em>, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. <em>Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities</em>, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

Arnold, Hardy, Hans Meier, Winifred Hildel, and others. "In Pursuit of Jesus: An Oral History of the Bruderhof." <em>Sojourners</em> 13 (May 1984): 16-20.

Beck, Josef. <em>Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Oesterreich-Ungarn</em>. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.

Bennett, John W. <em>Hutterian Brethren: The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People.</em> Stanford U. Press, 1967.

<em>The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren [Große Geschichtbuch]</em>, trans. and ed. by the Hutterian Brethren/ Rifton, NY: Plough, 1987.

Clark, Bertha W. "The Hutterian Communities." <em>Journal of Political Economy </em>(1924): 357-374, 468-486.

Eaton, J. W. and R. T. Weil. <em>Culture and Mental Disorder, a Comparative Study of the Hutterites. </em>Glencoe, Ill, 1954.

Eaton, J. W. and A. J. Mayer. <em>Man's Capacity to Reproduce; the Demography of a Unique Population </em>(Hutterites). Glencoe, Illinois, 1954.

Eggers, Ulrich. <em>Gemeinschaft-lebenslänglich: Deutsche Hutterer in den USA.</em> Witten: Bundes Verlag 1985; English transl. <em>Community for Life.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1988.

Ehrenpreis, Andreas and Claus Felbinger. <em>Brotherly Community, the Highest Command of Love.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1978: two important Anabaptist documents of 1650 and 1560, with introd. by Robert Friedmann.

Fischer, Hans. <em>Jakob Hutter, Leben, Frömmigkeit und Briefe. </em>Newton, KS, 1957.

Friedmann, Robert. "Comprehensive Review of. Research on the Hutterites, 1880-1950." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>24 (1950): 353-363.

Friedmann, Robert. "Die Briefe der österreichischen Täufer." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>26 (1929): 30-80, 161-187, with extensive bibliography.

Friedmann, Robert. "The Christian Communism of the Hutterian Brethren." <em>Archiv für Reformation-Geschichte </em>(1955).

Friedmann, Robert. "Christian Love in Action, the Hutterites." <em>Mennonite Life </em>(July 1946): 38-43.

Friedmann, Robert. "Economic Aspects of Early Hutterite Life." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>30 (October 1956): 259-266.

Friedmann, Robert, ed., <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer</em>, vol. 3: <em>Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter</em>, vol. 2, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 34 Gütersloh, 1967.

Friedmann, Robert. "Hutterite Physicians and Barber-Surgeons."<em> Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 128-136.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Hutterite Studies: Essays by Robert Friedmann, Collected and Published in Honor of His Seventieth Anniversary</em>, ed. Harold S. Bender. Goshen, IN: Mennonite Historical Society, 1961.

Friedmann, Robert. <em>Die Schriften der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften: Gesamtkatalog ihrer Manuskriptbücher ihrer Schreiber und ihrer Literatur, 1529-1667.</em> Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1965.

Friedmann, Robert. "Fifty Years Society of Brothers, (1920-1970): Their Story and their Books." <em>Mennonite Life</em> 25 (October 1970): 159-64.

Gross, Leonard. <em>The Golden Years of the Hutterites: The Witness and Thought of the Communal Moravian Anabaptists During the Walpot Era, 1565-1578.</em> Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Gross, Paul. <em>The Hutterite Way: The Inside Story the Life, Customs, Religion and Traditions of Hutterites.</em> Saskatoon, SK: Freeman Pub. Co., 1965.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 378-384.

Heimaann, J. "The Hutterite Doctrines of Church and Common Life. A Study of Peter Riedemann's Confession of Faith." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>26 (1952): 22-47, 142-160.

Hofer, John. <em>The History of the Hutterites.</em> Elie, MB: The Hutterian Educational Committee, James Valley Bruderhof, 1982.

Hofer, Joshua. <em>Japanische Hutterer: Ein Besuch bei der Owa Gemeinde.</em> Elie, MB: James Valley Book Centre, 1985.

Hofer, Peter. <em>The Hutterian Brethren and Their Beliefs.</em> Starbuck, MB: The Hutterian Brethren of Manitoba, 1955.

Holzach, Michael. <em>Das Vergessene Volk: Ein Jahr bei den deutschen Hutterer in Kanada.</em> Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Hutterite Life</em>, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983.

Hostetler, John A. Hutterite Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Hostetler, John A. <em>Source Materials on the Hutterites in the Mennonite Encyclopedia. </em> Edmonton, AB: U. of Alberta, 1962.

<em>Die Hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767</em>, 3 vols. Elie, MB: Hutterischen Brüder in Amerika, James Valley Book Centre, 1986.

<em>Die Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder...</em>. Scottdale, PA, 1914; reprints: Winnipeg, 1953; Cayley, AB, 1962.

Horsch, John. <em>The Hutterian Brethren. </em>Goshen, IN, 1931.

Hruby, Fr. <em>Die Wiedertäufer in Mähren. </em>Leipzig, 1935.

Hutter, Jakob. <em>Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1979.

Kleinsasser, Jacob, Hardy Arnold, Jakob Hofer and Daniel Moody. <em>For the Sake of Divine Truth</em>. Rifton, NY: Plough 1974, a report on a journey to Europe in the summer of 1974.

Längin, Bernd. <em>Die Hutterer: Gefangene der Vergangenheit, Pilger der Gegenwart, Propheten der Zukunft.</em> Hamburg und Zürich: Rasch and Roehring, 1986.

Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).

Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." <em>Mennonite Historical Bulletin</em> 41 (July 1980): 1-6.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em> (<em>MWH</em>), ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, IL: Mennonite World Conference [MWC], 1978: 352-56.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook</em>, Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, I:: MWC, 1984: 141.

<em>Mennonite World Handbook,</em> ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, IL: MWC, 1990: 413.

Mow, Merrill. "Community Living in our Time. An Account of the Bruderhof Communities." <em>Brethren Life and Thought</em> 1, no. 5 (Autumn 1956): 43-52.

Müller, Lydia. <em>Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. </em>Leipzig, 1927.

Müller, Lydia, ed. <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Täufer, vol. 3: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, vol. 1</em>, Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 20. Leipzig, 1938.

Peters, Victor. <em>All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life.</em> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.

Riedemann, Peter. <em>Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith</em>, trans. Kathleen E. Hasenberg. London: Hodder and Stoughton, and Plough Publishing House, 1938, 1950, 1970.

Sommer, J. "Hutterite Medicine and Physicians in Moravia in the 16th Century and After." <em>Mennonite Quarterly Review </em>27 (1953): 111-127.

Thomson, Barbara R. "The Challenge of True Brotherhood." <em>Christianity Today</em> (25 March 1985): 22-28.

Waltner, Gary J. "The Educational System of the Hutterian Anabaptists and their <em>Schulordnung</em> of the 16th and 17th Centuries." MA thesis, History Dept., U. of South Dakota, 1975.

Wiswedel, Wilhelm. <em>Bilder and Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum,</em> 3 vols. Kassel: J.G. Oncken Verlag, 1928-1952.

Wolkan, Rudolf. <em>Geschicht-Buch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Macleod, AB, and Vienna, 1923.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit</em> Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943.

Zieglschmid, A. J. F. <em>Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947. With exhaustive bibliography to that date.
{{GAMEO_footer-4|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 854-865; vol. 5, pp. 406-409|date=1989|a1_last=Friedmann|a1_first=Robert|a2_last=Hofer|a2_first=John|a3_last=Meier|a3_first=Hans|a4_last=Hinde|a4_first=John V.}}

Bruderhof Communities

2017-08-17T14:56:00Z

EmmyMaendel:

Bruderhof Communities

The Bruderhof Communities (Church Communities International, previously known as Society of Brothers or the Hutterian Society of Brothers) is an [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] community founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] (1883-1935) in the village of Sannerz in [[Germany|Germany]] in 1920.

The Bruderhof’s origins can be traced to 1907, when Arnold and his fiancée [[Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)|Emmy von Hollander]] decided to be baptized as adults, thus breaking away from the established Church. Raised as a Lutheran, Arnold studied theology and philosophy. What he wrote in a letter to Emmy in September 1907 is an unwitting echo of the ideas of the first Anabaptists of 1525: “On Tuesday I’ll briefly inform our parents of my conviction, according to which I must a) be baptized as a believer, since infant baptism is in opposition to what is meant biblically and is therefore not baptism; b) withdraw from the established church, since I consider it dishonest through and through and contrary to the spirit of the Bible; c) embrace as my ideal church communities of believing, baptized Christians who use church discipline and celebrate the Lord’s Supper.” <ref> Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy, ''Love Letters,'' 145.</ref>

Arnold came to his conviction on pacifism through the horrors of the First World War. He came to believe, too, that war is a direct result of selfishness, of the need to defend one’s property, and therefore that the private ownership of property is opposed to God’s will. In June 1920, he and his wife and children and Emmy’s sister Else von Hollander sold their home and moved into a villa in Sannerz. Here they formed a community with any who wished to join them. They ran a farm and a publishing house and took in foster children.

The community grew slowly, and in 1926 they purchased a nearby neglected farm at [[[[Rhönbruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Neuhof]], in the district of Fulda, which they named [[Bruderhof|“Bruderhof,”]] a conscious imitation of the historic Hutterite term known to Arnold from his study of the 16th-century [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterites]]. Inspired by their history (particularly their martyrs), and thrilled by the fact that this group was still living in community after four hundred years, he established contact with the American Hutterites in 1928. He spent a year visiting them from 1930 to 1931 and in December 1930 was ordained a Hutterite minister at the [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand-Off Colony]] near Macleod, [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]]. He was commissioned to lead the new German Bruderhof group as a part of the ancient Hutterite brotherhood. Although the union between Bruderhof Communities and the Hutterian Brethren Church broken more than once, from 1930 on the Bruderhof Communities have shared the Hutterian tenets of faith – the same baptism and marriage vows, the same ordination of ministers, and the same practice of church discipline – which go back to [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] in the 16th century.

The [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]] was established in the principality of [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] in 1934 as a refuge for the school-age children when the [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|Nazi]] government withdrew support of the Rhön Bruderhof’s private school. The following year, when a military draft was introduced in Germany, the young men too escaped to Liechtenstein. Eberhard Arnold died on November 22, 1935. The Rhön Bruderhof was dissolved by the National Socialist government 1937. Two Hutterian elders, [[Hofer, David (1877-1941)|David Hofer]] from [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley, Manitoba]], and Michael Waldner from [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme, South Dakota]], were visiting at that time, and their presence probably saved the lives of Bruderhof members. The Bruderhof members expelled from Germany were welcomed by Mennonites in Holland until they were able to move to England.
The [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], founded in England in 1936, became the home of the ongoing movement. There was great interested in an alternative way of life among pacifist circles in England before the outbreak of World War II, and the Bruderhof movement doubled in size during the four years there. However, with the outbreak of international hostilities, the high German population of this pacifist group became suspect. Rather than allowing their German members to be interned, the entire Bruderhof group migrated to Paraguay in South America, thanks to the help of [[Miller, Orie O. (1892-1977)|Orie Miller]] and the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. In Primavera, near the Mennonite colony of [[Friesland Colony (San Pedro Department, Paraguay)|Friesland]], about 80 miles northeast of [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]], they established three communities, Isla Margarita, Loma Hoby, and Ibate. The group was incorporated under the name "Sociedad de Hermanos."

Meanwhile there was continued interest in the Bruderhof in England, and the representatives who had remained to close the Cotswold Bruderhof decided to start a new settlement at Wheathill in Shropshire.

In 1954 the first American Bruderhof was begun: [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]] in Rifton, New York, about 90 miles (80 km) north of New York City. Oak Lake (later called New Meadow Run) was established in 1957 in Farmington, Pennsylvania, and in 1958 a third American Bruderhof was founded: Evergreen (later called Deer Spring) in Norfolk, Connecticut. In the late 1950s, too, the Bruderhof returned to Germany at the Sinntal Bruderhof.

In 1959 – 1961, the Bruderhof movement experienced a spiritual crisis, leading to the closing of all centers in South America, Germany, and England (except for Bulstrode, begun in 1958, which closed in 1966). Darvell, in Robertsbridge, England, was begun in 1971, and several additional Bruderhofs have been established since that time. In 1999 Danthonia was begun in Australia. Starting in December 2003, the Bruderhof has set up small urban communities in various cities, some closing after a few months or years and others lasting longer. In 2002 they returned to the original villa in Sannerz, and in 2010 a small center was reestablished in Paraguay, in Asuncion.

In 1962, [[Arnold, Johann Heinrich ("Heini") (1913-1982)|Johann Heinrich Arnold]] was appointed bishop for the whole Bruderhof movement. After his death in 1982, Johann Christoph Arnold became bishop. J.C. Arnold retired in 2001, and the brotherhood members appointed Richard Scott in his place; Arnold continued serving in an advisory capacity until his death in 2017. Richard Scott died in 2011, and Paul Winter has continued as the current bishop.

==Relationship with the Hutterites==
When Eberhard Arnold was incorporated into the Hutterian Church in December 1930 he expressed that he wanted to join the original Hutterian Church of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jacob Hutter’s]] time rather than what it had become by 1930: “I am of the opinion that our turning to Hutterianism means that we should become like the early Hutterites. We don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1692; we don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1930–1931; but we do want to become Hutterian in the sense of 1529–1589, in the sense of these first fifty years. With this the Hutterites are in agreement.”<ref> ''Brothers Unite,'' 249. </ref> Unfortunately, over the decades the relationship between the two groups has gone through times of tension and conflict.

In 1955 members of the [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River Hutterian colony]] in North Dakota wished for a closer association with the Bruderhof. Due largely to differences in general outlook – the Hutterites depending on tradition while the Bruderhof Communities were more spontaneous and outward-looking – this led to a complete break. In January 1974 J. Heinrich Arnold with several other Bruderhof ministers, working with Hutterite elder Jacob Kleinsasser, was able to reestablish unity.

For the next twenty years the two groups worked together on various projects, such as helping one another build communities and mission trips to various parts of the world. There were joint baptisms and several marriages between the “western” and “eastern” Hutterites (named thus because the Bruderhof was situated on the US east coast). But in 1994 a rupture again took place with significant bitterness on both sides, again over cultural and theological differences.

==Publishing==
Publishing books and a magazine has been part of the Bruderhof’s mission since its beginning. Eberhard Arnold was editor of a periodical ''Das neue Werk'' and the Eberhard Arnold Verlag published, among other things, a series of books ''(Quellen)'' of Christian witnesses through the centuries. The Plough Publishing House was established at the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1938, with a quarterly ''The Plough.'' It was reestablished by the Woodcrest Service Committee in the 1960s; during the years of a military draft in the United States, the Plough Publishing House was part of an alternative service program recognized by Selective Service.<br />
Plough has translated into English and published several Hutterian doctrinal writings. Peter Riedemann’s ''Rechenschaft'' was published at the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1938 and in English by the Wheathill Bruderhof in 1950 as ''Account of our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith.'' In 2011 Plough published ''The Christian and the Sword: An Anabaptist Manifesto of 1577,''one section of the Great Article Book attributed to Peter Walpot. The translation and English publication of ''The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren'' in 1987 was a significant contribution to Anabaptist study.
In 2014 Plough was set up at the Fox Hill Bruderhof in Walden, NY, with a reformatted ''Plough Quarterly.''
==Business==
Bruderhof members run a variety of businesses that provide income: Community Playthings was developed during the 1950s and soon became the Bruderhof's main source of income. Community Playthings designs and manufactures quality wooden classroom and play environments for schools and daycare centers. The business is run by the communities in the United States[35] and United Kingdom.
Rifton Equipment, run by some of the American communities, sells mobility and rehabilitation equipment for disabled adults and children. It was founded in 1977.
Danthonia Designs is the business that supports the Australian Bruderhofs. It specializes in hand-carved three-dimensional signage and was founded in 2001.
==List of Bruderhofs==
(Some centers that have existed only a short time are not included in the list below. Those marked with an asterisk are small, urban communities.)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Community name!! Location!! Dates
|-
| Sannerz|| Sannerz, Germany || 1920 – 1927; 2002 -
|-
| Rhön || Post Neuhof, Kreis Fulda, Germany || 1927 - 1937
|-
| Alm|| Silum, Liechtenstein || 1934 - 1938
|-
| Cotswold|| Ashton Keynes, England || 1936 - 1941
|-
| Oaksey || Swindon, England || 1939 - 1940
|-
| Wheathill || Bridgnorth, England || 1942 - 1961
|-
| Isla Margarita, Primavera || Paraguay || 1941 - 1961
|-
| Loma Hoby, Primavera || Paraguay || 1942 - 1960
|-
| Ibate, Primavera || Paraguay || 1947 - 1961
|-
| El Arado || Montevideo, Uruguay || 1952 - 1960
|-
| Woodcrest || Rifton, NY, USA || 1954 -
|-
| Sinntal || Bad Brückenau, Germany || 1955 - 1961
|-
| New Meadow Run (Oak Lake) || Farmington, PA, USA || 1957 -
|-
| Deer Spring (Evergreen) || Norfolk, CT, USA || 1958 - 1998
|-
| Bulstrode || Gerrards Cross, England || 1958 - 1966
|-
| Darvell || Robertsbridge, England || 1971 -
|-
| Maple Ridge (Pleasant View) || Ulster Park, NY, USA || 1985 -
|-
| Platte Clove || Elka Park, NY, USA || 1990 -
|-
| Spring Valley || Farmington, PA, USA || 1990 -
|-
| Beech Grove || Nonington, England || 1995 -
|-
| Fox Hill || Montgomery, NY, USA || 1998 -
|-
| Michaelshof || Birnbach, Germany || 1988 - 1995
|-
| Palmgrove || Nigeria || 1993 - 1994
|-
| Danthonia || Inverell, Australia || 1999 -
|-
| Bellvale || Chester, NY, USA || 2001 -
|-
| Holzland || Bad Klosterlausnitz, Germany || 2004 -
|-
| Kingston* || Kingston, NY || 2004 -
|-
| London* || London, England || 2005 -
|-
| Inverell || Inverall, Australia || 2005 -
|-
| Armidale || Armidale, Australia || 2005 -
|-
| Morgantown* || West Virginia, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Bayboro || St. Petersburg, FL, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Harlem* || Harlem, NY, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Parkview* || Albany, NY, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Villa Primavera || Asuncion, Paraguay || 2010 -
|-
| Mount Community || Esopus, NY, USA || 2012 -
|}

=Bibliography=
=Bibliography=
Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy von Hollander. ''Love Letters.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House 2007.<br />

Arnold, Emmy. ''A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1999.<br />

Barth, Emmy. ''An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany.'' Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.<br />

Barth, Emmy. ''No Lasting Home: A Year in the Paraguayan Wilderness.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 2009.<br />

Baum, Marcus. ''Against the Wind: Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof.'' Farmington, PA: Plough Publishing House, 1998.<br />

The Bruderhof: ''Foundations of our Faith & Calling.'' Rifton, New York: The Plough Publishing House, 2012.<br />

Mommsen, Peter. ''Homage to a Broken Man.'' Walden, NY: Plough Publishing House, 2015.<br />

Hutterian Brethren, Ed. ''Brothers Unite: An Account of the Uniting of Eberhard Arnold and the Rhön Bruderhof with the Hutterian Church,'' introduced by John A. Hostetler and Leonard Gross. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1988.<br />

See also [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]]

For the description of the historic Hutterite Brethren settlements in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and [[Slovakia]] see [[Bruderhof]].
= Additional Information =

[https://www.schoeningh.de/katalog/titel/978-3-506-78777-4.html/ Thomas Nauerth, ''Zeugnis, Liebe und Widerstand: Der Rhönbruderhof 1933–1937'']

[https://www.scribd.com/document/354366939/Church-Community-is-a-Gift-of-the-Holy-Spirit-The-Spirituality-of-the-Bruderhof/ Ian M. Randall, "The Spirituality of the Bruderhof"]

'''Websites:'''

[http://www.churchcommunities.org/ Christian Communities International]

[http://www.plough.com/ Plough Publishing]

[http://www.eberhardarnold.com/ Eberhard Arnold]

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 1126-1127|date=February 2009|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S., Eberhard C. H. Arnold|a2_last=Steiner|a2_first=Sam}}

Bruderhof Communities

2017-08-17T13:29:19Z

EmmyMaendel:

Bruderhof Communities

The Bruderhof Communities (Church Communities International, previously known as Society of Brothers or the Hutterian Society of Brothers) is an [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] community founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] (1883-1935) in the village of Sannerz in [[Germany|Germany]] in 1920.

The Bruderhof’s origins can be traced to 1907, when Arnold and his fiancée [[Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)|Emmy von Hollander]] decided to be baptized as adults, thus breaking away from the established Church. Raised as a Lutheran, Arnold studied theology and philosophy. What he wrote in a letter to Emmy in September 1907 is an unwitting echo of the ideas of the first Anabaptists of 1525: “On Tuesday I’ll briefly inform our parents of my conviction, according to which I must a) be baptized as a believer, since infant baptism is in opposition to what is meant biblically and is therefore not baptism; b) withdraw from the established church, since I consider it dishonest through and through and contrary to the spirit of the Bible; c) embrace as my ideal church communities of believing, baptized Christians who use church discipline and celebrate the Lord’s Supper.”

Arnold came to his conviction on pacifism through the horrors of the First World War. He came to believe, too, that war is a direct result of selfishness, of the need to defend one’s property, and therefore that the private ownership of property is opposed to God’s will. In June 1920, he and his wife and children and Emmy’s sister Else von Hollander sold their home and moved into a villa in Sannerz. Here they formed a community with any who wished to join them. They ran a farm and a publishing house and took in foster children.

The community grew slowly, and in 1926 they purchased a nearby neglected farm at [[[[Rhönbruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Neuhof]], in the district of Fulda, which they named [[Bruderhof|“Bruderhof,”]] a conscious imitation of the historic Hutterite term known to Arnold from his study of the 16th-century [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterites]]. Inspired by their history (particularly their martyrs), and thrilled by the fact that this group was still living in community after four hundred years, he established contact with the American Hutterites in 1928. He spent a year visiting them from 1930 to 1931 and in December 1930 was ordained a Hutterite minister at the [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand-Off Colony]] near Macleod, [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]]. He was commissioned to lead the new German Bruderhof group as a part of the ancient Hutterite brotherhood. Although the union between Bruderhof Communities and the Hutterian Brethren Church broken more than once, from 1930 on the Bruderhof Communities have shared the Hutterian tenets of faith – the same baptism and marriage vows, the same ordination of ministers, and the same practice of church discipline – which go back to [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] in the 16th century.

The [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]] was established in the principality of [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] in 1934 as a refuge for the school-age children when the [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|Nazi]] government withdrew support of the Rhön Bruderhof’s private school. The following year, when a military draft was introduced in Germany, the young men too escaped to Liechtenstein. Eberhard Arnold died on November 22, 1935. The Rhön Bruderhof was dissolved by the National Socialist government 1937. Two Hutterian elders, [[Hofer, David (1877-1941)|David Hofer]] from [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley, Manitoba]], and Michael Waldner from [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme, South Dakota]], were visiting at that time, and their presence probably saved the lives of Bruderhof members. The Bruderhof members expelled from Germany were welcomed by Mennonites in Holland until they were able to move to England.
The [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], founded in England in 1936, became the home of the ongoing movement. There was great interested in an alternative way of life among pacifist circles in England before the outbreak of World War II, and the Bruderhof movement doubled in size during the four years there. However, with the outbreak of international hostilities, the high German population of this pacifist group became suspect. Rather than allowing their German members to be interned, the entire Bruderhof group migrated to Paraguay in South America, thanks to the help of [[Miller, Orie O. (1892-1977)|Orie Miller]] and the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. In Primavera, near the Mennonite colony of [[Friesland Colony (San Pedro Department, Paraguay)|Friesland]], about 80 miles northeast of [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]], they established three communities, Isla Margarita, Loma Hoby, and Ibate. The group was incorporated under the name "Sociedad de Hermanos."

Meanwhile there was continued interest in the Bruderhof in England, and the representatives who had remained to close the Cotswold Bruderhof decided to start a new settlement at Wheathill in Shropshire.

In 1954 the first American Bruderhof was begun: [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]] in Rifton, New York, about 90 miles (80 km) north of New York City. Oak Lake (later called New Meadow Run) was established in 1957 in Farmington, Pennsylvania, and in 1958 a third American Bruderhof was founded: Evergreen (later called Deer Spring) in Norfolk, Connecticut. In the late 1950s, too, the Bruderhof returned to Germany at the Sinntal Bruderhof.

In 1959 – 1961, the Bruderhof movement experienced a spiritual crisis, leading to the closing of all centers in South America, Germany, and England (except for Bulstrode, begun in 1958, which closed in 1966). Darvell, in Robertsbridge, England, was begun in 1971, and several additional Bruderhofs have been established since that time. In 1999 Danthonia was begun in Australia. Starting in December 2003, the Bruderhof has set up small urban communities in various cities, some closing after a few months or years and others lasting longer. In 2002 they returned to the original villa in Sannerz, and in 2010 a small center was reestablished in Paraguay, in Asuncion.

In 1962, [[Arnold, Johann Heinrich ("Heini") (1913-1982)|Johann Heinrich Arnold]] was appointed bishop for the whole Bruderhof movement. After his death in 1982, Johann Christoph Arnold became bishop. J.C. Arnold retired in 2001, and the brotherhood members appointed Richard Scott in his place; Arnold continued serving in an advisory capacity until his death in 2017. Richard Scott died in 2011, and Paul Winter has continued as the current bishop.

==Relationship with the Hutterites==
When Eberhard Arnold was incorporated into the Hutterian Church in December 1930 he expressed that he wanted to join the original Hutterian Church of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jacob Hutter’s]] time rather than what it had become by 1930: “I am of the opinion that our turning to Hutterianism means that we should become like the early Hutterites. We don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1692; we don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1930–1931; but we do want to become Hutterian in the sense of 1529–1589, in the sense of these first fifty years. With this the Hutterites are in agreement.” Unfortunately, over the decades the relationship between the two groups has gone through times of tension and conflict.

In 1955 members of the [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River Hutterian colony]] in North Dakota wished for a closer association with the Bruderhof. Due largely to differences in general outlook – the Hutterites depending on tradition while the Bruderhof Communities were more spontaneous and outward-looking – this led to a complete break. In January 1974 J. Heinrich Arnold with several other Bruderhof ministers, working with Hutterite elder Jacob Kleinsasser, was able to reestablish unity.

For the next twenty years the two groups worked together on various projects, such as helping one another build communities and mission trips to various parts of the world. There were joint baptisms and several marriages between the “western” and “eastern” Hutterites (named thus because the Bruderhof was situated on the US east coast). But in 1994 a rupture again took place with significant bitterness on both sides, again over cultural and theological differences.

==Publishing==
Publishing books and a magazine has been part of the Bruderhof’s mission since its beginning. Eberhard Arnold was editor of a periodical ''Das neue Werk'' and the Eberhard Arnold Verlag published, among other things, a series of books ''(Quellen)'' of Christian witnesses through the centuries. The Plough Publishing House was established at the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1938, with a quarterly ''The Plough.'' It was reestablished by the Woodcrest Service Committee in the 1960s; during the years of a military draft in the United States, the Plough Publishing House was part of an alternative service program recognized by Selective Service.<br />
Plough has translated into English and published several Hutterian doctrinal writings. Peter Riedemann’s ''Rechenschaft'' was published at the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1938 and in English by the Wheathill Bruderhof in 1950 as ''Account of our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith.'' In 2011 Plough published ''The Christian and the Sword: An Anabaptist Manifesto of 1577,''one section of the Great Article Book attributed to Peter Walpot. The translation and English publication of ''The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren'' in 1987 was a significant contribution to Anabaptist study.
In 2014 Plough was set up at the Fox Hill Bruderhof in Walden, NY, with a reformatted ''Plough Quarterly.''
==Business==
Bruderhof members run a variety of businesses that provide income: Community Playthings was developed during the 1950s and soon became the Bruderhof's main source of income.[34] Community Playthings designs and manufactures quality wooden classroom and play environments for schools and daycare centers. The business is run by the communities in the United States[35] and United Kingdom.[36]
Rifton Equipment, run by some of the American communities, sells mobility and rehabilitation equipment for disabled adults and children. It was founded in 1977.[37]
Danthonia Designs is the business that supports the Australian Bruderhofs. It specializes in hand-carved three-dimensional signage and was founded in 2001.[13]
==List of Bruderhofs==
(Some centers that have existed only a short time are not included in the list below. Those marked with an asterisk are small, urban communities.)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Community name!! Location!! Dates
|-
| Sannerz|| Sannerz, Germany || 1920 – 1927; 2002 -
|-
| Rhön || Post Neuhof, Kreis Fulda, Germany || 1927 - 1937
|-
| Alm|| Silum, Liechtenstein || 1934 - 1938
|-
| Cotswold|| Ashton Keynes, England || 1936 - 1941
|-
| Oaksey || Swindon, England || 1939 - 1940
|-
| Wheathill || Bridgnorth, England || 1942 - 1961
|-
| Isla Margarita, Primavera || Paraguay || 1941 - 1961
|-
| Loma Hoby, Primavera || Paraguay || 1942 - 1960
|-
| Ibate, Primavera || Paraguay || 1947 - 1961
|-
| El Arado || Montevideo, Uruguay || 1952 - 1960
|-
| Woodcrest || Rifton, NY, USA || 1954 -
|-
| Sinntal || Bad Brückenau, Germany || 1955 - 1961
|-
| New Meadow Run (Oak Lake) || Farmington, PA, USA || 1957 -
|-
| Deer Spring (Evergreen) || Norfolk, CT, USA || 1958 - 1998
|-
| Bulstrode || Gerrards Cross, England || 1958 - 1966
|-
| Darvell || Robertsbridge, England || 1971 -
|-
| Maple Ridge (Pleasant View) || Ulster Park, NY, USA || 1985 -
|-
| Platte Clove || Elka Park, NY, USA || 1990 -
|-
| Spring Valley || Farmington, PA, USA || 1990 -
|-
| Beech Grove || Nonington, England || 1995 -
|-
| Fox Hill || Montgomery, NY, USA || 1998 -
|-
| Michaelshof || Birnbach, Germany || 1988 - 1995
|-
| Palmgrove || Nigeria || 1993 - 1994
|-
| Danthonia || Inverell, Australia || 1999 -
|-
| Bellvale || Chester, NY, USA || 2001 -
|-
| Holzland || Bad Klosterlausnitz, Germany || 2004 -
|-
| Kingston* || Kingston, NY || 2004 -
|-
| London* || London, England || 2005 -
|-
| Inverell || Inverall, Australia || 2005 -
|-
| Armidale || Armidale, Australia || 2005 -
|-
| Morgantown* || West Virginia, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Bayboro || St. Petersburg, FL, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Harlem* || Harlem, NY, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Parkview* || Albany, NY, USA || 2006 -
|-
| Villa Primavera || Asuncion, Paraguay || 2010 -
|-
| Mount Community || Esopus, NY, USA || 2012 -
|}

=Bibliography=
=Bibliography=
Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy von Hollander. ''Love Letters.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House 2007.<br />

Arnold, Emmy. ''A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1999.<br />

Barth, Emmy. ''An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany.'' Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.<br />

Barth, Emmy. ''No Lasting Home: A Year in the Paraguayan Wilderness.'' Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 2009.<br />

Baum, Marcus. ''Against the Wind: Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof.'' Farmington, PA: Plough Publishing House, 1998.<br />

The Bruderhof: ''Foundations of our Faith & Calling.'' Rifton, New York: The Plough Publishing House, 2012.<br />

Mommsen, Peter. ''Homage to a Broken Man.'' Walden, NY: Plough Publishing House, 2015.<br />

Hutterian Brethren, Ed. ''Brothers Unite: An Account of the Uniting of Eberhard Arnold and the Rhön Bruderhof with the Hutterian Church,'' introduced by John A. Hostetler and Leonard Gross. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1988.<br />

See also [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]]

For the description of the historic Hutterite Brethren settlements in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and [[Slovakia]] see [[Bruderhof]].
= Additional Information =
Websites:

[http://www.churchcommunities.org/ Christian Communities International]

[http://www.plough.com/ Plough Publishing]

[http://www.perefound.com/knsltrs.html Peregrine Foundation] (includes archives of KIT newsletter).
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 1126-1127|date=February 2009|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S., Eberhard C. H. Arnold|a2_last=Steiner|a2_first=Sam}}

Bruderhof Communities

2017-08-15T15:31:11Z

EmmyMaendel:

Bruderhof Communities

The Bruderhof Communities (Church Communities International, previously known as Society of Brothers or the Hutterian Society of Brothers) is an [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] community founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] (1883-1935) in the village of Sannerz in [[Germany|Germany]] in 1920.

The Bruderhof’s origins can be traced to 1907, when Arnold and his fiancée [[Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)|Emmy von Hollander]] decided to be baptized as adults, thus breaking away from the established Church. Raised as a Lutheran, Arnold studied theology and philosophy. What he wrote in a letter to Emmy in September 1907 is an unwitting echo of the ideas of the first Anabaptists of 1525: “On Tuesday I’ll briefly inform our parents of my conviction, according to which I must a) be baptized as a believer, since infant baptism is in opposition to what is meant biblically and is therefore not baptism; b) withdraw from the established church, since I consider it dishonest through and through and contrary to the spirit of the Bible; c) embrace as my ideal church communities of believing, baptized Christians who use church discipline and celebrate the Lord’s Supper.”

Arnold came to his conviction on pacifism through the horrors of the First World War. He came to believe, too, that war is a direct result of selfishness, of the need to defend one’s property, and therefore that the private ownership of property is opposed to God’s will. In June 1920, he and his wife and children and Emmy’s sister Else von Hollander sold their home and moved into a villa in Sannerz. Here they formed a community with any who wished to join them. They ran a farm and a publishing house and took in foster children.

The community grew slowly, and in 1926 they purchased a nearby neglected farm at [[[[Rhönbruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Neuhof]], in the district of Fulda, which they named [[Bruderhof|“Bruderhof,”]] a conscious imitation of the historic Hutterite term known to Arnold from his study of the 16th-century [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterites]]. Inspired by their history (particularly their martyrs), and thrilled by the fact that this group was still living in community after four hundred years, he established contact with the American Hutterites in 1928. He spent a year visiting them from 1930 to 1931 and in December 1930 was ordained a Hutterite minister at the [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand-Off Colony]] near Macleod, [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]]. He was commissioned to lead the new German Bruderhof group as a part of the ancient Hutterite brotherhood. Although the union between Bruderhof Communities and the Hutterian Brethren Church broken more than once, from 1930 on the Bruderhof Communities have shared the Hutterian tenets of faith – the same baptism and marriage vows, the same ordination of ministers, and the same practice of church discipline – which go back to [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]] in the 16th century.

The [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]] was established in the principality of [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] in 1934 as a refuge for the school-age children when the [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|Nazi]] government withdrew support of the Rhön Bruderhof’s private school. The following year, when a military draft was introduced in Germany, the young men too escaped to Liechtenstein. Eberhard Arnold died on November 22, 1935. The Rhön Bruderhof was dissolved by the National Socialist government 1937. Two Hutterian elders, [[Hofer, David (1877-1941)|David Hofer]] from [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley, Manitoba]], and Michael Waldner from [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme, South Dakota]], were visiting at that time, and their presence probably saved the lives of Bruderhof members. The Bruderhof members expelled from Germany were welcomed by Mennonites in Holland until they were able to move to England.
The [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], founded in England in 1936, became the home of the ongoing movement. There was great interested in an alternative way of life among pacifist circles in England before the outbreak of World War II, and the Bruderhof movement doubled in size during the four years there. However, with the outbreak of international hostilities, the high German population of this pacifist group became suspect. Rather than allowing their German members to be interned, the entire Bruderhof group migrated to Paraguay in South America, thanks to the help of [[Miller, Orie O. (1892-1977)|Orie Miller]] and the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]]. In Primavera, near the Mennonite colony of [[Friesland Colony (San Pedro Department, Paraguay)|Friesland]], about 80 miles northeast of [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]], they established three communities, Isla Margarita, Loma Hoby, and Ibate. The group was incorporated under the name "Sociedad de Hermanos."

Meanwhile there was continued interest in the Bruderhof in England, and the representatives who had remained to close the Cotswold Bruderhof decided to start a new settlement at Wheathill in Shropshire.

In 1954 the first American Bruderhof was begun: [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]] in Rifton, New York, about 90 miles (80 km) north of New York City. Oak Lake (later called New Meadow Run) was established in 1957 in Farmington, Pennsylvania, and in 1958 a third American Bruderhof was founded: Evergreen (later called Deer Spring) in Norfolk, Connecticut. In the late 1950s, too, the Bruderhof returned to Germany at the Sinntal Bruderhof.

In 1959 – 1961, the Bruderhof movement experienced a spiritual crisis, leading to the closing of all centers in South America, Germany, and England (except for Bulstrode, begun in 1958, which closed in 1966). Darvell, in Robertsbridge, England, was begun in 1971, and several additional Bruderhofs have been established since that time. In 1999 Danthonia was begun in Australia. Starting in December 2003, the Bruderhof has set up small urban communities in various cities, some closing after a few months or years and others lasting longer. In 2002 they returned to the original villa in Sannerz, and in 2010 a small center was reestablished in Paraguay, in Asuncion.

In 1962, [[Arnold, Johann Heinrich ("Heini") (1913-1982)|Johann Heinrich Arnold]] was appointed bishop for the whole Bruderhof movement. After his death in 1982, Johann Christoph Arnold became bishop. J.C. Arnold retired in 2001, and the brotherhood members appointed Richard Scott in his place; Arnold continued serving in an advisory capacity until his death in 2017. Richard Scott died in 2011, and Paul Winter has continued as the current bishop.

Relationship with the Hutterites
When Eberhard Arnold was incorporated into the Hutterian Church in December 1930 he expressed that he wanted to join the original Hutterian Church of [[Hutter, Jakob (d. 1536)|Jacob Hutter’s]] time rather than what it had become by 1930: “I am of the opinion that our turning to Hutterianism means that we should become like the early Hutterites. We don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1692; we don’t want to become Hutterites in the sense of 1930–1931; but we do want to become Hutterian in the sense of 1529–1589, in the sense of these first fifty years. With this the Hutterites are in agreement.” Unfortunately, over the decades the relationship between the two groups has gone through times of tension and conflict.

In 1955 members of the [[Forest River Hutterite Colony (Inkster, North Dakota, USA)|Forest River Hutterian colony]] in North Dakota wished for a closer association with the Bruderhof. Due largely to differences in general outlook – the Hutterites depending on tradition while the Bruderhof Communities were more spontaneous and outward-looking – this led to a complete break. In January 1974 J. Heinrich Arnold with several other Bruderhof ministers, working with Hutterite elder Jacob Kleinsasser, was able to reestablish unity.

For the next twenty years the two groups worked together on various projects, such as helping one another build communities and mission trips to various parts of the world. There were joint baptisms and several marriages between the “western” and “eastern” Hutterites (named thus because the Bruderhof was situated on the US east coast). But in 1994 a rupture again took place with significant bitterness on both sides, again over cultural and theological differences.

Publishing
Publishing books and a magazine has been part of the Bruderhof’s mission since its beginning. Eberhard Arnold was editor of a periodical Das neue Werk and the Eberhard Arnold Verlag published, among other things, a series of books (Quellen) of Christian witnesses through the centuries. The Plough Publishing House was established at the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1938, with a quarterly The Plough. It was reestablished by the Woodcrest Service Committee in the 1960s; during the years of a military draft in the United States, the Plough Publishing House was part of an alternative service program recognized by Selective Service.
In 2014 Plough was set up at the Fox Hill Bruderhof in Walden, NY, with a reformatted Plough Quarterly.
Plough has been committed to publishing Hutterian writings, significantly a German edition of Peter Riedemann's Rechenschaft in 1938,and an English translation of the Hutterian Chronicle in 1988.
Business
Bruderhof members run a variety of businesses that provide income: Community Playthings was developed during the 1950s and soon became the Bruderhof's main source of income.[34] Community Playthings designs and manufactures quality wooden classroom and play environments for schools and daycare centers. The business is run by the communities in the United States[35] and United Kingdom.[36]
Rifton Equipment, run by some of the American communities, sells mobility and rehabilitation equipment for disabled adults and children. It was founded in 1977.[37]
Danthonia Designs is the business that supports the Australian Bruderhofs. It specializes in hand-carved three-dimensional signage and was founded in 2001.[13]
List of Bruderhofs
(Some centers that have existed only a short time are not included in the list below. Those marked with an asterisk are small, urban communities.)
Name Location Dates
Sannerz Sannerz, Germany 1920 – 1927
2002 -
Rhön Post Neuhof, Kreis Fulda, Germany 1927 - 1937
Alm Silum, Liechtenstein 1934 - 1938
Cotswold Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England 1936 - 1941
Oaksey Swindon, Wiltshire, England 1939 - 1940
Wheathill Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England 1942 - 1961
Isla Margarita, Primavera Paraguay 1941 - 1961
Loma Hoby, Primavera Paraguay 1942 - 1960
Ibate, Primavera Paraguay 1947 - 1961
El Arado Montevideo, Uruguay 1952 - 1960
Woodcrest Rifton, NY, USA 1954 -
Sinntal Bad Brückenau, Bavaria, Germany 1955 - 1961
New Meadow Run (Oak Lake) Farmington, PA, USA 1957 -
Deer Spring (Evergreen) Norfolk, CT, USA 1958 - 1998
Bulstrode Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, England 1958 - 1966
Darvell Robertsbridge, East Sussex, England 1971 -
Maple Ridge (Pleasant View) Ulster Park, NY, USA 1985 -
Platte Clove Elka Park, NY, USA 1990 -
Spring Valley Farmington, PA, USA 1990 -
Beech Grove Nonington, Kent, England 1995 -
Fox Hill Montgomery, NY, USA 1998 -
Michaelshof Birnbach, Germany 1988 - 1995
Palmgrove Nigeria 1993 - 1994
Danthonia Inverell, Australia 1999 -
Bellvale Chester, NY, USA 2001 -
Holzland Bad Klosterlausnitz, Germany 2004 -
Kingston* Kingston, NY 2004 -
London* London, England 2005 -
Inverell Inverall, NSW, Australia 2005 -
Armidale Armidale, NSW, Australia 2005 -
Morgantown* West Virginia, USA 2006 -
Bayboro St. Petersburg, FL, USA 2006 -
Harlem* Harlem, NY, USA 2006 -
Parkview* Albany, NY, USA 2006
Villa Primavera Asuncion, Paraguay 2010
Mount Community Esopus, NY, USA 2012

The Rhönbruderhof was closed in 1937 by eviction and expulsion from Germany by the [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|National Socialist]] government who would not tolerate this "communistic" movement. A temporary Bruderhof ([[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]]) was established in the principality of [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]], at Silum, Post Triesenberg, in 1933-1938. The [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], established in 1936 at Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, [[England|England]], became the home of the ongoing movement, which had 250 souls by 1938, when a second Bruderhof was established (1939) at Oaksey nearby. The further growth of the brotherhood was interrupted by World War II, and the entire group, except several persons left behind to liquidate the property, migrated to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]] with the help of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] in 1940-1941 under heavy pressure from the British government, who feared they would aid the Germans in a possible invasion. Attempts to secure permission to settle in the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[Canada|Canada]] near the Hutterite colonies there failed. Meanwhile, the representatives who remained in England were able in 1942 to start a new Bruderhof at Wheathill in Shropshire, address Bromdon, Bridgnorth, which in 1959 had a population of 110. A second Bruderhof was founded in Bulstrode, Gerrards Cross, Bucks, in 1958, which had a population of about 100 in 1959.

In Paraguay meanwhile the Bruderhof settlement called [[Primavera Hutterite Colony (Paraguay)|Primavera]], established in 1941, about 80 miles northeast of [[Asunción (Paraguay)|Asunción]], had grown by 1959 to three village communities with a population of over 650, and a "Bruderhof House" in Asunción. The group was incorporated under the name "Sociedad de Hermanos." In 1954 a small Bruderhof was established at El Arado, Montevideo, Uruguay, which had a population of 60 in 1959.

In 1954 a Bruderhof was established at Woodcrest, Rifton, [[New York (USA)|New York state]], about 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City, which had grown to 230 (70 members, 115 children, the rest guests) by 1959. A second American Bruderhof, Oak Lake, was established in 1957 at Farmington, near Uniontown, [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], which had a population of 150 in 1959 (50 members, 75 children). In 1958 a third American Bruderhof was established at Evergreen, Norfolk, Connecticut, which had a population of 60 in 1959 (20 members, 30 children). The Forest River Bruderhof, near Fordville, [[North Dakota (USA)|North Dakota]], which had separated from the old Hutterites to join the Society of Brothers in 1955, was discontinued in 1957. The newest European Bruderhof was [[Sinntal Bruderhof (Bad Brückenau, Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Sinntal]], established in 1955 at Bad Brückenau, northeast of Frankfurt, near the East Zone border. In 1959 it had a population of some 60. In 1959 the Society had a total population of some 1,500 in all its communities, of whom some 600 were regular or novice members. The name "community" supplanted "Bruderhof" everywhere except in Germany. However, all the communities were completely communal in organization and pattern of life. After the 1955 break, it became necessary to close the Bruderhofs in South American and Europe, and to consolidate in the Eastern United States.

Daughter communities founded in England and North America were known as <em>Society of Brothers </em>until the time of reuniting with the Hutterians in 1974. From then on the name <em>Hutterian Society of Brothers </em>was used until 1985, when it was decided to be identified simply as <em>Hutterian Brethren, </em>reflecting their unity with the older Hutterian Bruderhofs in the western United States, Canada, and Japan. After the second rupture with the old Hutterites the group was known as <em>Bruderhof Communities</em> until about 2007.

The publishing agency of the group was the Plough Publishing House (originally at Bromdon, England [Wheathill Bruderhof], established in 1938, later located at Rifton, New York). The group organ was a quarterly journal, <em>The Plough</em>, first number March 1938, discontinued with volume III, no.1 (spring of 1940), resumed in the spring of 1953, with New Series volume I, no.1. It discontinued in 1999. It had parallel editions in the German (<em>Der Pflug</em>), Spanish (<em>El Arado</em>), and Esperanto (<em>La Pugilo</em>). Prior to 1938 three Bruderhof Letters were issued (September 1936, Christmas 1936, and August 1937). Pamphlets were also issued annually. Plough Publishing House no longer printed books in 2005, though electronic publications remained available from the Plough website.

The Society of Brothers was a Christian brotherhood which held all property in common, regarded all work as of equal worth, upheld a radical peace testimony with complete nonparticipation in war and military service, rejected all swearing of oaths, litigation, and office-holding, practiced simplicity of life, was governed by unanimous consent of the members in each community, and based membership on unity of faith in Christ regardless of race, class, or nationality. Candidates for membership were received on probation for a variable period, after which they were received through baptism by vote of the group on profession of adherence to the principles of the brotherhood. All property was surrendered to the group upon reception into membership.

In the late 1980s and 1990s disaffected former members of the Bruderhof Communities began a newsletter (<em>KIT [Keep in Touch]</em>), which in conjunction with the disruption in relationship with the old Hutterites, generated considerable negative publicity for the Bruderhof Communities. During this period the Bruderhof Communities did undertake litigation against opponents, a departure from earlier teachings.

See also [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]]

For the description of the historic Hutterite Brethren settlements in [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and [[Slovakia]] see [[Bruderhof]].
= Bibliography =
Arnold, Eberhard. <em>The Hutterian Brothers. Four Centuries of Common Life and Work</em>. Ashton Keynes, 1940.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>From His Life and Writings, A Witness to Community.</em> Bromdon, 1953.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>Torches Together: The Beginning and Early Years of the Bruderhof Communities</em>, 2nd. ed. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1971.

<em>Living Together</em> (an illustrated account of the history, life, and work of the Society of Brothers in three continents) Farmington, 1958.

Meier, Hans. "The Dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany." <em>Mennonite Historical Bulletin</em> 41 (July 1980): 1-6.

Rubin, Julius H. "Contested Narratives: A Case Study of the Conflict between a New Religious Movement and its Critics." Peregrine Foundation. 1998. [http://www.perefound.org/jr_cn.html http://www.perefound.org/jr_cn.html] (accessed 18 February 2009).

<em>Ten Years of Community Living. The Wheathill Bruderhof, 1942-52</em>. Bromdon, 1953.

<em>True Surrender and Christian Community of Goods, From the Great Article Book by Peter Walpot 1577.</em> Bromdon, 1957, reprint from ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 31 (1957)
= Additional Information =
Websites:

[http://www.churchcommunities.org/ Christian Communities International]

[http://www.plough.com/ Plough Publishing]

[http://www.perefound.com/knsltrs.html Peregrine Foundation] (includes archives of KIT newsletter).
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 1126-1127|date=February 2009|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S., Eberhard C. H. Arnold|a2_last=Steiner|a2_first=Sam}}

Arnold, Johann Heinrich ("Heini") (1913-1982)

2017-08-04T10:26:28Z

EmmyMaendel:

Johann Heinrich ( "Heini ") Arnold was born 23 December 1913 in Oberbozen in the [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], a son of [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] and [[Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)|Emmy (von Hollander) Arnold]]. He was six years old when the family left Berlin to begin living in community in the village of Sannerz; a personal encounter with Jesus during his childhood profoundly affected his whole life.

He studied agriculture at the Strickhof in Zurich. He married Annemarie Waechter at the Alm Bruderhof in 1936; because of a military draft in Germany the young couple began their married life at the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]] in England. There he was confirmed as Servant of the Word <em>([[Diener am Wort|Diener am Wort]]) </em>on 23 October 1939. At the outbreak of World War II, the Bruderhof was forced to leave England because of their pacifist position and emigrated to Paraguay. The next years were difficult as the group tried to get established in an inhospitable environment.

In 1951, Heini was one of several members who traveled to the United States to raise money for Primavera's charitable hospital. He was remarkably successful because of his ability to connect with people. Many of those he met wanted to learn more about the Bruderhof's way of life, and several made the long trip down to Paraguay. In 1954, Woodcrest was begun in New York State. Heini was the senior pastor there until his death.

Heini devoted his energy to leading the Bruderhof to a Christ-centered life. He was appointed elder <em>(Vorsteher) </em>for the [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof Communities]] on 13 July 1962. He died at the [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]] Bruderhof, Rifton, [[New York (USA)|New York]] on 23 July 1982.

His most important works (all published by Plough Publishing at Rifton, New York) are: <em>Freedom from Sinful Thoughts: Christ Alone Breaks the Curse </em>(1973) <em>(= Freiheit von Gedankensünden: Nur Christus bricht den Fluch, </em>1973); editor, with Annemarie Arnold, of Eberhard and Emmy Arnold, <em>Seeking for the Kingdom of God: Origins of the Bruderhof Communities</em> (1974)<em>; In the Image of God: Marriage and Chastity in Christian Life </em>(1977);<em> Purity of Childhood </em>(1973); <em>Man the Image of God and Modern Psychology </em>(1973); <em>Living in Community: A Way to True Brotherhood </em>(1974), with Annemarie Arnold (= <em>Gemeinsames Leben, ein Weg zu waterer Brüderlichkeit</em>, 1977);<em> Gifts and Saving Grace </em>(1979). ''Discipleship'' is a collection of his writings that was published after hid death.

= Bibliography =
Arnold, J. Heinrich. ''Discipleship: Living for Christ in the Daily Grind.'' Plough Publishing House 2013.

Arnold, J. Heinrich. ''Freedom from Sinful Thoughts.'' Plough Publishing House 2014.

Mommsen, Peter. ''Homage to a Broken Man: The Life of J. Heinrich Arnold - A true story of faith, forgiveness, sacrifice, and community.'' Plough Publishing House 2015.
= Additional Information =
[http://www.heiniarnold.com/ J. Heinrich Arnold website]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 5, p. 38|date=1987|a1_last=Woodcrest Bruderhof|a1_first= |a2_last= |a2_first= }}

Primavera Hutterite Colony (Paraguay)

2017-08-03T15:02:28Z

EmmyMaendel:

Primavera, a [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterite]] colony in East (Alto) [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], located about 80 miles northeast of Asuncion. This colony was founded in 1941 by the inhabitants of the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]] in Wiltshire, [[England|England]]. The Bruderhof belonged to the [[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]] (later known as the Hutterian Brethren, Bruderhof Communities, and more recently, Church Communities International), founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] in 1920 in [[Germany|Germany]]. Members of this group had previously moved from Germany to England between 1936 and 1938, where many English nationals joined the movement. At the outbreak of World War II, those members of the Bruderhof who were German nationals were faced with detention. An alternative was to emigrate as a group, and so the Bruderhof chose to leave England and immigrate to Paraguay, the only country willing to accept a pacifist community of mixed nationalities.

The movement to Paraguay was made with the assistance of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]] and the American Friends Service Committee, and the settlement was made adjacent to the Mennonite Colony of [[Friesland Colony (San Pedro Department, Paraguay) |Friesland]] to the east. The colony consisted of three separate village communities -- Isla Margarita, established in 1941, Loma Jhoby, 1942, and Ibate, 1946. The total population was 350 in 1941, 650 in 1951, and 650 in 1958. Of the 650 persons in 1951, 350 were children under fifteen. In the late 1950s eighteen different nationalities (about 50 per cent were English, about 20 per cent were German) and 90 family names were found among the Primavera Hutterites. The chief source of income was agriculture; some industry had developed, particularly the extraction and bottling of orange juice, tangerines, and grapefruit. By their education programs and their hospital (Sanatorio Primavera) the community had proved to be very helpful to the native Paraguayans. The official corporate name in Paraguay was Sociedad Fraternal Hutteriana. It maintained a home and business office in Asuncion of 40 persons 1958.

In the mid-1950s several fund-raising trips to the United States resulted in a Bruderhof Movement expanding to North America, starting with Woodcrest in New York State, followed shortly by Oak Lake in Pennsylvania and Evergreen in Connecticut. The influx of new American members brought fresh inspiration to the movement. A spiritual crisis led to the closing of Primavera and all South American centers. The land of the former colony was purchased by the Friesland Colony.

In 2010 the Bruderhof returned to Paraguay, founding a small community in Asuncion called Villa Primavera.

= Bibliography =

Barth, Emmy. <em>No Lasting Home: A Year in the Paraguayan Wilderness.</em> Plough Publishing House 2009.

Fretz, J. W. <em>Pilgrims in Paraguay. </em>Scottdale, 1953: 53-59.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 398.

Oved, Yaacov. “Una inmigración peculiar: la Sociedad de Hermanos en Paraguay y Uruguay.” <em>Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y El Caribe</em> 3, No. 1 (June 1992).
= Additional Information =
Website: [http://www.churchcommunities.org/ http://www.churchcommunities.org/]
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, p. 219|date=March 2008|a1_last=Zijpp|a1_first=Nanne van der|a2_last=Thiessen|a2_first=Richard D.}}

Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)

2017-08-03T14:05:49Z

EmmyMaendel:

Emmy von Hollander Arnold was born 25 December 1884 in Riga (at that time a German city in Latvia), the daughter of Heinrich von Hollander, a professor of law, and his wife Monika. Because of increasing Russian suppression of German culture, the family immigrated to [[Germany|Germany]] in 1890 and eventually settled in Halle a. d. Saale. Emmy grew up there and, in 1909, married [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]]. In 1920, after many years of active evangelistic work and search for full Christian discipleship, they started to live in community with their children, Emmy's sister Else von Hollander and others.

Emmy supported Eberhard in every step he took on his radical journey of faith, starting with their decision to be baptized as adults in 1907. This meant a break with both their families and leaving the Lutheran Church. The beginning of a communal lifestyle meant abandoning a secure home and job in Berlin. In her role as wife and mother to her own five children as well as numerous foster children, Emmy felt her responsibility keenly; they often lacked food and household necessities. But she and Eberhard trusted that God would provide, and they were not disappointed.

Eberhard died in November 1935. Emmy bravely continued as a widow. The Bruderhof's pacifist position and opposition to Hitler forced them to leave Germany for England and later Paraguay. In the 1950s Emmy moved to Woodcrest in New York State, where she lived until her death.
The Bruderhof movement ([[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]) recognized her important contribution to their life and history. Emmy was faithful, courageous, and possessed childlike joy into her 96th year.
= Bibliography =

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy von Hollander, <em>Love Letters.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House 2007.

Arnold, Emmy, <em>A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1999.

Arnold, Emmy. <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Inner Words for Every Day of the Year. </em> 1963.

Arnold, Emmy. "Eberhard Arnold's Life and Work," in <em class="gameo_bibliography"> Eberhard Arnold: A Testimony to Church Community from his Life and Writings. </em> 1973.

Arnold, Emmy. "Christmas Joy" and "Expectation and Fulfillment" in <em class="gameo_bibliography"> When the Time was Fulfilled. </em> 1965.

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Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)

2017-08-03T10:13:18Z

EmmyMaendel:

Eberhard Arnold was born in Königsberg, [[Germany|Germany]], 26 July 1883, the son of the [[Breslau (Silesia)|Breslau]] church history professor, C. F. Arnold, and Elizabeth nee Voigt, and died in Darmstadt, Germany, 22 November 1935. He was the founder and Word Leader in the establishment of a new Hutterite [[Society of brothers|Bruderhof]] in Germany, which continues to live in its daughter colonies in [[England|England]] and [[North America|America]]. On his mother's side he was of German descent, on his father's American, his father having been born in Williamsfield, [[Ohio (USA)|Ohio]]. Under the live impressions of a strongly revivalistic Christianity, Arnold felt keenly the injustices of the distinctions in class and society as he encountered them in his strictly religious parental home and in school, attending a Gymnasium in Breslau, where his father was professor of church history. Arnold studied theology, philosophy, and pedagogy at the universities of Breslau, Halle, and Erlangen. In 1908 he received his doctor's degree with a thesis on <em>Urchristliches und Antichristliches im Werdegang Friedrich Nietzsches. </em> After his marriage with [[Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)|Emmy von Hollander]], by whom he had five children, Emy-Margaret, [[Arnold, Eberhard C. H. ("Hardy") (1912-1987)|Eberhard (Hardy)]], [[Arnold, Johann Heinrich ("Heini") (1913-1982) |Johann Heinrich]], Hans-Hermann, and Monika, he worked as a free-lance speaker and writer in Leipzig, Halle, and [[Berlin (Germany)|Berlin]] from 1909 to 1913 in the interests of genuine love of Christ and a renewal of life derived from the power of the Gospel. Then an illness compelled him to retire to southern [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], where in the quietness of the mountains he was able to penetrate deeper into the significance and the demands of Jesus. A fruit of these years was the book, <em>Der Krieg, ein Aufruf zur Innerlichkeit, </em>which was further developed as a first draft of the book, <em>Innenland, ein Wegweiser in die Seele der Bibel. </em>It was the writings of Hermann Kutter and later the Christoph Blumhardts, father and son, that led him ever deeper into the central message of the Gospel, namely, the approaching kingdom of God. In his investigation into spiritual movements Arnold very early came across the [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] and in 1916 published the article, "Zur Geschichte des christlichen Liedes; Die ältesten Lieder der Täufergemeinden." Meanwhile he worked as the secretary of the German Christian Student Union and as the literary director of the Furche-Verlag (publishing house) in Berlin (1915-1920). After [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] he came into lively contact with the <em> Jugendbewegung </em>(youth movement), whose genuine quest for the original impulses of life, and direct contact with nature and community he sought to direct to fulfillment in Christ (see his book, <em>Die Religiosität der heutigen Jugend, </em>Berlin, 1919).

Under the influence of this movement and the powerful impression of the [[Sermon on the Mount|Sermon on the Mount]], the Arnold family and several others in 1920 initiated communal living in accordance with primitive Christianity and the original [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]], in Sannerz, Hessen-Nassau. Here a brotherhood came into being to which Eberhard Arnold henceforth devoted his entire life in service both within and without the community. The periodical <em>Das neue Werk </em>and the books of the Neuwerk-Verlag served this new community. Besides the very intensive literary and publishing work and the care of numerous seeking guests and helpers, the community devoted itself to horticulture and agriculture and social and educational work with children, youth, and adults. The collaboration of this small group with the Neuwerkbewegung ended in 1922, when a division occurred between the Neuwerk, which had become increasingly ecclesiastical in its emphasis, and the circle in Sannerz, with its emphasis upon radical discipleship, requiring that all areas of life, without exception—the economic included—be placed under the unifying leadership of the spirit of Christ. Then Arnold began to publish in his own publishing house, the Gemeinschaftsverlag, and later Eberhard Arnold-Verlag, the <em>Quellen christlicher Zeugnisse aus alien Jahrhunderten </em>(Christian Testimonies Throughout the Centuries); the first volume of which, <em>Die ersten Christen nach dem Tode der Apostel, </em>was compiled and introduced by him. The periodical <em>Die Wegwarte, </em>which was published from 1926 to 1928, contains various articles from Arnold's pen, as do also <em>Die Furche </em>and other German magazines.

The Biblical radicalism of the original Anabaptists corresponded completely, in its faith and manner of living, to the experience at Sannerz. Therefore, when the brotherhood moved to the nearby Sparhof in 1926, also called the Rhön Bruderhof, near [[Fulda (Hesse, Germany)|Fulda]], the extended activity of the community was called a "Bruderhof" after the example of the Hutterite communal households. Eberhard Arnold established contact with the Hutterian Brethren in [[North America|North America]] in 1928, and he worked persistently for the union of the young circle with the centuries-old brotherhood movement. The republication of [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Sendbrief, die brüderliche Gemeinschaft der Liebe betreffend </em>in the <em> Wegwarte </em>and the <em> Michel-Hasel Buch, </em>the publication in German of Bertha Clark's study, <em>The Hutterian Communities, </em>and the drafting of the "Grundlagen und Ordnungen" are the literary evidence of this development.

During a trip to and through America in 1930-31, Arnold visited all the Bruderhofs in [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], and [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]]. His adoption into the community of brethren known as the Hutterites and the commission entrusted to him are attested in the following document (in translation):

The Hutterian Brethren

March 20, 1931

Stand-Off Colony, Macleod, Alta.

To the Bruderhofs

Information to the Hutterite congregations.

<ol> <li> On 9 December 1930, Eberhard Arnold of the German Bruderhof of the church of God, was incorporated into the Brotherhood who are called the Hutterites, at the [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand-Off Colony]], with the teaching of Matthew 28, by [[Walter, Elias, Jr. (1862-1938)|Elias Walter]], [[Waldner, Christian (d. 1937)|Christian Waldner]], Johannes Kleinsasser, and Johannes Entz in the presence of the Stand-Off Colony and Joseph Wipf and Jerg Waldner. </li> <li> On 19 December 1930, Eberhard was confirmed in the service of the Word with laying on of hands by the elders Christian Waldner, Elias Walter, Johannes Kleinsasser, and Johannes Entz. It took place in the Stand-Off Colony with the teaching of Titus 1, and was delivered by Johannes Kleinsasser of the Buck Ranch Bruderhof. Thereby the commission of the brotherhood was given to Eberhard Arnold for Germany, there to proclaim the Word of God, gather the zealous, and to establish in the best order the Bruderhof existing in Neuhof (Fulda) in [[Hesse-Nassau (Prussia)|Hesse-Nassau]]. </li></ol> (Signed) Elias Walter

With the active support of the North American Bruderhofs, the [[Rhönbruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Rhön Bruderhof]] was built up, after Arnold's return, as a mission station and gathering place of community. A printing shop was installed to publish the material on the Anabaptist movement collected by Arnold in Europe and America. In cooperation with [[Loserth, Johann (1846-1936)|Professor Johann Loserth]] of Graz the printing of the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch </em>was undertaken (though only 64 pages were printed) with annotations in which Arnold incorporated the fruits of years of research. Various articles for periodicals, for the <em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]], </em>etc., were published. An account of the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] was also published in English, entitled <em>The Hutterian Brothers </em>(Ashton Keynes, 1940). Other articles by Arnold were published in English in the <em> Plough, </em>the English organ of the Hutterite group, and an English translation of <em>Innenland, </em>which was published in German in 1936, was completed. An intensive work in the inner strengthening of the community with deeply stirring guest addresses and public lectures went hand in hand with the external development of the Rhönbruderhof.

The rise of [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|National Socialism]] in [[Germany|Germany]] in 1933 was accompanied by appreciable difficulty and finally a complete termination of the work in Germany in 1937. First the publication work of the <em> Klein-Geschichtsbuch </em>had to be stopped. Since the educational work of the colony was interfered with by the Gestapo, a new settlement, the [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]], was made in 1934 in the [[Liechtenstein|principality of Liechtenstein]], a task to which Arnold had to devote the major portion of his time. In addition to many petitions to the authorities, in which Arnold stressed the peaceable character of the brotherhood and the comprehensiveness of its task for the kingdom of God, he completely rewrote <em>Innenland </em>to present the truth of the Bruderhof against the errors of the time. A journey undertaken in the spring of 1935 to Holland, England, and Scotland in the interests of the development of the Bruderhof brought him in closer contact with the Dutch Mennonites and the English Quakers. From the midst of all these tasks Eberhard Arnold was suddenly called away by death on 22 November 1935.

The fundamental characteristic of his life was the confident expectation of the coming of the kingdom of God, which would reveal itself in repentance and a radical change in beginning a new life of love and justice in community and a sincere responsibility for public life. Christ is the decisive new dawn of God in history; His Spirit unites the brotherhood, here and now, in the authorization of the mission in all the world. The practical life of the brotherhood already corresponds everywhere with the character of the coming kingdom wherever Christ is accepted in His entirety, in accordance with the prophetic and apostolic word. [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Baptism|baptism]] by faith, the Lord's Supper as a unifying meal of the entire brotherhood, church discipline, church orders in the sense of organic diversity are the counterpart within the community to the mission, the radical testimony of peace and the readiness to suffer outside the community. In all these points the <em> Artikelbücher, </em>the <em>Rechenschaft </em>by [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]], the epistles, <em>Vorreden, </em>doctrines, hymns, and orders of the brethren who are called the Hutterites were fundamental and directive.

The work of complete communal living, begun by Eberhard Arnold, was carried forward in the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold]] in England after his death and the expulsion of the community from Germany in 1937. Today it still remains on the same foundation in the Bruderhof Communities.

The most important of Arnold's published works are: <em>Urchristliches und Antichristliches im Werdegang Friedrich Nietzsches </em> (Eilenberg, 1910); <em>Innenland, ein Wegweiser in die Seele der Bibel und in den Kamp/ um die Wirklichkeit </em>([[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]], Liechtenstein, 1936) ; <em>Die ersten Christen nach dem Tode der Apostel </em>(Sannerz and Berlin, 1926) ; an English translation of the introduction titled <em>The Individual and World Need </em>(Ashton Keynes, 1938); <em>The Peace of God </em>(Ashton Keynes, 1940) ; hymns in <em>Sonnenlieder </em>(Eberhard-Arnold Verlag, Sannerz and Leipzig, 1924) ; <em>Sonnenlieder, </em>Part II (Rhönbruderhof, 1933).

= Bibliography =

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible,</em> 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold,</em> ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. <em>Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount,</em> 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. <em>When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas,</em> introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. <em>Love Letters.</em> Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. <em>A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community.</em> Rifton, NY: The Plough Publishing House 1999.

Barth, Emmy. <em>An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany.</em> Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.

Baum, Markus. <em>Against the Wind: Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof.</em> Farmington, PA: The Plough Publishing House 1998.

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Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)

2017-08-03T10:09:01Z

EmmyMaendel:

Cotswold Bruderhof, Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, [[England|England]]. Early in 1936 a [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterite community]] was founded here by members of the brotherhood organized by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] in [[Germany|Germany]] in 1920. The connections with England, which had existed from the beginning, were cultivated and deepened by lectures and visits, so that from 1934 an increasing number of seekers in England came to the Bruderhofs in Germany and [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]. Thereby the stage was set for active work in England.

As an initial step, the brotherhood leased some buildings and lands of the Ashton Fields Farm, and in 1936 purchased the entire estate, gradually increasing it to 500 acres. From the first, an intensive program of agriculture was practiced. Around the meeting hall and the dwelling houses in the center of the court there were groups of other buildings for schools, children's houses, farm buildings, and workshops. Agriculture with gardening, farming, poultry raising, dairying, and beekeeping formed the foundation of the economic life, supplemented by other activities like cabinetmaking, publication, printing, and bookbinding. The educational work and school system grew through the influx of new families and the admission of needy children from England and [[Austria|Austria]]. The rise and growth of the Hutterite communal living stirred the spirits of seeking pacifist circles in England; many united with the brotherhood. The task of propagating the witness of the brotherhood by book and periodical literature was served by the output of the Plough Publishing House, Ashton Keynes, especially by the periodical <em>The Plough</em> and its German version, <em>Der Pflug</em>. The most important publication was a new edition (1938) of the <em>Rechenschaft unserer Religion, Lehr und Glaubens</em> by [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]], and an English translation in 1950. Besides missionary journeys within the country, the Brethren also traveled through [[Netherlands|Holland]], [[Sweden|Sweden]], and [[Switzerland|Switzerland]]. The inner structure of the brotherhood with respect to [[Community of Goods|community of goods]], the training of children, sharing of work, inward composure, and the testimony to the outer world were carried out in complete agreement with the traditional Hutterite practices and principles as they were established in the Rhön Bruderhof and the [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Alm Bruderhof]]. Connections with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] in America were strengthened through the visit of the elders [[Hofer, David (1877-1941)|David Hofer]] of [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]] and Michael Waldner of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]]. With the increase of the size of the colony caused by the compulsory abandonment of the Rhön Bruderhof in Germany and the transfer of the Alm Bruderhof, the membership of the Cotswold Bruderhof grew to 250 by the end of 1938, so that steps had to be taken in 1939 to establish another Bruderhof at Oaksey, four miles east of Ashton Keynes. The name "[[Society of Brothers|Society of Brothers]]" was chosen as the name for the entire brotherhood.

The further growth of the brotherhood was interrupted by World War II, and the entire colony migrated to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]]. Although the British members were released from military duty by the local tribunal, and the restrictions originally placed upon them as Germans were also removed, since they were regarded as refugees from National Socialist oppression, nevertheless a strong popular feeling of antipathy arose among the neighbors of the communities because of their German background. This feeling became stronger after the collapse of France in 1940, assuming increasingly unpleasant forms. Questions were raised in both houses of Parliament; the answers given were favorable to the colonists. But when a popular boycott made the sale of their produce more and more difficult, and the government, yielding to popular pressure, was about to intern the German members, the brotherhood decided to emigrate in order to preserve community with people of the various nations. They sent two brothers to the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[Canada|Canada]] to secure permission for the entire body to immigrate to one or the other of the two countries, hoping to be able to settle in the neighborhood of the American Hutterite colonies. This attempt failed in spite of the affidavit of the American Hutterian Brethren in Washington and their intervention in Ottawa. Finally through the mediation of the [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee]], the colony was able to settle in Paraguay in 1940 and 1941, where they founded the [[Primavera Hutterite Colony (Paraguay)|Primavera colony]]. Since a small number had to remain behind in England to finish the business of closing the Cotswold Bruderhof, and this group at once began to increase in size through the admission of new members, the Wheathill Bruderhof was organized in England in 1942 to take the place of the Cotswold Bruderhof.
= Bibliography =
<em>Der Pflug</em> and its English version <em>The Plough</em>, 1938-1940, contain reports of the rise and growth of the new Hutterian Brotherhood in England and articles by Eberhard Arnold on Hutterite history, such as Claus Felbinger's <em>Rechenschaft vor dem Rat zu Landshut von 1560</em> (II, Nos. 1, 2, and 4), Johannes Waldner's short sketch of Hutterian history from a letter in the Moravian (<em>Herrnhut</em>) archives of 1811, brought up-to-date to 1938 (I, No. 1), David Hofer's report of the dissolution of the Rhön Bruderhof (I, No. 3), J. G. Ewert's account of the sufferings of the Hutterian Brethren in World War I (II, No. 2), besides some references to the relations of the Quakers with the Hutterian Brethren in Hungary in 1663 (I, No. 4 and II, No. 1). The Plough Publishing House, Ashton Keynes, published the series of Eberhard Arnold's Lectures and Writings in the following booklets: (1) <em>The Early Christians</em>; (2) <em>The Individual and World Need</em>; (3) <em>God and Anti-God</em>; (4) <em>The Peace of God</em>; (5) <em>The Hutterian Brothers: Four Centuries of Common Life and Work</em>. A supplement of <em>The Plough</em> was issued in 1938 with the title, <em>Children in Community</em>; it contains articles and reports on the education and schoolwork of the children in the Cotswold Bruderhof.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 720-721|date=1953|a1_last=Arnold|a1_first=Eberhard C. H|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

Rhön Bruderhof (Hessen, Germany)

2017-08-03T10:00:17Z

EmmyMaendel:

The Rhön Bruderhof ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]] Neuhof, Fulda district, [[Germany|Germany]]), was founded in the foothills of the Rhön Mountains of Germany in 1926 by the Sannerz brotherhood and existed until 1937. The contract of its founding, dated 5 December 1926, which was the expression of "the fundamental common expression of the direction of the will and the work for all time," says: "The publications of the Eberhard Arnold-Verlag and the work of lecturing connected with it shall be continued in the spirit of the hitherto published books, writings, and periodicals; likewise the daughter congregation in the spirit of the Sannerz letters and the <em>Wegwarte.</em> Above all the open door and the community of life and goods of the early Christian church are to be kept open and carried on. . . . The contracting parties on the occasion of the hereby established founding of the Bruderhof express their unanimous will that this agreement shall remain unconditionally and without a break directive also for all successors of both parties." The name Bruderhof was adopted from the older Hutterite terminology.

To the original small peasant farm Hansahof two additional adjacent farms were added, thus giving the Rhön Bruderhof about 250 Prussian Morgen of fields, meadows, pastures, and woods. By 1934 a small communal settlement had been erected by new buildings and remodeling of old ones, which offered simple subsistence to about 140 persons. From this colony [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] set out to visit the Hutterite settlements in the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[Canada|Canada]] in 1930-31. Through the union established at that time with the American Hutterites, the Bruderhof's inner and outer structure was continued under the deep impact of the four-hundred-year-old history of the communal life of the Hutterites. The elder (<em>Wortführer</em>) was supported by one or two assistant preachers (<em>[[Diener am Wort|Diener am Wort]]</em>). Together they bore the responsibility for all the internal and practical affairs, assisted by the householder in business matters, the work supervisor (Weinzedel) for the systematic distribution of labor, the treasurer (<em>[[Diener der Notdurft|Kästner]])</em> for provisions, and the housemother for feminine concerns. Several additional brethren (<em>Zeugnisbrüder</em>) were called on for support in making important spiritual decisions; each field of work was supervised by a member of the brotherhood. But the final authority in all inner and outer matters lay, as in all Hutterite communities, in the Spirit-led, united brotherhood as the bearer of the reality of the church.

The divisions of work included agriculture with the gardens, the community school with the children's home for foster children, the publishing house with its printing and distribution of books, the office, the various workshops for trades and building; in addition there were the various household activities. The infants were cared for in the nursery. At the age of two or three years they were placed in the kindergarten until they were of school age. Young people were educated according to their gifts and abilities. In the children's home orphans and children from difficult social circumstances were taken in and educated with the children of the commune. In the publishing house and the printshop, which was instituted in 1931, the work begun in Sannerz was continued, especial attention being given to research, collection and publication of the old Hutterite writings. In 1932 the printing of the <em>Klein Geschichtbuch</em> by [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner ]]was begun, and in that year as well as in the next an epistle was issued to the Hutterian Brethren of North America. With the Nazi rise to power in 1933, the death of [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] in 1935, and other difficulties, the work on the old manuscripts was seriously hindered, and the printing of the <em>Klein Geschichtbuch</em> could not be completed. Besides the education of the children and public witness in spoken and written word, the preaching of the Word among the brethren and the numerous guests and assistants on the Bruderhof was the most important work of the missionary community on the Rhön Bruderhof, so that the brotherhood grew from a membership of 40 in 1927 to 130 in 1934 through the influx of persons from Germany and other countries.

In spite of the difficulties evoked by the Nazi government, the Bruderhof attempted to continue its work in the same spirit as before. But in November 1933, the Gestapo instituted a search of the buildings, closed the school and the children's home, and forbade hospitality to guests on the Bruderhof. Since the distribution of literature in Germany was also restricted, a daughter colony was founded early in 1934 in the principality of [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]. The school, children's home, and publishing house were transferred to the [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Alm Bruderhof]] there. In consequence of the emigration of a part of the Bruderhof and the departure of a number more when military training became obligatory in Germany in 1935, the Rhön Bruderhof was seriously weakened. By such measures as heavy taxation, foreclosure of mortgages, and other economic regulations the state tried to compel the Bruderhof to close; but with the assistance of the Alm Bruderhof and the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], the Rhön Bruderhof was able to maintain itself until it was forcibly closed by the Gestapo. Eberhard Arnold died on 22 November 1935, in the midst of this severe struggle. His <em>Innenland,</em> revised in 1932, was published soon after his death, as well as the booklet, Eberhard Arnold, <em>Sein Leben für die Bruderhöfe</em>. At the end of 1936 the Cotswold Bruderhof in England took over the printshop and the extensive library. In April 1937 two American Hutterite elders,[[Hofer, David (1877-1941)| David Hofer]] of [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley, Manitoba]], and Michael Waldner of [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme, South Dakota]], visited the Bruderhof and were witnesses of its dissolution on 14 April 1937, the arrest of the three directing members of the corporation, the confiscation of endowments, and the expulsion of the members from the grounds. Through negotiations the expelled group succeeded in obtaining permission to immigrate to Liechtenstein and [[Netherlands|Holland]]. David Hofer gives an account of these events in <em>Der Pflug</em> (Vol. I, no. 3) and <em>The Plough</em> (Vol. I, no. 3) in the form of pages from his diary, titled "Die Auflösung des Rhönbruderhofes in Deutschland." A few of the exiles were admitted to the Alm Bruderhof; most of them enjoyed the hospitality of the Dutch Mennonites in [[Bilthoven (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Bilthoven]] and [[Elspeet (Gelderland, Netherlands)|Elspeet]] for two months, until they could proceed to [[England|England]] and enter the Cotswold Bruderhof. After three months the three imprisoned brethren were released and permitted to join their families in England.

The Rhön Bruderhof was sold at auction by the authorities. In Liechtenstein and in England the brotherhood was able to live according to its faith, until it was compelled by reasons of war to immigrate to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]]. Three Bruderhofs were established in [[Primavera Hutterite Colony (Paraguay)|Primavera]], Paraguay, whereas in England the communal life was revived in 1942 in the Wheathill Bruderhof. In all four of these settlements the work was carried on in the spirit of the contract of founding as a work of re-establishment of the primitive Christian and primitive [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] church. Later a Bruderhof was established at [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Refton, New York.
= Bibliography =
Arnold, Emmy. <em>A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community</em>, Rifton, NY: The Plough Publishing House 1999.

Barth, Emmy. <em>An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany</em>. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.

Baum, Markus. <em>Against the Wind: Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof</em>. Farmington, PA: The Plough Publishing House 1998.

<em>Gemeindeblatt der Mennoniten</em> (1937): 62.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 497.

Horsch, Michael. <em>Die Auflösung des eingetragenen Vereins Neuwerk Bruderhof, Post Neuhof, Kreis Fulda</em>. Hellmannsberg, 1937.

<em>Mennonitische Blätter</em> (1937): 86 f.

<em>Zondagsbode</em> (1936-37): Nos. 32, 38.
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Hofer, David (1877-1941)

2017-08-03T09:59:21Z

EmmyMaendel:

David Hofer (March 21, 1877-April 6, 1941) was chosen Hutterian Brethren preacher of the Milltown [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]] in Benard, Manitoba on 2 June 1907, and confirmed 10 October 1909. In 1937 he, together with Michael Waldner made a trip to Europe to aid Hutterites who were being expelled by the Nazis from the [[Rhön Bruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Rhön Bruderhof]] in Western [[Germany|Germany]]; Hofer and Waldner also took the occasion to revisit their old Hutterite homesteads in central Europe. Hofer kept a detailed travel diary of the trip. He died in 1941, in the [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in [[Canada|Canada]] at the age of 64, having been in the ministry for 33 years.
= Bibliography =
Barth, Emmy. <em>An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany.</em> Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.

"Hutterites Revisit European Homesteads: Excerpts from the Travel Diary of David Hofer," trans. and ed. by Robert Friedmann. ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 33 (October 1959): 305-322, 346.

Mow, Merrill. <em>Torches Rekindled: The Bruderhof's Struggle for Renewal.</em> Ulster Park, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1991.
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Hofer, David (1877-1941)

2017-08-03T09:57:42Z

EmmyMaendel:

David Hofer (March 21, 1877-April 6, 1941) was chosen Hutterian Brethren preacher of the Milltown [[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]] in Benard, Manitoba on 2 June 1907, and confirmed 10 October 1909. In 1937 he, together with Michael Waldner made a trip to Europe to aid Hutterites who were being expelled by the Nazis from the [[Rhönbruderhof|Rhön Bruderhof]] in Western [[Germany|Germany]]; Hofer and Waldner also took the occasion to revisit their old Hutterite homesteads in central Europe. Hofer kept a detailed travel diary of the trip. He died in 1941, in the [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley Bruderhof]] in [[Canada|Canada]] at the age of 64, having been in the ministry for 33 years.
= Bibliography =
Barth, Emmy. <em>An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany.</em> Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.

"Hutterites Revisit European Homesteads: Excerpts from the Travel Diary of David Hofer," trans. and ed. by Robert Friedmann. ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 33 (October 1959): 305-322, 346.

Mow, Merrill. <em>Torches Rekindled: The Bruderhof's Struggle for Renewal.</em> Ulster Park, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1991.
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Alm Bruderhof (Liechtenstein)

2017-08-03T09:36:16Z

EmmyMaendel:

The Alm Bruderhof, Triesenberg, in the principality of [[Liechtenstein]], was the site of a community ([[Bruderhof]]) of the [[Society of Brothers]], a brotherhood founded by [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] in Sannerz in 1920. It was settled in March 1934 as a result of restrictions imposed by the Nazi government in [[Germany|Germany]], which made it necessary to move the education and publication activities of the [[Rhönbruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Rhön Bruderhof]] out of Germany into another country. In March 1935, when a military draft was imposed in Germany, the Rhön Bruderhof's fled to Liechtenstein to avoid prison or death.
The school children of the Rhön Bruderhof were cared for in the resort hotel of Silum (elevation 5,000 feet), and some neighboring Alpine huts; buildings and land were leased. In addition to the school, a bindery and a turner's workshop were set up, and in the course of time more land was rented in the Rhine Valley to provide food for the growing colony. The publishing house <em>(Buchverlag des Almbruderhofes) </em>published the books of the <em>Eberhard-Arnold-Verlag, </em>and in 1934 <em>Innenland, Ein Wegweiser in die Seele der Bibel und in den Kampf um die Wirklichkeit </em>by Eberhard Arnold.

The Alm Bruderhof was organized in accordance with [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterite]] tradition, and in connection with the sale of books, writings, and the products of its workshops carried on an intensive propaganda in the adjacent parts of [[Switzerland|Switzerland]]. Active connections were also maintained with [[England|England]]; beginning in 1934 an increasing number of English converts joined the brotherhood. The relationship of the Alm Bruderhof with the mother colony and with the American Hutterites was close and intimate. In 1935, as the Bruderhof increased through the influx of military-aged men, the political community of Triesenberg raised a protest. The objections subsided when the Brethren presented their side of the matter in addresses and articles in the public press, although the government limited the colony to a membership of eighty, inclusive of the children. During a journey to Holland, England and Scotland, Eberhard Arnold won the practical support of friends of the Bruderhof. In 1934 and 1935 the Bruderhof maintained a small station in [[Zürich (Switzerland)|Zürich]], the cradle of [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]], which served as a training station for some young Hutterites, for the sale of their products and as a missionary outpost. In 1936, when military duty was extended to include Germans living in foreign countries, the brotherhood was compelled to look for a new home for these brethren and their families, since the Liechtenstein government could not give them the right of asylum. Thus it came about that the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]] was founded in England in 1936. The Alm Bruderhof experienced another increase a year later, when the Rhön Bruderhof was dissolved and some of its members found a reception there. In the summer of 1937 the Hutterite elders, [[Hofer, David (1877-1941)|David Hofer]] of [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]] and Michael Waldner of [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], visited the Bruderhof, and from there traveled through[[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] and [[Slovakia|Slovakia]], visiting the sites of early Hutterite history. In 1938, when [[Austria|Austria]] fell under the power of Germany, the members of the Alm Bruderhof moved into the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]].
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[[Category:Bruderhof Communities]]

Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)

2017-08-02T13:32:37Z

EmmyMaendel:

Eberhard Arnold was born in Königsberg, [[Germany|Germany]], 26 July 1883, the son of the [[Breslau (Silesia)|Breslau]] church history professor, C. F. Arnold, and Elizabeth nee Voigt, and died in Darmstadt, Germany, 22 November 1935. He was the founder and Word Leader in the establishment of a new Hutterite [[Society of brothers|Bruderhof]] in Germany, which continues to live in its daughter colonies in [[England|England]] and [[North America|America]]. On his mother's side he was of German descent, on his father's American, his father having been born in Williamsfield, [[Ohio (USA)|Ohio]]. Under the live impressions of a strongly revivalistic Christianity, Arnold felt keenly the injustices of the distinctions in class and society as he encountered them in his strictly religious parental home and in school, attending a Gymnasium in Breslau, where his father was professor of church history. Arnold studied theology, philosophy, and pedagogy at the universities of Breslau, Halle, and Erlangen. In 1908 he received his doctor's degree with a thesis on <em>Urchristliches und Antichristliches im Werdegang Friedrich Nietzsches. </em> After his marriage with [[Arnold, Emmy von Hollander (1884-1980)|Emmy von Hollander]], by whom he had five children, Emy-Margaret, [[Arnold, Eberhard C. H. ("Hardy") (1912-1987)|Eberhard (Hardy)]], [[Arnold, Johann Heinrich ("Heini") (1913-1982) |Johann Heinrich]], Hans-Hermann, and Monika, he worked as a free-lance speaker and writer in Leipzig, Halle, and [[Berlin (Germany)|Berlin]] from 1909 to 1913 in the interests of genuine love of Christ and a renewal of life derived from the power of the Gospel. Then an illness compelled him to retire to southern [[Tyrol (Austria)|Tyrol]], where in the quietness of the mountains he was able to penetrate deeper into the significance and the demands of Jesus. A fruit of these years was the book, <em>Der Krieg, ein Aufruf zur Innerlichkeit, </em>which was further developed as a first draft of the book, <em>Innenland, ein Wegweiser in die Seele der Bibel. </em>It was the writings of Hermann Kutter and later the Christoph Blumhardts, father and son, that led him ever deeper into the central message of the Gospel, namely, the approaching kingdom of God. In his investigation into spiritual movements Arnold very early came across the [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] and in 1916 published the article, "Zur Geschichte des christlichen Liedes; Die ältesten Lieder der Täufergemeinden." Meanwhile he worked as the secretary of the German Christian Student Union and as the literary director of the Furche-Verlag (publishing house) in Berlin (1915-1920). After [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] he came into lively contact with the <em> Jugendbewegung </em>(youth movement), whose genuine quest for the original impulses of life, and direct contact with nature and community he sought to direct to fulfillment in Christ (see his book, <em>Die Religiosität der heutigen Jugend, </em>Berlin, 1919).

Under the influence of this movement and the powerful impression of the [[Sermon on the Mount|Sermon on the Mount]], the Arnold family and several others in 1920 initiated communal living in accordance with primitive Christianity and the original [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]], in Sannerz, Hessen-Nassau. Here a brotherhood came into being to which Eberhard Arnold henceforth devoted his entire life in service both within and without the community. The periodical <em>Das neue Werk </em>and the books of the Neuwerk-Verlag served this new community. Besides the very intensive literary and publishing work and the care of numerous seeking guests and helpers, the community devoted itself to horticulture and agriculture and social and educational work with children, youth, and adults. The collaboration of this small group with the Neuwerkbewegung ended in 1922, when a division occurred between the Neuwerk, which had become increasingly ecclesiastical in its emphasis, and the circle in Sannerz, with its emphasis upon radical discipleship, requiring that all areas of life, without exception—the economic included—be placed under the unifying leadership of the spirit of Christ. Then Arnold began to publish in his own publishing house, the Gemeinschaftsverlag, and later Eberhard Arnold-Verlag, the <em>Quellen christlicher Zeugnisse aus alien Jahrhunderten </em>(Christian Testimonies Throughout the Centuries); the first volume of which, <em>Die ersten Christen nach dem Tode der Apostel, </em>was compiled and introduced by him. The periodical <em>Die Wegwarte, </em>which was published from 1926 to 1928, contains various articles from Arnold's pen, as do also <em>Die Furche </em>and other German magazines.

The Biblical radicalism of the original Anabaptists corresponded completely, in its faith and manner of living, to the experience at Sannerz. Therefore, when the brotherhood moved to the nearby Sparhof in 1926, also called the Rhön Bruderhof, near [[Fulda (Hesse, Germany)|Fulda]], the extended activity of the community was called a "Bruderhof" after the example of the Hutterite communal households. Eberhard Arnold established contact with the Hutterian Brethren in [[North America|North America]] in 1928, and he worked persistently for the union of the young circle with the centuries-old brotherhood movement. The republication of [[Ehrenpreis, Andreas (1589-1662)|Ehrenpreis]]' <em>Sendbrief, die brüderliche Gemeinschaft der Liebe betreffend </em>in the <em> Wegwarte </em>and the <em> Michel-Hasel Buch, </em>the publication in German of Bertha Clark's study, <em>The Hutterian Communities, </em>and the drafting of the "Grundlagen und Ordnungen" are the literary evidence of this development.

During a trip to and through America in 1930-31, Arnold visited all the Bruderhofs in [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], and [[Alberta (Canada)|Alberta]]. His adoption into the community of brethren known as the Hutterites and the commission entrusted to him are attested in the following document (in translation):

The Hutterian Brethren

March 20, 1931

Stand-Off Colony, Macleod, Alta.

To the Bruderhofs

Information to the Hutterite congregations.

<ol> <li> On 9 December 1930, Eberhard Arnold of the German Bruderhof of the church of God, was incorporated into the Brotherhood who are called the Hutterites, at the [[Stand-Off Hutterite Colony (Macleod, Alberta, Canada)|Stand-Off Colony]], with the teaching of Matthew 28, by [[Walter, Elias, Jr. (1862-1938)|Elias Walter]], [[Waldner, Christian (d. 1937)|Christian Waldner]], Johannes Kleinsasser, and Johannes Entz in the presence of the Stand-Off Colony and Joseph Wipf and Jerg Waldner. </li> <li> On 19 December 1930, Eberhard was confirmed in the service of the Word with laying on of hands by the elders Christian Waldner, Elias Walter, Johannes Kleinsasser, and Johannes Entz. It took place in the Stand-Off Colony with the teaching of Titus 1, and was delivered by Johannes Kleinsasser of the Buck Ranch Bruderhof. Thereby the commission of the brotherhood was given to Eberhard Arnold for Germany, there to proclaim the Word of God, gather the zealous, and to establish in the best order the Bruderhof existing in Neuhof (Fulda) in [[Hesse-Nassau (Prussia)|Hesse-Nassau]]. </li></ol> (Signed) Elias Walter

With the active support of the North American Bruderhofs, the [[Rhönbruderhof (Hessen, Germany)|Rhön Bruderhof]] was built up, after Arnold's return, as a mission station and gathering place of community. A printing shop was installed to publish the material on the Anabaptist movement collected by Arnold in Europe and America. In cooperation with [[Loserth, Johann (1846-1936)|Professor Johann Loserth]] of Graz the printing of the <em>Klein-Geschichtsbuch </em>was undertaken (though only 64 pages were printed) with annotations in which Arnold incorporated the fruits of years of research. Various articles for periodicals, for the <em> [[Mennonitisches Lexikon|Mennonitisches Lexikon]], </em>etc., were published. An account of the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] was also published in English, entitled <em>The Hutterian Brothers </em>(Ashton Keynes, 1940). Other articles by Arnold were published in English in the <em> Plough, </em>the English organ of the Hutterite group, and an English translation of <em>Innenland, </em>which was published in German in 1936, was completed. An intensive work in the inner strengthening of the community with deeply stirring guest addresses and public lectures went hand in hand with the external development of the Rhönbruderhof.

The rise of [[National Socialism (Nazism) (Germany)|National Socialism]] in [[Germany|Germany]] in 1933 was accompanied by appreciable difficulty and finally a complete termination of the work in Germany in 1937. First the publication work of the <em> Klein-Geschichtsbuch </em>had to be stopped. Since the educational work of the colony was interfered with by the Gestapo, a new settlement, the [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]], was made in 1934 in the [[Liechtenstein|principality of Liechtenstein]], a task to which Arnold had to devote the major portion of his time. In addition to many petitions to the authorities, in which Arnold stressed the peaceable character of the brotherhood and the comprehensiveness of its task for the kingdom of God, he completely rewrote <em>Innenland </em>to present the truth of the Bruderhof against the errors of the time. A journey undertaken in the spring of 1935 to Holland, England, and Scotland in the interests of the development of the Bruderhof brought him in closer contact with the Dutch Mennonites and the English Quakers. From the midst of all these tasks Eberhard Arnold was suddenly called away by death on 22 November 1935.

The fundamental characteristic of his life was the confident expectation of the coming of the kingdom of God, which would reveal itself in repentance and a radical change in beginning a new life of love and justice in community and a sincere responsibility for public life. Christ is the decisive new dawn of God in history; His Spirit unites the brotherhood, here and now, in the authorization of the mission in all the world. The practical life of the brotherhood already corresponds everywhere with the character of the coming kingdom wherever Christ is accepted in His entirety, in accordance with the prophetic and apostolic word. [[Community of Goods|Community of goods]], [[Baptism|baptism]] by faith, the Lord's Supper as a unifying meal of the entire brotherhood, church discipline, church orders in the sense of organic diversity are the counterpart within the community to the mission, the radical testimony of peace and the readiness to suffer outside the community. In all these points the <em> Artikelbücher, </em>the <em>Rechenschaft </em>by [[Riedemann, Peter (1506-1556)|Peter Riedemann]], the epistles, <em>Vorreden, </em>doctrines, hymns, and orders of the brethren who are called the Hutterites were fundamental and directive.

The work of complete communal living, begun by Eberhard Arnold, was carried forward in the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold]] in England after his death and the expulsion of the community from Germany in 1937. Today it still remains on the same foundation in the Bruderhof Communities.

The most important of Arnold's published works are: <em>Urchristliches und Antichristliches im Werdegang Friedrich Nietzsches </em> (Eilenberg, 1910); <em>Innenland, ein Wegweiser in die Seele der Bibel und in den Kamp/ um die Wirklichkeit </em>([[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Almbruderhof]], Liechtenstein, 1936) ; <em>Die ersten Christen nach dem Tode der Apostel </em>(Sannerz and Berlin, 1926) ; an English translation of the introduction titled <em>The Individual and World Need </em>(Ashton Keynes, 1938); <em>The Peace of God </em>(Ashton Keynes, 1940) ; hymns in <em>Sonnenlieder </em>(Eberhard-Arnold Verlag, Sannerz and Leipzig, 1924) ; <em>Sonnenlieder, </em>Part II (Rhönbruderhof, 1933).

Bibliography

Arnold, Eberhard. Inner Land: A Guide into the Heart and Soul of the Bible, 5 vols. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House, 1975.

Arnold, Eberhard. God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold, ed. by the Hutterian Brethren and John Howard Yoder Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984.

Arnold, Eberhard. Salt and Light: Talks and Writings on the Sermon on the Mount, 3rd ed. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing Co., 1986.

Arnold, Eberhard, Emmy Arnold, Christoph Blumhardt, and Alfred Delp. When the Time was Fulfilled: On Advent and Christmas, introd. by Dwight Blough. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1965.

Arnold, Eberhard and Emmy Arnold. Love Letters. Rifton, NY: Plough, 1974.

Arnold, Emmy. A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community, Rifton, NY: The Plough Publishing House 1999.

Barth, Emmy. An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.

Baum, Markus. Against the Wind: Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof. Farmington, PA: The Plough Publishing House 1998.

{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 162-164|date=1951|a1_last=Arnold|a1_first=Eberhard C. H|a2_last= |a2_first= }}

Rhön Bruderhof (Hessen, Germany)

2017-08-02T12:44:04Z

EmmyMaendel:

The Rhön Bruderhof ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]] Neuhof, Fulda district, [[Germany|Germany]]), was founded in the foothills of the Rhön Mountains of Germany in 1926 by the Sannerz brotherhood and existed until 1937. The contract of its founding, dated 5 December 1926, which was the expression of "the fundamental common expression of the direction of the will and the work for all time," says: "The publications of the Eberhard Arnold-Verlag and the work of lecturing connected with it shall be continued in the spirit of the hitherto published books, writings, and periodicals; likewise the daughter congregation in the spirit of the Sannerz letters and the <em>Wegwarte.</em> Above all the open door and the community of life and goods of the early Christian church are to be kept open and carried on. . . . The contracting parties on the occasion of the hereby established founding of the Bruderhof express their unanimous will that this agreement shall remain unconditionally and without a break directive also for all successors of both parties." The name Bruderhof was adopted from the older Hutterite terminology.

To the original small peasant farm Hansahof two additional adjacent farms were added, thus giving the Rhön Bruderhof about 250 Prussian Morgen of fields, meadows, pastures, and woods. By 1934 a small communal settlement had been erected by new buildings and remodeling of old ones, which offered simple subsistence to about 140 persons. From this colony [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] set out to visit the Hutterite settlements in the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[Canada|Canada]] in 1930-31. Through the union established at that time with the American Hutterites, the Bruderhof's inner and outer structure was continued under the deep impact of the four-hundred-year-old history of the communal life of the Hutterites. The elder (<em>Wortführer</em>) was supported by one or two assistant preachers (<em>[[Diener am Wort|Diener am Wort]]</em>). Together they bore the responsibility for all the internal and practical affairs, assisted by the householder in business matters, the work supervisor (Weinzedel) for the systematic distribution of labor, the treasurer (<em>[[Diener der Notdurft|Kästner]])</em> for provisions, and the housemother for feminine concerns. Several additional brethren (<em>Zeugnisbrüder</em>) were called on for support in making important spiritual decisions; each field of work was supervised by a member of the brotherhood. But the final authority in all inner and outer matters lay, as in all Hutterite communities, in the Spirit-led, united brotherhood as the bearer of the reality of the church.

The divisions of work included agriculture with the gardens, the community school with the children's home for foster children, the publishing house with its printing and distribution of books, the office, the various workshops for trades and building; in addition there were the various household activities. The infants were cared for in the nursery. At the age of two or three years they were placed in the kindergarten until they were of school age. Young people were educated according to their gifts and abilities. In the children's home orphans and children from difficult social circumstances were taken in and educated with the children of the commune. In the publishing house and the printshop, which was instituted in 1931, the work begun in Sannerz was continued, especial attention being given to research, collection and publication of the old Hutterite writings. In 1932 the printing of the <em>Klein Geschichtbuch</em> by [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner ]]was begun, and in that year as well as in the next an epistle was issued to the Hutterian Brethren of North America. With the Nazi rise to power in 1933, the death of [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] in 1935, and other difficulties, the work on the old manuscripts was seriously hindered, and the printing of the <em>Klein Geschichtbuch</em> could not be completed. Besides the education of the children and public witness in spoken and written word, the preaching of the Word among the brethren and the numerous guests and assistants on the Bruderhof was the most important work of the missionary community on the Rhön Bruderhof, so that the brotherhood grew from a membership of 40 in 1927 to 130 in 1934 through the influx of persons from Germany and other countries.

In spite of the difficulties evoked by the Nazi government, the Bruderhof attempted to continue its work in the same spirit as before. But in November 1933, the Gestapo instituted a search of the buildings, closed the school and the children's home, and forbade hospitality to guests on the Bruderhof. Since the distribution of literature in Germany was also restricted, a daughter colony was founded early in 1934 in the principality of [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]. The school, children's home, and publishing house were transferred to the [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Alm Bruderhof]] there. In consequence of the emigration of a part of the Bruderhof and the departure of a number more when military training became obligatory in Germany in 1935, the Rhön Bruderhof was seriously weakened. By such measures as heavy taxation, foreclosure of mortgages, and other economic regulations the state tried to compel the Bruderhof to close; but with the assistance of the Alm Bruderhof and the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], the Rhön Bruderhof was able to maintain itself until it was forcibly closed by the Gestapo. Eberhard Arnold died on 22 November 1935, in the midst of this severe struggle. His <em>Innenland,</em> revised in 1932, was published soon after his death, as well as the booklet, Eberhard Arnold, <em>Sein Leben für die Bruderhöfe</em>. At the end of 1936 the Cotswold Bruderhof in England took over the printshop and the extensive library. In April 1937 two American Hutterite elders,[[Hofer, David (1877-1941)| David Hofer]] of [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley, Manitoba]], and [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner ]]of [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme, South Dakota]], visited the Bruderhof and were witnesses of its dissolution on 14 April 1937, the arrest of the three directing members of the corporation, the confiscation of endowments, and the expulsion of the members from the grounds. Through negotiations the expelled group succeeded in obtaining permission to immigrate to Liechtenstein and [[Netherlands|Holland]]. David Hofer gives an account of these events in <em>Der Pflug</em> (Vol. I, no. 3) and <em>The Plough</em> (Vol. I, no. 3) in the form of pages from his diary, titled "Die Auflösung des Rhönbruderhofes in Deutschland." A few of the exiles were admitted to the Alm Bruderhof; most of them enjoyed the hospitality of the Dutch Mennonites in [[Bilthoven (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Bilthoven]] and [[Elspeet (Gelderland, Netherlands)|Elspeet]] for two months, until they could proceed to [[England|England]] and enter the Cotswold Bruderhof. After three months the three imprisoned brethren were released and permitted to join their families in England.

The Rhön Bruderhof was sold at auction by the authorities. In Liechtenstein and in England the brotherhood was able to live according to its faith, until it was compelled by reasons of war to immigrate to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]]. Three Bruderhofs were established in [[Primavera Hutterite Colony (Paraguay)|Primavera]], Paraguay, whereas in England the communal life was revived in 1942 in the Wheathill Bruderhof. In all four of these settlements the work was carried on in the spirit of the contract of founding as a work of re-establishment of the primitive Christian and primitive [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] church. Later a Bruderhof was established at [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Refton, New York.
= Bibliography =
Arnold, Emmy. <em>A Joyful Pilgrimage: My Life in Community</em>, Rifton, NY: The Plough Publishing House 1999.

Barth, Emmy. <em>An Embassy Besieged: The Story of a Christian Community in Nazi Germany</em>. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010.

Baum, Markus. <em>Against the Wind: Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof</em>. Farmington, PA: The Plough Publishing House 1998.

<em>Gemeindeblatt der Mennoniten</em> (1937): 62.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 497.

Horsch, Michael. <em>Die Auflösung des eingetragenen Vereins Neuwerk Bruderhof, Post Neuhof, Kreis Fulda</em>. Hellmannsberg, 1937.

<em>Mennonitische Blätter</em> (1937): 86 f.

<em>Zondagsbode</em> (1936-37): Nos. 32, 38.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 322-323|date=1959|a1_last=Arnold|a1_first=Eberhard C. H|a2_last=|a2_first=}}

Rhön Bruderhof (Hessen, Germany)

2017-08-02T10:24:42Z

EmmyMaendel:

The Rhön Bruderhof ([[Bruderhof|Bruderhof]] Neuhof, Fulda district, [[Germany|Germany]]), was founded in the foothills of the Rhon Mountains of Germany in 1926 by the Sannerz brotherhood, and existed until 1937. The contract of its founding, dated 5 December 1926, which was the expression of "the fundamental common expression of the direction of the will and the work for all time," says: "The publications of the Eberhard Arnold-Verlag and the work of lecturing connected with it shall be continued in the spirit of the hitherto published books, writings, and periodicals; likewise the daughter congregation in the spirit of the Sannerz letters and the <em>Wegwarte.</em> Above all the open door and the community of life and goods of the early Christian church are to be kept open and carried on. . . . The contracting parties on the occasion of the hereby established founding of the Bruderhof express their unanimous will that this agreement shall remain unconditionally and without a break directive also for all successors of both parties." The name Bruderhof was adopted from the older Hutterite terminology.

To the original small peasant farm Hansahof two additional adjacent farms were added, thus giving the Rhön Bruderhof about 250 Prussian Morgen of fields, meadows, pastures, and woods. By 1934 a small communal settlement had been erected by new buildings and remodeling of old ones, which offered simple subsistence to about 140 persons. From this colony [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] set out to visit the Hutterite settlements in the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[Canada|Canada]] in 1930-31. Through the union established at that time with the American Hutterites, the Bruderhof's inner and outer structure was continued under the deep impact of the four-hundred-year-old history of the communal life of the Hutterites. The elder (<em>Wortführer</em>) was supported by one or two assistant preachers (<em>[[Diener am Wort|Diener am Wort]]</em>). Together they bore the responsibility for all the internal and practical affairs, assisted by the householder in business matters, the work supervisor (Weinzedel) for the systematic distribution of labor, the treasurer (<em>[[Diener der Notdurft|Kästner]])</em> for provisions, and the housemother for feminine concerns. Several additional brethren (<em>Zeugnisbrüder</em>) were called on for support in making important spiritual decisions; each field of work was supervised by a member of the brotherhood. But the final authority in all inner and outer matters lay, as in all Hutterite communities, in the Spirit-led, united brotherhood as the bearer of the reality of the church.

The divisions of work included agriculture with the gardens, the community school with the children's home for foster children, the publishing house with its printing and distribution of books, the office, the various workshops for trades and building; in addition there were the various household activities. The infants were cared for in the nursery. At the age of two or three years they were placed in the kindergarten until they were of school age. Young people were educated according to their gifts and abilities. In the children's home orphans and children from difficult social circumstances were taken in and educated with the children of the commune. In the publishing house and the printshop, which was instituted in 1931, the work begun in Sannerz was continued, especial attention being given to research, collection and publication of the old Hutterite writings. In 1932 the printing of the <em>Klein Geschichtbuch</em> by [[Waldner, Johannes (1749-1824)|Johannes Waldner ]]was begun, and in that year as well as in the next an epistle was issued to the Hutterian Brethren of North America. With the Nazi rise to power in 1933, the death of [[Arnold, Eberhard (1883-1935)|Eberhard Arnold]] in 1935, and other difficulties, the work on the old manuscripts was seriously hindered, and the printing of the <em>Klein Geschichtbuch</em> could not be completed. Besides the education of the children and public witness in spoken and written word, the preaching of the Word among the brethren and the numerous guests and assistants on the Bruderhof was the most important work of the missionary community on the Rhön Bruderhof, so that the brotherhood grew from a membership of 40 in 1927 to 130 in 1934 through the influx of persons from Germany and other countries.

In spite of the difficulties evoked by the Nazi government, the Bruderhof attempted to continue its work in the same spirit as before. But in November 1933, the Gestapo instituted a search of the buildings, closed the school and the children's home, and forbade hospitality to guests on the Bruderhof. Since the distribution of literature in Germany was also restricted, a daughter colony was founded early in 1934 in the principality of [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]. The school, children's home, and publishing house were transferred to the [[Almbruderhof (Liechtenstein)|Alm Bruderhof]] there. In consequence of the emigration of a part of the Bruderhof and the departure of a number more when military training became obligatory in Germany in 1935, the Rhön Bruderhof was seriously weakened. By such measures as heavy taxation, foreclosure of mortgages, and other economic regulations the state tried to compel the Bruderhof to close; but with the assistance of the Alm Bruderhof and the [[Cotswold Bruderhof (Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, England)|Cotswold Bruderhof]], the Rhön Bruderhof was able to maintain itself until it was forcibly closed by the Gestapo. Eberhard Arnold died on 22 November 1935, in the midst of this severe struggle. His <em>Innenland,</em> revised in 1932, was published soon after his death, as well as the booklet, Eberhard Arnold, <em>Sein Leben für die Bruderhöfe</em>. At the end of 1936 the Cotswold Bruderhof in England took over the printshop and the extensive library. In April 1937 two American Hutterite elders,[[Hofer, David (1877-1941)| David Hofer]] of [[James Valley Hutterite Colony (Elie, Manitoba, Canada)|James Valley, Manitoba]], and [[Waldner, Michael (1834-1889)|Michael Waldner ]]of [[Bon Homme Hutterite Colony (Tabor, South Dakota, USA)|Bon Homme, South Dakota]], visited the Bruderhof and were witnesses of its dissolution on 14 April 1937, the arrest of the three directing members of the corporation, the confiscation of endowments, and the expulsion of the members from the grounds. Through negotiations the expelled group succeeded in obtaining permission to immigrate to Liechtenstein and [[Netherlands|Holland]]. David Hofer gives an account of these events in <em>Der Pflug</em> (Vol. I, no. 3) and <em>The Plough</em> (Vol. I, no. 3) in the form of pages from his diary, titled "Die Auflösung des Rhönbruderhofes in Deutschland." A few of the exiles were admitted to the Alm Bruderhof; most of them enjoyed the hospitality of the Dutch Mennonites in [[Bilthoven (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Bilthoven]] and [[Elspeet (Gelderland, Netherlands)|Elspeet]] for two months, until they could proceed to [[England|England]] and enter the Cotswold Bruderhof. After three months the three imprisoned brethren were released and permitted to join their families in England.

The Rhön Bruderhof was sold at auction by the authorities. In Liechtenstein and in England the brotherhood was able to live according to its faith, until it was compelled by reasons of war to immigrate to [[Paraguay|Paraguay]]. Three Bruderhofs were established in [[Primavera Hutterite Colony (Paraguay)|Primavera]], Paraguay, whereas in England the communal life was revived in 1942 in the Wheathill Bruderhof. In all four of these settlements the work was carried on in the spirit of the contract of founding as a work of re-establishment of the primitive Christian and primitive [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] church. Later a Bruderhof was established at [[Woodcrest Bruderhof (Rifton, New York, USA)|Woodcrest]], Refton, New York.
= Bibliography =
<em>Gemeindeblatt der Mennoniten</em> (1937): 62.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 497.

Horsch, Michael. <em>Die Auflösung des eingetragenen Vereins Neuwerk Bruderhof, Post Neuhof, Kreis Fulda</em>. Hellmannsberg, 1937.

<em>Mennonitische Blätter</em> (1937): 86 f.

<em>Zondagsbode</em> (1936-37): Nos. 32, 38.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 322-323|date=1959|a1_last=Arnold|a1_first=Eberhard C. H|a2_last=|a2_first=}}