View source for Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)

[[File:Machno.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Nestor Makhno (1888-1934)<br />
Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machno.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']]     

Nestor Makhno (26 October 1888 - 25 July 1934), commander of an army of anarchists in South [[Russia|Russia]] during the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Revolution of 1918-1921]], at a time when various Russian armies of divers political inclinations were contending for the possession of the [[Ukraine|Ukraine]]. Since this movement rejected every form of government (on their flags, was the inscription: anarchy is the mother of all order), their hostility was directed not only toward the rightist parties, but also against the communists, who were not sufficiently radical. This army that at one time is supposed to have numbered 100,000 men was recruited chiefly from the ranks of the poor Russian peasantry. Every estate holder, industrialist, in short every owner of property, was considered an enemy of the working masses. They recognized only one verdict—execution.

This army, consisting almost exclusively of Russian peasants, naturally had a strong nationalistic attitude despite the fact that the contrary was maintained by their leaders. Thus a great gulf existed between these and the generally well-to-do Mennonite population, who had sympathized with the Germans during the occupation after 1917. This accounts for the severe suffering endured at the hands of the bandits by this group. When in the late summer of 1919 Batyko Makhno (Little Father Makhno, as his devoted adherents called him) broke through the army front of the loyalists with General Denikin near Umany in the Western Ukraine, he stormed with his horses back into the Ukraine. From Gulyay-Pole, his home, he directed the reign of terror as long as it was safe for him there. In this region there were wealthy Mennonite landowners on whose estates Makhno in his youth had been a cattle herder. The Makhno troops preferred to stay in the Mennonite villages, and stole great quantities of horses, wagons, produce, clothes, and whatever they could carry with them. Local bandits united with this army to take their share in the loot of furniture, agricultural machinery, etc. What they could not take away they simply destroyed.

All the Mennonite colonies which had the misfortune of being under the temporary yoke of Makhno had very difficult experiences. The greatest sufferings, however, were experienced by the settlements [[Borozenko Mennonite Settlement (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine)|Borzenkovo]], [[Zagradovka Mennonite Settlement (Kherson Oblast, Ukraine)|Zagradovka]], and [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza]] with its daughter settlement of Nikolaipol. Two hundred forty names appear on a list of November 1919 of those murdered in Zagradovka. In Borzenkovo in the village of Ebenfeld alone 63 persons were murdered, and in Steinbach of the same settlement 58 persons. The army stationed in the Chortitza settlement 21 September-22 December 1919 (the Mennonites had already left the [[Insel Chortitza (Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|island of Chortitza]] at this time), inflicted great suffering. There was hardly a village that was not mourning at least several who had been murdered by the band (see [[Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Chortitza]]). In the village of Eichendorf in the Nikolaipol settlement 81 men and 4 women were murdered during the night of 26 November 1919. With the other villages, such as Hochfeld, [[Petersdorf (Yazykovo Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Petersdorf]], and Nikolaipol, the number murdered exceeds 100. It must be added, however, that the murders in the Nicolaipol settlement were committed mostly by local bands rather than the Makhno army. The Self-Defense Corps <em>([[Selbstschutz|Selbstschutz]]), </em>which had been organized and drilled by German occupation army officers before the withdrawal of the German troops, was ineffectual in a military sense and only provoked worse reprisals.

In addition to the violence committed by the Makhno troops, an epidemic of typhus broke out among them affecting over half of the troops, including Makhno himself. Since these troops were lodging in the Mennonite homes, scattering a vast amount of vermin, practically the entire adult population of the Chortitza settlement contracted the disease. As many as 11-15 per cent of the colony's population died. These were with few exceptions all adults.

The ideal Anarchists (the Russian noble [[Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich (1842-1921)|Peter Kropotkin]] may be considered the father of Russian Anarchism) remained aloof from this movement and therefore it had no foundation upon which to build its future. The result was that it deteriorated into banditry such as Russian history had experienced in adventurers like Pugachev or Stenka Razin. Makhno was frequently wounded in battle and finally fled to Rumania and from there to Poland and finally to Paris. He died in Paris in 1934.
= Bibliography =
Arshinov, Petr. <em>History of the Makhnovist movement, 1918-1921. </em>Detroit: Black &amp; Red, 1974.

Lohrenz, Gerhard. <em>Sagradowka: die Geschichte einer mennonitischen Ansiedlung im Süden Russlands. </em>Rosthem, SK: Echo, 1947.

Lohrenz, Gerhard. <em>Zagradovka: history of a Mennonite settlement in southern Russia. </em>Winnipeg : CMBC Publications, 2000.

''Nestor Makhno and the Eichenfeld Massacre: A Civil War Tragedy in a Ukrainian Mennonite Village'', compiled, edited, translated and with an introduction and analysis by Harvey L. Dyck, John R. Staples and John B. Toews. Kitchener, ON: Pandora Press, 2004.

Neufeld, Dietrich. <em>A Russian dance of death: revolution and civil war in the Ukraine. </em>Winnipeg : Hyperion Press, 1980.

Peters, Victor. ''Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist''." Winnipeg, MB: Echo Books, 1970.

Smith, C. Henry. <em>The Story of the Mennonites. </em>Newton, KS, 1950.

Toews, Heinrich. <em>Eichenfeld-Dubowka: ein Tatsachenbericht aus der Tragödie des Deutschtums in der Ukraine. </em>Karlsruhe I.B. :H. Schneider, [1938].
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